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About The frontier. (O'Neill City, Holt County, Neb.) 1880-1965 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 4, 1940)
English Alliance With Indians Aided New World Conquests Iroquois Tribe Swung Balance of Power Against French. Prepared by National Geographic Society. Washington. D. C.—WNU Service. The conquest of the New World by the Spaniards is a story of the quest for gold. The conquest of northeastern North America is a story of the rivalry of the French, the English and the Dutch for control of the fur trade. Since furs were to be obtained only through friendly alliance with the natives, the three European ri vals were not long in aligning them selves in accordance with the nat ural enmities among the Indians When Champlain undertook the colonization of the St. Lawrence re gion early In the Seventeenth cen tury, it was only natural that he made friends with the Algorquins who then occupied that territory. This alliance Inevitably brought the French into conflict with the Iroquois, the hereditary enemies of the Algonquians. What Champlain had no means of knowing was that the agricultural TAOS INDIANS are the most northerly of the pueblo tribes and live along the upper reaches of Rio Grande in New Mexico. In their early conquest of the great Southwest, the Spaniards had plenty of trouble with mem bers of this tribe. Now their main occupation is ceremonial dancing. and semi-sedentary Iroquois pos sessed a genius for political and mil itary organization, which, combined with their warlike traditions, was destined to give them the upper hand In conflict with native rivals. English Chose Iroquois. When the English undertook to aid the Iroquois in their struggle, they allied themselves with the side that represented the balance of power. So it came about that North America is now English instead of French. The English did not indulge ex tensively in missionary activities, but with the Roman Catholic French the desire to convert the natives to Christianity was a leading factor in stimulating exploration. In 1615 Champlain thought the time was ripe to send missionaries Into the territory of the St Law rence. This work was begun by the Recollets, a Franciscan order. But in 1625 the Jesuits came, pur suing their calling under almost un CHIEF YELLOW HAIR, Nav ajo of Arizona, is a member of another Southieest tribe of Indi ans that played a vital role in the “winning of the West." Semi nomadic herdsmen, the Navajo is now retired to reservations in New Mexico, Arizona und Utah. believably difficult conditions, with an unselfish courage and persever ance unsurpassed in the history of religion. Because the Jesuits made a par ticular point of studying the natives and recording their customs, we have for the region of the St. Law EDDIE BIG BEAVER, Black feet Indian of Montana, is typi cal of his tribe, a large division of Algonquin's from whom the English-1 roquois wrested control of the St. Lawrence region. Now the tribe resides on reservations in Montana and Alberta, peace fully engaged in stock raising. rence and the Great Lakes a thor ough knowledge of the aboriginal tribes before they had become greatly altered by contact with the Europeans. The good Fathers found the Indi ans difficult subjects for conversion. The entire background and philos ophy of the Christian religion dif fered fundamentally from the native beliefs of the Indians. Christianity Was Incomprehensible. The basic idea of Christianity— Immortality, with conduct during life determining the reward or punish ment of the soul—was incomprehen sible to the aborigines, who had but little thought for the hereafter and did not mix their ethics with their religion. Moral principles of good and evil were not sharply defined and the ideas of any such spirit abode as a "happy hunting ground," or an Indian hell, were foreign to native thought until the idea was implanted missionaries. Dreams or visions, induced by fasting or drugs, wherein he regu larly saw and spoke with Individuals known to be dead, were ample proof to the Indian of the existence of a soul and an afterlife. Offerings DRAGS V OLF, GROS VEN TRE Indian of North Dakota, has heard tales of his ancestor’s dealings ivith (he white man who came to conquer the plains and did. This tribe is another branch of the Algonquin’s who lined up with the French in the early days of American history. placed with the dead were a mani festation of this belief. The souls of the dead, however, were usually feared and frequently extreme measures were taken in at tempts to prevent their return. The religion of the Indian was en tirely practical and was designed to help him, not in the future, but in the immediate