ailOTSE U71MNITT. CIRCUMLOCUTION THEY DISPLAY LETTER WRITING. IN Tli i:l t t( 1 Cliiiiuman Cun llr the Aiiii ric Mii I'oiuttt on PoIHtme and fte flii"hiiMit In the Conduct of i:jltt.ljry Corn" j)oiiil ii'. It lias iirobably fallen to ihn lot of mot of us to havo met )-oplr who, wiuionr. x no oxfiiHo or an iinror.'-riimrf habit, linvu thu luiark of a.-ertiii' 1111- p(.'asa?it tratlis, ;iml win) value tlii tin Krarious praftico as .1 si;n of lioin-sty Thtro ar others, kih;1i as tlio CJu.iker.s of U3'ono kiys, who n;;j,'irl every expivn- sion which may not u in strict ac.cord aucc! wish ah'-olnto truth as a fin against their consciciic s. To such people tlr luwi of HiibMcrilmi.Lj tlit-insi lvcs "Yours truly," or of heinnin a letter to a casual a'Tiuamtnnce, "Dear So ami So, 13 abhorrent. Lint public opinion has been too strong for them, anil we con tinue, unl shall continue so loii'j as bo- cieiy noius lo.i.iner, 10 auiire.-s rm an other in terms of emlc-iriucnt au l rej-pect which are nt required to correspond with our sentiments. Orientals have surpassed us in this re- Rani as much a-. IV1 bvilli.-trt sunshine to which they s;rt nccwr-ro-.r'.-d I'vals tho murky atmo.splt ere of Europe. The de scriptions of ourselves and of our corre spondents pal" beYre the glowing ex pressions of o! jectivo !id:r.iratioii and subjective self ab.-.ser.ient which adorn eastern epist s. Wu mv c .nt"iit to con fine our wi.'-hes an. 1 coinpli-u euts to the present !:fe; but nach a li.r it is far too narrow tor ati A. vitic, v. ho d lights in wistiii-.g that his frien Is mr.y live for ever and ever, and lii.it the .t.v.vstvrs of his er.ci:Me- m;.y b. or .11 la': .1 to ever lasting di;-"";:. Ve ;ir v .;;-; . r ..;k';:1i of "T" and "You." but i.w or;e-..L.il 1 n-es to heap ad jectives of contempt upon himself and of glorification upon his correspondents. EIXVATIXG AND IjKMK.YXINO SIMILES. In sill cases ho avoids the use of tha personal pronouns. By a, system of cir cumlocution necessitate I by this omis sion, lie describ m himself as "Your younger brother," the character repre senting his expres -ion l-ein.-r written small, and iiarily at the eide of the col umns of words, aii.l lie der self and others conjointly ; But the per on he is ;..!. Ir as "Your cvcellency," "I-1; elder brother." or Your ally, "You who aiv rt t'-.e council c!i:ii!ihcr." i;i.;i.v: mean dvi-iiiii;c." or, as thi? character Minify , "a !., dwelling:" but lie is unable his correspondent's hr.bita ignates liini s "We ants." Ji :..' v benevolent honor." liter--.'2)3 of the 1 h- r.-.e is "a p.u-t.- of the -;i :t:i ibn.hen to thi?dc of '.'0:1 as any thing but "an honorable," Iirera-h-"baskot-of-nearls palace." In the f-ame spirit of self ;ib;i.vnnent he feds obliged to win 1 up his op:s:!e with the iihrase, "Your stupid younjer brother, t-'o-aud-So, bows his head to tha ground." The . character for "stupid" is drawn for us by two hieroglyphics, me.-mmg "mon key hearti'd." To b. v.- to his l'ri'Tids is also pictoriully. cxpres.-ed by a colloca tion of "a head" and "turf," EuggeEiing the act of bowing the head to the earth. If his correspondent proposes to call upon him h hast 11s to assure him that "at the appointed hour, with bowing hands, he will .v.,-;:it the time when his excellency shall abase himself by driving his chariot to his ofriee." His friend's letter is "the revelation of his hand," and he takes pains to make him aware that holding it "with washed hands he had chanted"' its contents. On expressions of thanks particular emphasis is laid by the Chinese, and with true Oriental instinct, in their cfi,rt after hyperbole, they aro accustomed to give a physical interpretation to their mental feelings. POWERFUL. IIYPIUinOLE. For instance, a correspondent who wishes to say that he is profoundly grate