o
PAGE 11.—THE FRONTIER. O'Neill. Nebr.. Thun.. Mar. 19, 1953.
Let’s Know About . . .
Dawning of Irrigation Day
By A HOLT SCS
TECHNICIAN
There may be0 a new day
dawning for many in°Holt coun
ty. It may mean a decrease in
the size of farm units. It may
materially increase the total pro
duction of the county. It may
mean increased money in circu
o lationcin the county. It may
mean larger cities, schools and
industrialization. It may mean a
boom for agriculture and for the
° o0 county’s businessmen.
But for some people it will
o mean more indebtedness and
more hard work. In short, it will
be a gamble on a new develop
ment that may bring handsome
dividends to themselves and the
rest of the county, depending
upon its success and continued
development. °
0What is this new miracle—or
o hazard? Irrigation!
Irrigation that will begin to
develop this year—1953—and not
irrigation dependent upon the
DR. J. L. SHERBAHN
o CHIROPRACTOR
O'Neill. Nebraska
Complete X-Ray Equipment
Vi Block So. of Ford Garage
b"1 1 1 . ....- 1 "'■■■ 111
..development of the Niobrara
river basin plan which is still in
the offing as far as this end of
the basin is concerned. The irri
gation at hand is from water
pumped from wells, springs, or
streams of Holt county.
Several test wells have been
put down since last fall indi
cating possibilities of from 600
to 1,000 gallons per minute or
more.
Two of the questions that must
be answered by prospective .‘ir
rigators after a water supply has
been established are: Will my
soil support irrigation profit
ably, and what is the system of
irrigation most practical for my
case, sprinkler or gravity?
Although there are many oth
er questions to be answered these
two are the ones with which the
Soil Conservation District is
equipped to aid cooperators
! through its technical staff.
There are at least two success
ful sprinkler systems in opera
Ition in the Stuart and Atkinsgn
1 area and it is planned to expand
! their operations. Th£se men have
started in a moderate manner
j and found it was successful and
I believe they can successfully
| expand their systems.
I Wherever irrigation is talked
. i
. Gladiolus .
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RALPH N. LEIDY
.... ■ . . ..
O ■ - . ■ ■' ■ . .. .
-i,one of the first questions m the
minds of the people is: “Will the
soils of Holt county support irri
gation?” "With all its sand and
gravel should we even think
about irrigation?”
To that the only answer is that
some of the soils will, but a large
portion of the county, of course,
will not. Determination by farms
and even by fields will need to
be made. t
In general a soil that is a deep
sandy loam or heavier in tex
ture is feasible to irrigate. Sand
ier soils and soils with gravel
between 20 and 36 inches might
be feasible but would require
more care, usually involve high
er operating costs and require
higher added fertility either in
| the form of commercial fertiliz
! ers or longer legume rotations.
If water were available in all
places where soil conditions per
mitted irrigation it is estimated
that approximately one-tenth of
j the land in the county could be
I irrigated.
O
Staled another way, about
one-third of the land suitable
for cultivation could be irri
gated if water were available.
However, only about 50,003
acres could be classed as ggod
irrigable soil while 100.000
acres would require more in
tensive care.
O
1° w anyone anticipating irri
' gation it would be well to con
tact the Soil Conservation Dis
trict and determine from a land
capability map just what part of
their place, if any, would be
suitable for irrigation. It would
j be well to do this before tests
were made to determine if an
available source of water might
; be found.
In determining whether grav
ity or sprinkler irrigation should
be used, farmers’ preference will
J have a big influence. Where eith
er system will work satisfactor
! ily preference need be weighed
only against cost. The cost of
leveling, laterals, and so forth
! should be weighed against the
, cost of main lines and sprinkler
lines. Time required for water
application should be considered
for both systems. The cost of ap
plication of water should be con- j
sidered. 0 '
With a sprinkler head of 40
pounds per square inch the add
ed cost of pumping is equivalent
to an additional 92-foot lift. It
is estimated that pumping costs
will be on the average about 10
cents per acre foot of water for
every foot of lift. The efficiency
of each system must also be
taken into consideration.