present. Thus, when the Indian thought himself plagued by an evil spirit, the obvious way to rid himself of his difficulty was to propitiate that spirit with offerings. His attention thus was fixed equally upon friendly and unfriendly forces. Believed in Supernatural. Underlying all this was the some what mystic conception of an im personal supernatural force which permeates all Nature and animates all phenomena which control the destiny of man. Early white travelers, not com prehending the real nature of this idea, usually translated it as “The Great Spirit.” The fabric of the Indian's religion was woven about his intimate ob servations of Nature. Each day he saw the sun rise in the east and set in the west, obliterating the stars which guarded the heavens at night. He noticed the regularity of the waxing and waning of the moon He watched the procession of the equi noxes with the accompanying com plex phenomena of the seasons. ! NATIONAL AFFAIRS Revitwed by CARTER FIELD Budget balancing isstie likely to hurt both Taft and Roosevelt . . . Worry over congress and voters spurs New Dealers’ attacks on Governor llricker . . . Bat tle showing of the Admiral Graf Sfwe bolsters views of 11. S. naval exfterts. WASHINGTON. — That sparring match between President Roosevelt and Sen. Robert A. Taft of Ohio over whether government spending can be cut sufficiently to balance the budget is apt to hurt both of them. Shrewd political observers agree that it will hurt the President through its effects on appropriations in the coming session of congress. The same observers figure that the effect on Taft in the spring prima ries cannot fail to be hurtful. The logic as to Taft’s losing pri mary votes is that everyone is against governmental spending—al ways—except the persons immedi ately benefited. Hence the logic of the old congressman who never vot ed against any appropriation or for any tax. So long as Taft raved against spending in general he was on firm ground. But the minute he accepted Roosevelt’s challenge and began to go into particulars he could not but hurt himself, if the judgment of observers here is sound. It is absolutely essential to Taft, to give him a chance for the Repub lican nomination, that he make an ROBERT A. TAFT Arouses President’s ire. excellent showing in several of the preferential presidential primaries. It is entirely possible for Taft, or Sen. Arthur H. Vandenberg, or Thomas E. Dewey to win pretty nearly a stranglehold on the nomi nation if any one of them can win, by impressive majorities, all the contests in which the three are en gaged. Republicans IT'ant IT'inner; Politicians Are Hungry The Republican politicians are hungry. They have been out in the cold a long time. They want a win ner, and they don’t care too much whether they agree with all his views or not. Personally, most of the rank and file of the G. O. P. leadership prefers Vandenberg. He is a lovable character, has been around in party circles for a long time, and every one of the state leaders knows that with Vandenberg in the White House that particular leader would have a good friend at court. Taft they rather admire for some of his forthright utterances, and for the willingness to work and do research that the man has shown in the senate. Dewey they distrust, not so much because he is young, but because they dislike the very thought of a crusader, and, besides, they don't know where Dewey stands on issues or on personalities. But these same men are very practical. They will not sacrifice themselves, or their party’s chances (the two things are not so different as they sound) for Vandenberg just because of their friendship for and trust tn him. He must prove that he is really a vote getter. If Taft or Dewey shows up much stronger by defeating him in a half a dozen primaries, it’s curtains for Vanden berg. New Dealers Are Hitter Against Governor Bricker The bitter attacks of the New Dealers on Gov. John W. Bricker of Ohio for the relief situation in the Buckeye state are not the result merely of a desire to smear a pos sible Republican nominee for the presidency. The fact that Bricker is frequently mentioned as a possi ble dark horse candidate, the fact that "downtown New York" is said to favor him over any of the open candidates—that is over Thomas E. Dewey, Sen. Robert A. Taft of Ohio and Sen. Arthur H Vandenberg of Michigan—lends zest to the attack. But it is not the main motive. The main motive is the same as was responsible for the tremendous efforts of the Roosevelt administra tion in its first few years to smear the record of Andrew W Mellon as secretary of the treasury During the first few years of the Roosevelt regime, leaving out the first brief period of real economy when the government was