ful, writes, "Your kindness is very deeply engraved and enveined in my heart." If ha hears of the illness of a friend "he cannot help being hung u:i in FHspjnne." Commissioners' Proceedings Nay 5, 1K0I. Hoard met pursuant to adjourn ment. Jull board ami county clerk present when the following was done, to-wit: The board this day appointed the I Ion. Sam M. Chapman as a repre st nlat i ve to the Trans-Mississippi congress which meets at Denver, May 11). The claim of the Ii. & M. for re funding tuxes paid under protest was refused. Upon petition of J. J 1. Hemiius and o'.hers the road lifiimiiial the northwest corner of ilie norih e:ist 1.4 of secilon (i-lli-lli, nuniiii tliencir sou ill jinile to ilie center of snil section (i, was declarecl va cated. Ohlcial bond of li. II. Dimmitt, overseer of disirict HO was approved Official bond of K. K. Fiinncr, jus lice ot jieace 111 r:iu liwk ap proved. The h-Vowintr bills were allowed on the j.e-ier:il 1 und: 1 o'-uiiei ' : iiucst l :Vl-.ry lljiin-s, de- v. ii;itiit-.-, iic- J. Iv. Minor, the wide-awake Fif tlx ward councilman, thinks it a burti iiijHliame that ho wise and truly rcat a man as Boyd tshould besu plauled by a man like Thayer, and be heaved a deep siedi that told without further words that be was from M issouri. Ivd Ruffner thinks Uoyd was (decled governor, but since the judges bad disagreed be bad 110 criticisms to oiler, lie believes grandma would be left in an election now. I. S. Drriper says: "It suits me because it "ires i'hittsmoutli Ilie overnor. 1 am lust, last and an the time for I 1 at t.-mou I h. I caie so much for niditics used to." I'leld Marshal b'red Kruhler thinks that "if Uoyd was ood enouoii for the supreme court three moiMhs be ouight to have been (pod enouo-b for them now. Max well is my kind of people." WKKl'INO WATIiW ITICMS. 1' ton t 1 as 1 ;!, ,:. 1 i-r 1 :.ruii' i-'s i ii.-.t of U . rom i'. ':-'MS Jnoult 1 ; 's'.-Ii, sa'..ry ; 1 1 i .-.xn X ' I- , , :.il."l .-Xi"H- A I. I sa.ary itinl t-ft'i'iie. M li Muriiliy. iip.K! !' p'nir K v. C1K1K. ti.vsi-i;m's i-a!ai y Nebraska 1 t'bvlioiitt lent (pf telu- (ili'PTie J.ts ' i'l.e;.ry, jur.11 V fees ; V ShfMiian, iirintin K K t';irlnele, team I-' M Kii'li y. lianluT to jmor lion Ceo il i-liiii:ili. keecli p.mr .V 111 I iUe. guarding ami lioaiiiiu pris- oite. s X Kuril, ladse to poor S I';ilir.er, nidse to poor cyiioliis. pny ici.in s cilary -tanri r H. s iimIm to poor V .) Wli te. rent of court roem Oeiirv iiiM-ck, ni;i-e t ' p -r. T.'t (! . tr. L'd . t:5 in) r,i; mi . 4G . 20 K; li 00 . 13 (Hi . 2-1 (, . br, s. 15 HO 145 lid 10 on 8 00 8 75 40 K". (!(! 1 0 a: .",0 I'll S5 Ji 40 2T I II ;;o 00 1:1 X5 3.011 12 00 1 Ml -!.! r,:'. 5 00 j 00 (i SV Miblf, s;i!;'.ry county sopi liiitcml't 101 lis .a :! i 'ritrlih.'ld. saliii v aiie o.vpeiie ina I in. '.'ejiiiliiicaii, si at uuiPiy S & : .Waver. iiuIm- to poor (iii ardt & 1-Illinoi s, in.ise t ;mcr .Nil's l)!a:'k. l ear, of judL'e'.i off A . K. Mip! ' !i. ( ':i e ami hoard of pauper. . M. Tlioin-ts.rhys. iitt'-inieu: e to p,nipT World i'ueli-inn., I o, u tiee to ;oi;t factor Fred CiO''si 1) paribus poor .J ( t ii. enoary. keepinjr pool-house as tf: t-'.ierTric I.pirlir ''. iit;iit A K K'poi's. oi i. tin lUI.I.S Al l.' VKI OS UQAD 1-CM ;0 T'lives, li.ihiiice o.i read work, t;i.-t 'so. 5! ns no J ii M'-i-aii-i". d.uriMiri on ro.id 25 00 ihird adjourned till to-morrow. May G. 181. htill ho.T.