•With equally good planning
and preparation sprinkler sys
tems are about 70 percent effi
cient while gravity systems are
only 60 percent* efficient. In
other words, for every 100 gal
lons pumped under sprinkler, 70
gallons will be made available
tor plant use while with gravity
it will be 60.
There are places where sprink
ler is practically the only possi
ble means of irrigation. This is
true when the infiltration rate of
the soil is so rapid that the grav
ity type would result in exceed
ingly short water runs or short
duration to avoid over-irrigation
I and excessive water loss. Also
where the lay of the land is such
| as to require excessive leveling
for a gravity system (excessive
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PflDlR 114 RADIO -o ELECTRIC — APPLIANCES O’Neill
° o ° . °
Amount of Soil Nutrients Used
The following table shows the amount of soil nutrients used
by the following crops:
Crop Yield per Niiro- Phos- Poiias- Cal
Acre gen phorous slum cium
ALFALFA _ 5 ton 225 60 215 180
CORN _100 bu. 150 75 100
OATS _ 80 bu. . 85 30
leveling results when costs
mount to a prohibitive figure or
when cuts over large areas will
result in removing all of the top
soil and leaving less fertile sub
soil or a more sandy or gravelly
soil that will result in a very
difficult management problem
and ^ow production).
Some problems are common to
■ either type of irrigation. Because
of the added cost of irrigation it
is evident that yields must be
maintained at a higher lever if
the increased costs are to result
j in a profit. To do this the fertil
ity must be maintained at a
: much higher level than for dry
land farming. Cropland should
i be maintained in a longtime al
'falfa or alfalfa and bromegrass
| rotation from one-fourth to one
third of the time. Fieldscmay re
main in alfalfa from three to five
years but it generally believed
that two to three years is more
efficient.
This practice will need to be
supplemented by shorter rota
tions of sweet -lover or other
annual legumes and commer
cial fertilizer.
However, there is one bright
• side to this fact: Because mois
i ture to a large degree is eontroll
j ea. it can be determined by ex
perience just w'hat-state of fertli
ity will result in the greatest
profit. Where both moisture and
yields vary to a greater extent
in dry land farming it is much
fhore difficult to determine the
most profitable application of
fertilizer. (See table at right.)
It is quite possible that with
dhe increased yield under irriga
tion deficiencies may show up
that have not been found as yet
under dry land production.
Over-irrigation may result in
serious damage from erosion or
a great loss of soil nutrients
through leaching. It is also pos
sible that over-irrigation may
cause water to rise on lower land
by capillary action and may
bring alkaline salts to the sur
face. This will develop an alkali
condiiton in the soil that may
cause productive soils to become
practically worthless. To correct
this situation in sprinkler sys
tems the length of time water is
applied should be cut down or
the size of the nozzle should be
reduced. In gravity the length
of time water is applied or the
length of water runs should be
reduced. In either case it results
from faulty design because type
of soil, water peneration, and so
forth, were not given proper
consideration.
On the other hand, close su
pervision should be given so that
enough water is applied at the
proper time. A moisture probe is
generally used in connection
with soil examination for degree
of wetness. If irrigation is de
layed until crops show signs of
needing moisture it is usually
too late and will result in lower
i yields. Sometimes under-irriga
tion is a result of poor design.
This would be true if the acres
to be irrigated exceeded the
amount of water available.
The table below gives the
average number of acres that
can be irrigated from a given
well flow:
Gallons per min. Irrigable acres
450 _40
500 _._:_44
600 _52
700 _64
800 _ 72
1000 _ 88
The labor requirements for
sprinkler irrigation have also
been tabulated and are as fol
lows:
Pipe Man hrs. per A.
size per irrigation
33 inches_.7
4 icnhes __,8
5 inches __ _1.25
6 inches_1.4
For example, from the charts
above it may be seen that a 1,000
gallon per minute well would ir
rigate 88 acres and would re
quire, using four-inch pipe, 70
man hours of labor to give it one
irrigation.