slashing veterans' compensation, wages of clerks and everything else, the government was naturally plunging into debt It dis liked the contrast with the nine years of Mellon in the treasury, dur ing which nearly $10,000,000,000 of national debt was paid off. At the present moment the ad ministration is under fire, particu larly from Senator Taft, for the con tinued spending by Washington of more than it takes in in taxes, and it is growing more and more sensi tive about it. It fears that the coun try is getting concerned, that con gress is getting concerned in turn, and that the result may affect not only appropriations by congress in the session to open in January, but the Presidential election. Governor Bricker’s main claim to prominence is that in the third big gest state in the Union—a state which it is vitally essential that a presidential candidate be able to carry—he has balanced the budget. Governor Who Balances State Budget Arouses Ire Any statement that a governor has succeeded in balancing a budget al ways rouses ire in Washington from the national administration if the federal government at the time is ! not balancing its budget. It invites ; odious comparisons. It carries the j implication, at least, that the gov ernor in question, if he had been president, might have done a bet ter job, at least from the fiscal standpoint, than the President. So it’s no wonder that Bricker’s record should start the New Deal ers, and especially the ones who want Roosevelt to run for a third term, to yelping. And it’s no won der that Roosevelt himself, regard less of whether he wants to run again or not, should be angry. It simply would be against human na ture for things to be different. So it is not surprising that there were loud cries, and it is not sur prising that the Republican national committee, seeing how much pain was being experienced in the inner circle, should go to bat. It so hap pens that Fulton Lewis Jr., a radio commentator, went out to Cleveland and talked to a lot of officials and others about the situation. His broadcast exonerated Governor Bricker from blame, hung a little blame on Mayor Harold H. Burton, but tossed most of the responsibility back on the federal government, which had cut relief appropriations 62 per cent in Cleveland as against an average of 39 per cent for the whole country. Graf Spee s Battle Showing Bolsters Views of Experts Much has been said In the last few weeks as to the fact that the British navy has only three ships capable of catching and sinking a German pocket battleship, and that the United States navy does not have one. This government started to build two battle cruisers, but they were changed into airplane carriers—the Saratoga and the Lexington—long before they were completed. The answer to that is Interesting, if not convincing to all naval ex perts. But our admirals have long been great believers in armor. In fact, their belief in armor is the essence of their stubborn lnsistance, during the attacks of Gen. William Mitchell and others, that the battle ship was the heart and soul of sea power. When Billy Mitchell was Insisting that he could sink any battleship afloat by bombing from aircraft, the admirals merely sniffed. Their ar gument was that a battleship might be torpedoed and bombed from the air, and even hit by other battle ships, but it would still remain afloat, and be able to inflict pun ishment until every other type of craft in the battle had been de stroyed. They Studied Records of World War Naval Battles The admirals never made a very good case, so far as the public was concerned. For example, they nev er mentioned specific instances, i which they very well could have i done. But they studied the records of the World war sea battles. They knew that British battle cruisers were sunk at Dogger Bank when ; hit by salvos—that they went down ; so quickly that in one instance a ship following behind the cruisers could not change her course quickly enough to avoid sailing directly over where the cruiser had been! But the following ship did not scrape anything. The cruiser had gone to the bottom. uur navai experts regard tne uer man pocket battleships as just as vulnerable. Their opinion, before the battle near Montevideo, was that while the pocket battleships could give it, they could not take it. “If two hostile pocket battleships should meet,” one of them said, “the battle would be decided by the first salvo that landed. It would utterly , destroy the vessel hit. By the same token, any of our regular battle ships could stand oil an attack by j several of these pocket battleships. The battleship could take quite a few of their 11-inch salvos. Every time the battleship landed one salvo there would be one less pocket battleship." A layman is entitled to wonder about this, especially as he remem bers how the Admiral Graf Spee failed to sink any one of the three i little cruisers which so nearly ruined her. But on the other hand the punish- ! ment the Graf Spee took from such smaller ships seems to prove a point i also for the conviction of our ad mirals that a fighting ship, as dis tinguished from a scouting or com merce raiding war vessel, must be heavily armored. i Bell Syndicate—WNU Service.) WHO’S NEWS THIS WEEK By LEMUEL F. PARTON YORK.