-i'. prereut, when the fol- low inu' was none, to-wit: hoard proceeded to examine a irid.e on county line, between Cass nicl Otoe counties, and adjourned to meet to-morrow. County Crurt- McKVynolds IJrowm --At the of fice of the county judge's office, on May X. )'.!, at 1 o'clock p. m.; M r. C iim ies A. MeK'ej nobis married to Miss Lena T. hrown, Jude K'amsey o ili c i a t i 1 1 o-. iJerminoham Terr- At the of fice af the county juilne, May H, IS-U, at rj:ir; Mr. John 1 Serin i !i;ham and Miss Terry were united in marriage, Jude K'amscy oflsciai iii'. The United States Government has four men-of-war after the fugi tive Itata, the Chilian man-of-war that left S;m Dieg-o witho'ut orders, after beino- juit under arresi, and as the ltata is well supplied wiih arms, it is more than probable our new navy will have to show what it can do in retaking her. Harry Race of the Weeping; Water Kni-le must have indulged too much in temperance drinks last week over the Uoyd contest, as be an nounces in this week's Kag"le that Ilie May term of the district court will be.n'in on the "-Mill. That day is Sunday and the district court never convenes on 1he Sabbaiti. It will be'in on Monday, M;iy UTi. The M;i5'ons and Knights of Py thias received their albums to-day for their lodges. The emblems of May 7. 1801 ! ull board present, when the fol owini;" was done, to-wit: j.asji:ess ot a "-enernl nature w:is liiered into in regard to Ihc worl in. Ilie coiu t house and board ad jouraed to meet to-morrow. and the symbol he list ."3 totheej'es the heart of the writer tied up, while at the fame time he urrjeshinr "to take- care of his person as a p:'arl." And on the receipt of h' tier news he break's out, "How i-hall I Lear t h i j-jy an. 1 pleasure!" Having tinLshed expressing the object of his letter, he winds up by "availing him self of the opportunity to wish his corre spondent all the blessings of the season, and," if he is on the road to honor, "all tho promotion he deserves." But, if not ferocious, a sufficient lati tude still remains to a Chinaman for the development of much plain Fpeaking. It is as possible to "slit the thin spun life" with a stiletto as with a broadsword, and in the most finished ieriod3 a Chinaman finds himself quite aide to express either withering contempt or remorseless hate. But he has other ways also of giving vent to his ill humors. The very punc tilious rules of letter writing enable him to convey his dislike by omission as well as by commission. Chinese is, it may be explained, writ ten in vertical columns, beginning on the top right hand corner of the page. In ordinary circumstances each column is completed to the bottom of the page; bat long usage has established the cus tom that, if the name or attributes of the person addressed occurs, the column is cut short, and the characters representing these subjects of honor begin the next column at an elevation of the space of one or two diameters, as the case may be, above the general level of the text. It will now be seen what a ready weapon lies to the hand of a Chinese letter writer. To write "Your Excellency" or the name of the correspondent's country or sover eign in the body of the colnmn is to in flict a dire insult upon him, and is equiva lent to the expression of the bitterest contempt in European epistolary style. London Saturday Review. He I Dead. Mr3. Scriblets I see that the Aristotle manuscript has been published. Air. driblets I fear that the payment for it will be too bite to do Mr. Aristotle any good. Puck. Mav S, 1S91 Full board present, when the lol lowimjf was done, to-wit: tile certificate oi election andofi;- ii.'l bond oi 11. P. Svaiil:ck, con iiiOiC o evoked. The followiuir 1 lowed: S ills precinct, was were then al T.I Jiicks, keeeiup pauper r .J i ? ."si i, , nut-." t . poor i (' !i':'.K', surveviaij road :it (Yd.vr Creek ." Vt'iu HVuenkain ;, rent county offices.. . Hoard adjourned till June '2, 6 oo 10 00 10 00 Kl.j O'i 1-SD1 Democratic Opinions Since Thajcr lias been duly in stalled as governor, the faithful followers of the Bo3"d banners are full of opinions not flattering to the acumen of the old soldier and statesman that now occupies the chair of