Water requirements of crops is
another important factor that ir
rigators must know and use in
planning their operations. Ac
cording to results from the
Scottsbluff field station, potatoes 1
require 17 inches of water with
the peak application rate com
ing the latter part of July; small
grains require 17 inches of water
with their peak rate being in
June; alfalfa, 25 inches of water
with its highest rate during the
month of July but with relative
high rates also during June and
August; com, 22 inches with its
peak reached in July.
By using a variety of crops it
is possible to spread out the sea
son and use water at different
seasons for different crops.
With some soils it is possible
to irrigate at off seasons on
some crops and maintain a
high water content in the soil
to tend to reduce the amount
of water required at peak sea
sons.
The information contained in
this article in general deals with
averages of general facts that
may or may not fit field condi
tions on a given farm. There is
probably no field of agriculture
with more variation than irrigat
ed farming. The farmer has con
trol of one more factor, moisture,
and what he does writh it, how
he uses it, in connection with his
soil conditions, fertility and all
other conditions will determine
to a large extent how profitable
it is for him or whether in some
cases it is a profit or a loss. In
few fields of endeavor is a
broader knowledge or a closer
observation necessary in order to
make changes that will be of so
pronounced benefit.
This article was written solely
to give a general picture of irri
gation, its benefits, its possibili
ties, and indeed in some cases its
possible hazards.
Over 500 Persons
Now Cooperators
Todate well over 500 Holt
county farmers and ranches have
become cooperators of the local
district. Following is a list of
the new coop%rators with the
Holt Soil Conservation District
since January 1, 1952:
Rollie Peterson of Stuart, Asa
Shermer of Amelia, Art Ziska of
Stuart, R. V. Carlisle of Stuart,
Ora Yarges of Stuart. Emil Col
fack of Atkinson, J. W. Manhalt
er of Spencer, William J. Mur
| phv of O’Neill, Harold Burge of
O'Neill, K. C. Hunt of O’Neill,
! Laurence Chipps of Ewing, R.
; Glen Ballagh gi Amelia, R. A.
| Ballagh of Amelia, Forrest Far
rand of O'Neill, Earl W. Hoatson
I of Stuart, Leo Burival of O'Neill,
j John and Elwin Grutsch of O’
! Neill, Catherine Winn - Elwin
1 Grutsch of O’Neill, Charles B.
! Crook of O’Neill, E. W. Reed of
j Spencer, Charley Peterson-Fred
■ Horn^ of Dustin, Clay Mashino
| of Rpdbird, H. F. and Ed. Heiser
| of Atkinson, Freeman Knight of
j O’Neill, Esmond Webber-Richard
| Trowbridge of Page.
Bruce Johnson of Walnut, La
vern H. Campbell of Stuart, Her
bert J. Sweet of Stuart, A. B.
and D. F. Scott of Atkinson* F.
M. and F. J. Hupp of Ewing,
Dvorak Brothers of Stuart, John
J. Bauer of Ewing, Mac Simon
son of O'Neill, Fred Krugman of
t
O’Neill, A. A. Walters of Cham
bers, Albert Carson of Redbird,
Robert Witherwax of Spencer,
Roy H. Grubb of Page, Loran
M. Kruse of O’Neill, Ben Vona
sek of Star, Albert Kallhoff of
O’Neill, S. L. Hertel of Ewing,
Harold W. Blain of Middle
branch,, Albert J. Derickson of
Star, William Derickson, jr„ of
Star, John Dalton of O’Neill,
Farmers National Ins. Co. of Lin
coln, Charley Peterson - Willis
Peterson of Stuart, C. Frickel &
Sons of Atkinson, M. G. Mc
Kathnie of Atkinson, Louis Goe
ke of Atkinson, Edgar Jungman
of Amelia, Gerhardt Luebeke of
Page, Karl Keyes of Inman.