—The Finns are go ' ing ahead bravely with their plans for this year’s Olympic games, and Urho Kekkonen, minis ter of the in Olympic Flame terior, crowd Still Burn ing ing 50, de ln Helsinki feats another statesman in the 100-meter race, coming under the wire in 12.5 seconds. His time in a race against the same oppo nent 15 years ago, was 10.9. Recent ly, in the Trisathlon, 10 members of the Finnish parliament, some of them with a touch of frost over the ears, engaged in the 100-meter sprint, the broad jump and shot putting events. Mr. Kekkonen, a leader In Finnish politics since Finland gained her independence in 1917, is president of the Finnish Ath letic federation and a fervent advocate and exemplar of phys ical fitness. When, In 1932, the Swedes disqualified Paavo Nur mi, the Finnish distance runner, as an amateur, the Finns slapped a boycott on the Swedes, and, for years thereafter, there was bickering in the Baltic, with Mr. Kekkonen out in front as a peace advocate. In 1935, the Finns refused to lift the boycott, but, under the shadow of foreign aggression, this was more or less forgotten and the sprinting statesman was in the lead for Scandinavian solidarity, in war and sports. He helped suppress the Commu nist party in 1930, and with equal vigor drove against the Fascists in later years. In November of last year, the diet sustained him in his move to restrain the 373 Fascist and Nazi organizations in Finland, and their 18 newspapers, but, a month later, a Helsinki magistrate sustained his totalitarian opponents. He followed with a devastating ex pose of their subversive activities and had the nub of the argument when Germany made its deal with Red Russia, Finland’s old bete noir. The Russians are now complaining bitterly that the Finnish sprinters, in the cabinet and out, insist on running in their direction. They seem to think it isn’t sporting. LONG before the Civil war, girls like Scarlett O’Hara were learn ing to curtsy and how to enter a ballroom in Athens college, at Athens, Ala. Fine Stockings, Along with Education From news of At Athens College lanta’s grand swirl of crino line and old lace comes word that Athens college, of prunes and prisms tradition, is putting in a big hosiery mill to be operated by the college girls. It will employ 100 students, at 25 cents an hour. Dr. Eugene Rudolph Naylor, president of the college, thought up the mill plan and gathered funds for It. He says, “This Is a liberal arts college, steeped in the traditions of the Old South, and the main purpose of this experiment is to give the stu dents means to obtain a liberal arts education.” “And,” he might have added, "silk stockings to match the education.” Cactus colleges have been get ting their turn in the spotlight for turning out lethal football. Dr. Nay lor, an alumnus of several of them, has been working small-college in novations, of possibly greater in terest and importance. He has been president of Columbia college of Milton, Ore., Woman’s college of Jackson, Tenn., Logan and Athens colleges, dean of Logan college and professor at Wesleyan, and Emory and Henry colleges. He is a re sourceful educator who thinks it’s a good idea for girls to learn how much material and work goes into a pair of silk stockings. PRESIDENT ROOSEVELT’S first ' dollar-a-year man becomes pres ident of the $1,000,000,000 Associated Gas and Electric company. He is | it n r\ Roger J. Chalk Up One whiteford, More for Little Washington Red Schoolhouse iawyer* and former gen- | eral counsel for the Federal Hous ing administration. It is a seore for the little red schoolhouse in his home town of Whiteford, Md.