state. Since the first flush of disappointment lias died out, we have interviewed a few of the lead- ini lights as to what they thought of the situation. Col. Connor, hih in democratic councils, was the first victim, and when asked how the supreme court decision struck him, he looked dis justed and .v;ave vent to the follow ing- remarks: "The supreme court betrayed the democratic party and showed lots of ingratitude on the part of Ed Carnes and Judge Nor- val. I lose no tears on the ousting of Uoyd, yet as a democrat I con sider the w hole thing an outrage on the democratic party." Charley Grimes, the accommodat ing clerk to the county judge, says his faith in democracy remains un shaken. "These temporal' set backs should be expected. I don't condemn anybody." Hon. William Neville, claimed by some to be of German parentage, yet with well known Irish tenden cies, says: "It's all right. An alien ought to be ousted. I am fornist the furriner eve-- time." Judge Archer is one of the faith ful that was baptized that way. He don't mean to be an everyday dem ocrat, but be can't help it. The judge is of the opinion that Bo3d was treated as well as he deserved, since he betrayed the party and ig nored its pledges which have been renewed annually for thirty years as relates to corporations. "When it came to subserviency to corpora tion influences I always thought we had a cleaner record than the republicans, but now we are sacri liccd. It is plain that a pledge to the people now would only be laughed at by them. Of course, I am norry for democratic defeat, but I only blame the author." A prominent democratic official says: "Boyd was elected by whole sale fraud in Omaha, and I am glad he is out. ; It is just retribution." A well known business man saj-s: "I am a democrat, yet I believe Uoyd was elected hy fraud, and if he is not a citizen 1 am especially glad to see him bounced." F. K. White Kays he has no opinion and was surprised at the result. Col. Matthew Gering: "No sir, I have nothing to say." the orders sire embossed on the top of the covers, and the mimes of the lodges are placed on the back in guilt letters. hao.i album noins eighty pictures which are to be nken bv Mr. Lt'oiwird, and when iiled these albums will be a trc;i: urcu ornament in tiie locie room in times to come. Last liignt Albert Anble shut up the stow as usual and proceeded home, wlien lie found Mis spacious residence crowded wiih people, who had assembled to celedraie nis .: biriiKia v. tiie evening was spent in conversation, and at about lli o'clock an eletranls supper was served 1o which all did justice. This 'will be an event to be remembered by Mr. JCabel. The gifts will be announce next wee!:. Wabash News. KkoM Tin; kacu;. Ma nicy is a great corn market. OvitLIKI loads of that cereal was unloaded there one day last week. 1 lit? Th'"d wa'd appears to be the fa vored local ' . y for p; i , ies in sea rch of sigmi.ures for saloon licenses. No oilier w;rd in the cii3' lias got three women in it thai will put their names to such a paper. The lil.le son of Charlie Hay while phi3 iiig- in die ya. il Mniiday, II some v.'av and cut :i hole iiiioii'n 1 1 1 s iont,ue. i lie tloc.ors sewed ii up and will '.ry in restore the li.ile fellow's lapper to its orig inal condii ion. If a saloon goes in on block third in the Third ward, ft wHl be a wise move for the council to order the sidewalk repaired at oiii'e. lis con dition now is unsafe for sober peo ple to walk on, let alone those who haven few schooners, of beer aboard. The residence of W. II. Gates got a warming" one da3r hast week, caused 1)3' an accidental connection between a tiny speck of llame and the contents of a gasoline can. Mr. Gales was I'l'in:-; the tnnl: of his gasoline siove, supposing that he had enlirel3' extinguished the llame