Frank Belik of Page, Fay Puck
ett of O’Neill, Howard Oberle of
O'Neill, Earl McCianahan 0f O’
NeiH, Frank Wilson o? Stuart,
Rudolph Poessnecker of Atkin
son.
Werner Poessnecker of Atkin
son, Clair J. Schroth of Middle
brancn, D. H. and William Han
son of O’Neill, Mary Bazelman
William Hansen" of O’Neill,
George Kruse of Dorsey, Dwight
Baab of Atkinson, Frank P. Sny
der of Page, Emory E. Denny of
Clearwater, Jessie Kelley of
Page, Elvon and Neale Hamilton
of Stuart, Billy Schaaf of Red
i bird, Otto, Drobney of Walnut,
i Mrs. L. B. Perkins-Henry Durre
| of Ewing, H. J. Birmingham-A.
: H. Johnson of O’Neill, William
Pat Gallup of O’Neill, C. M. Ste
vens of Page, Bessie Wilson-F.
L. Wilson of Stuart, Z. and N.
Rzeszotarski of Atkinson, Bridg
et and Romaine Rohde of Spen
cer.
C. F. Abart & Sons of Emmet,
Frank Sholes of Middlebranch,
Earl Eppenbach of O’Neill,
James T. Earley of O'Neill, Fe
lix Hendrick of O’Neill, L. T.
Genung of Atkinson, Raymond
Bly of Amelia, Howard Slack of I
Dorsey, James McDonald of O’- j
Neill, George Burke of Ewing, j
R. V. Fletcher of Hartington, C. j
J. Harmon of O’Neill, E. E. Clark
of Inman, Clayton Nelson of Ver
digre, E. L. Femau of Dorsey,
Carl J Thiele of Clearwater,
Fred Tucker of O’Neill, Babcock
Morrow of O’Neill, Babcock-Ad
amson of O’Neill, Elmer Juracek
of Star, Marion Davis of Stuart,
Otto and Art Baumeister of Stu
art, G. L. Obermire of Stuart,
John Hawk of Ewing, Veldon
Pinkerman of Dorsey, M. V.
Landreth of Page, Ed. Fuhrer of
O’Neill, William J. Storjohann of
Spencer, Howard and Lawrence
Rouse of O’Neill, Clarence Gokie
of O’Neill, Fritz Schwager of j
Ewing, Clyde McKenzie of Dor- j
sey, Frank Hawk of Ew-ing.
Cecil L. Witherwax of Dorsey,
R. M. Tomjack of Clearwater,
George P. Hansen of O’Neill, W.
D. Nelson of Walnut, J. Q. and
James Q. Hossack of Chambers,
Catherine and Francis Kollman
of Stuart, R. H. Strong of Cham
bers, Ora Philbrick of Stuart,
Henry Miksch of Stuart, Martin
and Henry Miksch of Stuart,
Francis P. Weller of Atkinson,
O’Neill Country club of O’Neill,
Silas Johnston of Atkinson, Wil
liam and Robert Thomson of
Amelia, Lorenze Reige of Page,
Catherine Seger-John Kramer,
jr„ of Stuart, Julian Sandall of
Stuart, John J. Dougherty of In
man. Harry L. Page of O’Neill,
O’Malley Bros, of Chambers, C.
M. Pierson of O’Neill, William
Derickson, sr., of Star, Hilda and
Helen Gallagher-Charles Mahon
ey of O’Neill, Wood Jarman of
Chambers, Henry Fleek of
Chambers, Vern Wilkinson of
Chambers, Eddy E. Schrader of
Ewing, Melvin Rexin of Ewing, o
Ed. Harvey of Chambers, W. P.
Elley of Atkinson.
__ o o o
Mrs. Fred Soost °of0 Magnet ,
visited in the L. F. Beckenhauer
home on Monday, March 9.
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