—named after his ancestors—a schoolhouse in which two signers of the Decla ration of Independence were taught. After his graduatiou from West Nottingham acad emy, he was a high school prin cipal for five years, at Sandy Springs and Rockville, Md., studied law and began practice at Washington. His career has been advanced in his profession, and in finance—he holds several important industrial directorates—and his dollar-a-year job was his one side-turn to public life. (Consolidated Features—WNU Service.) i OP? SEW — Ruth Wyeth Spears BLUE AND WHITE WITH AIL • • • 4 • • • • ^ • • • « I ’“V; 1 A PATTERN ft A washable pony. THIS pony may be made of oil cloth or other waterproof fab ric. It is stuffed with cotton or bits of soft cloth, and is a fascinat ing toy for a gift or to sell at bazaars. Rule paper into 1-inch squares; number them; then draw pattern outlines, as shown. The pattern for the body is shown at A; the mane at B; tail C; ears D. The strip E joins the two sides of the body. The openings are for mane and tail. The projections show where ears are sewed. Cut two pieces for each ear, and the tail; sew together, padding slightly. Strip F is for bottoms of feet; and under part of body and legs. The raw edges are sewn togeth er on the right side as at the lower right, with heavy thread to match tail and mane. • • • NOTE: Mrs. Spears’ 32-page Sewing Book No. 4, contains di rections for making dolls; gift items for all ages; and novelties that have sold unusually well at bazaars. She will mail copy upon receipt of name, address and 10 cents in coin. Write Mrs. Spears, Drawer 10, Bedford Hills, New York. AROUND the HOUSE Items of Interest to the Housewife An excellent cleaning “weapon” for kitchen utensils is found in a good-sized bottle cork. Moisten the bottom end, dip it in a powdered cleaner and rub the utensils. * • * Salted meat requires longer boil ing than fresh. Put it into cold water, quickly bring it to a boil, then let it simmer. * • • Do not waste cake or bread by cutting off a burned crust. This can be removed by a flat grater, and it will leave a smooth surface, instead of a jagged crust. • • • Prunes for Puddings.—Prunes lead themselves to almost any form of bread pudding. For this purpose it is well to soak them until the stones can be taken out easily, and then chop them. * + • To clean rubber sponges, put half an ounce of bicarbonate of soda in half a pint of water and soak them all night in this solu tion. • • • When you’re frosting cakes be sure to have them free from any loose crumbs. In smoothing the icing, use a spatula which is fre quently dipped in warm water. Pedigree Pup The hot-dog is a pedigree pup. On the sausage side he can trace his ancestry back 5,000 years, says a researcher—sausages were pop ular in China in the days of Con fucius, and also in ancient Baby lon. But it was only in 1883 that a St. Louis sausage peddler named Feuchtwanger combined sausage and roll. Before, he’d handed his customers gloves to hold the hot sausages—and the gloves disap peared too often, which cost money. So he gave ’em rolls in order to keep his “dough.” For Dessert.—When you have a saucer of apple sauce and don’t know what to have for dessert, make a one-egg layer cake, dust the lower layer with powdered sugar and spread with the apple sauce (and this is improved if a bit of candied orange, lemon or grapefuit peel has been cooked with it). Cover with the other lay er and dust powdered sugar over the top. • • • When using soap dyes that come in cake form, put cake into soap shaker and shake until dye is right color. It will not then be neces sary to strain dye. • • • To clean a griddle that has be come crusted, put over a very hot fire and cover thickly with salt. After the salt has burned brown, the crust and salt will brush off together, leaving the griddle like new. After washing the griddle, grease well and heat before put ting away. INDIGESTION Sensational Relief from Indigestion and One Dose Proves It If the ttrst dose of this pleasant-tasting little black tablet doesn't bring you the fastest and must complete relief you hare experienced send bottle back to us and get DOUBLE MONEY HACK.. Thi* Bell-ans tabkt helps the stomach digest food, makes the excc.ui stomach fluids harmless and let* you eat the nourishing foods you need. For heart bum, sick headache and upsets so often caused by excess stomach fluids making you feel sour and sick all over—JUST ONE DOSE of Bell-ans proves speedy relief. 25c everywhere. Renewing Friendship The friendship I have conceived will not be impaired by absence; but it may be no unpleasing cir cumstance to brighten the chain by a renewal of the covenant. rTZS&m In snappy weather Smith Bros. Cough Props soothe the throat, relieve irritation resulting from coughs due to colds. Cost only 5sf. Smith Bros. Cough Drops are the only drops containing VITAMIN A Vitamin A (Carotene) raises the resistance of ^ mucous membranes of nose and throat to A cold infections, when lack of resist* , W a nee is due to Vitamin A deficiency. I MARK 1 MERCHANTS-- --. Your Advertising Dollar buys something more than space and circulation in the columns of this newspaper. It buys space and circulation plus the favorable consideration of our readers for this newspaper and its advertising patrons. LET US TELL YOU MORE ABOUT IT *