before doing so, when he siood a moment laler in the midst of a buiiiing lhiuii he discovered his er ror. He got out of Ilie room as rap idly as possible, gave the alarm of lire and then got his ch i hlren out of bed to a place oi safely. I 3' this time several persons, arrived on the ground and l3r hard work for a short time succeeded in mastering the situation. The loss will amount to about 75, one-ihird of the amount being" for repairs on the house. The insurance compni' will have a chance to ;;iy the bills. It was a close call for all concerned. Our lire department was ready for i7ieif ... .m eust the same. AND SO DDES fellji i liiiljlili 'ifc llli I ill I iiil'ili! iili.Cw - MillHI lll'l illH'li'' 1 .j&tipim MADE ONLY BY N.K.FAIRBANK&CO. Chicago. ii lit r but it is doll b ratus would be ef! be called into u.-e. ill! li e'.'uve cor y..0i liii:'. i e. i t ill H'.irplu lie appn hould it V '. I ("K :5 o(,o V , 1 it- T 'V fir TWII v. a i it A 9 r t5i rrt5 r jy. km. r. fy a 9. ' 4 '5 I. if. Ml 'A ii 1 AliLliS ha: W. D. JONES, Proprietor. THE FINEST RIGS IN Carriages lor Flouirc mill Short jlrivc A!vays Cor. 4th Vii I'Jnttnnf)Uti, Nebraska i ; V I d The Iuty of ITip C!inr:l to the rtor, I do not hesitate to .s:ry that the de velopment of the power of self help, sell respect and pelf dependence can be and should be the work of the Christian church in all her branches. If Chris tianity cannot, to ihis extent, leaven tlu masses of the wae workers, it has failed and, at least temporarily, must continue to fail. The wild ruin resulting from that failure mav recall the church 01 Christ to a field that her faithles3 dis obedience has led her for a time to aban don. She believes in the value of man, for in lam, be he never so fallen, she sees a spark of everlastingness. She professes to accept her blaster's commands as di vine laws binding on herself. His words and acts are perfect' plain; he never contemplated the abolition of all pover ty, but he did distinctly command that men should, t?s the3' valued his gospel or professed obedience to himself, draw near to each other, forgetting and ignor ing those tilings that for a short time made them to differ. He declared that the innermost and eternal verities of our nature all men have in common, and that his followers were to make much of these, while they were to make less of their differences of possession and attainment. Weakness, failure, povertj were to draw us to our brother, not drive us from him, for in the prevalence of these drawing, uniting, loving forces over the sundering and disuniting forces lay the hope of our race he called it the coming of tiie kingdom of the Son of ifan. Rev. Dr. W. S. Rainsford in Forum. Trivialities. It i3 not always easy in any sphere to discriminate between the trifling and the momentous. It is often a matter of com parison, and judgment and experience are needed in the selection. Trifles are not to be confounded with details, which are often most important. Neither are things necessarily trifling because the3' are small. A kind look, a gentle warn ing, a cordial greeting, a slight service are sometimes despised as trifles, when in truth they are signs of a generous and kindly nature, and carry untold blessings to their recipients. Many little things are far more im portant than what we imsscall great ones: they may indeed be the true reali ties, while the others may be insignifi cant. If each one will faithfully examine the meanings and purposes of the various spheres in which he moves, and endeavor conscientiously to make them first in his heart and life, the trifles will sink into their proper and subordinate place. New York Ledger. A modification of what is known as the Australian ballot plan is in force in England in the election of members of the house of commons. This regulation, however, is not permanent there, as it is here in the states employing this system. An act of parliament is passed annually to provide for the method of voting. t ; iter- : , id x jr. o toi !. it. I'l'M .1. V. '. A. V.. s.r.iUa, !... p.. -V:. t. r.:. t-iiK.-i.s..ii A GS:iS?.A.L iMlTTC 7?TJSINS' A'CO'ints sr.'i-"'.ie !. t: i( -fst a'i"v.p '. e- ti;? J ). I nr..! .r.;n;it itr.'!.;io)lKtV"cD to s.lt bui- inf:-t enU'i.'steil to its .'.?. OK PI.ATTS;. :n cap iiirjiiu-'. First national 3 A N K KA . .$50 fl' 0,00 . . Jii,o.ip:i t?ers tbe vtry bei fa:'.iities far the promp' U'iUif.eHiuH vi lijiituiij.Ui Stool:?, tpoi!-!i, .iroi!!, guv-iuriii'.- iji.'iLeu . n.i -ni l. inl in.t-;e-r v.-. L.'af:-1 1' ritwii, av iil t'liti (jtiiici ;i:i.J a!! Tin iurope. ;OLl.K.CriONS MAItr. ANi Tl-il. Highest m.e v.- p ' ' ''-ii .rer ic-.ry War rants, St.uc" : iii I'ounty bonds. tl I.' tX'lO KS John Fitz,j:T;t1'J J. Ji,. kf-worth eii.!i We eyii . K. ;:. W!ii,. i.eorirt H. l)ovi-y oha Firz,'..rI,!, s'. Vtuel.. t'r-i... r.t V ! ' - .' iisine;,! iir.d !o:a! ie- I't'lPo-iils lt-i't iv d 11 Use te)I!fi,;t:er in auy part (pi the n p-iiifip;i; twwr.p ot riiO?,U'Tr.Y UK.MIT- Va;;.:i ana VtigtjU, IUiT'.tj c';si:iitii sim.-i laciuae find F a ; WILL KKEV C2 CONSTANTLY A Full and Complete line o! ON HAND m r,L r, ir M:tt DSUGG1STS SUNDRIES AND PU!?E LIQUORS Ircscripti:oT!s i'nvc-Uilly Compounded at ll Honrs and Oils. The Best is the Cheapest Tint is Why Fred O order nl'tt-r 11 yeni s of experience as tli most succc-Hsful A.'jricu!turil imil.-ineiit ilc.ler in tl:'- coui ty ii-i c.-It-ct.-d iIk; following imple ments which h'j carries and heirtily recomijpnds to hU friends and putrona. ica-am. oliao ana Soa.ia1:lQ WAGONS, Hradloy, Peru, and Dacro LISTERS and PLOWS NEW DEPARTURE TONGUELES AND Badger Cultivators. WEIRS AND BRADLEYSTALKCUTTER. DEERE, FARMERS FRIEND AND HA worth Checkrowcrs and Planters. It eon : 1 1 " dim A SPECIALTY -. t ... c NEVli,R3LL' i-OHScJSIIOE Whic i) i-3 ti farmer, r f-.r puqios'j.-; cv-. r that anvoii" coriis, a- no-. diivs, ir suiocth, dry bis shop v. i i.-xumini and vou v.-ill ucc i.:' ot J. M. SHNEr-LTiACKEI?. 12 N".'rt:i Fif'ii St.. !Jh:ttFr;mu:li 1 :itr:3c?i..j K-r t:it fat thiviivj,, ..r for riry iiiVw'vi . p- rf'.' . o put 011 pinr; r fl-.t .1 fir w;-t !..! i-1 i j -1 v roiicU. 0! II fit tin- "KVI-;HMP " f 10 r r to irk 77 10 Pimton?, Carts, olil'llirr Wagons, and Ei ri!l. 0 Tne pioneer meichants of Carry a full stock of yenerai raercliondif which thf-ystdl very clos3. Ilicjhfst price paid for all kinds of farm produce. Gcd erous treatmeutand fair dealing is the secret pf our success. Handles the linestof liuio? Carriages and other vehicles that are manufactured The largest line in Cass County, ot double and tingle harness at prices so low that it will pay you to come L'o miles arpf inspect stock before purchasing elsewhere. DAVID 3IILLK1; an experienced workman has charge ot our harness shop. FredGorder. Plattsmouth and Weeping Water la m 11 m & DEALER IN CIIAS L Murray Nch MOOT. 'olarr Public gA 4on KujMoqs s em jo vruia v ," STAPLE AND FANCY GROCEIilES, GLASS AJND QUEENSWAEE Flour wii Feed a Spcialty i atronage 1 the I'uble Solicited. JULIUS PEPPERRERG. MANUFACTCREK OK AKI WHOLESALE & RETAIL DEALER IN THE Tfioicest Brands of Cigars, 3 j 1 including our rcix line or rOBACCO AND SMOKERS' ARTICLE always in etock. Nov. 28. 1885. JOHNSON BUILDING, North 6tH S ELY 1 " -. V-S 9 a 1 1 a v v Minn wanuenog curru. owes mniea 1 in nn TMdmff. TaaiamonijUs from a 11 ii i f 1 FmJCK, on nrritmtion to ProC, I w A. MiMittt Mui r ma at, xiev x or. K. DRESSLER, The 5th St. Merchant Tailor Keeps a Full Lino or foraiTQ i ostic Goals. Consult Your Interes by dying Htm a CaU SHERWOOD BLOCK! JB1 att terrsta.oi it Ta - n i, it ij tr ' . .f 1 ill, M i V i f