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About The frontier. (O'Neill City, Holt County, Neb.) 1880-1965 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 24, 1938)
Germany's Colonial Demands Bring Tanganyika Into News Reich Seeks Restoration Of Land Livingstone Made Famous Prepared by National Geographic ftorlety, Washington. D. C.-WNII Service. Germany’s demand that the mandate settlement in regard to Tanganyika following the World war be rescinded, and that the territory be returned to Germany, brings that vast East African region again into the news. Tanganyika was the bulk of the German East African em pire before the World war. The remainder of pre-war Germany’s domain, made up of two comparatively small areas, wag turned over to the Bel gian Congo and Portugal's colony, Mozambique, for administration. Extending from the shore of the Indian ocean nearly halfway across Africa, Tanganyika covers an area about 4*A times that of England and Scotland combined. Twenty thousand square miles is under water. Boundary lines bisect Lake Victoria on the north and Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa on the west. If the mandate were relin quished, Great Britain would not only break her continuous chain of possessions from Egypt to the tip of the Cape of Good Hope, but her census enumerators would have to deduct more than 5,000,000 people from the British census. Most Tanganyikans are tribes of mixed Bantu races in various degrees of civilization. Some tribes in remote areas show little, if any, effect of contact with Europeans, while oth ers through the establishment of schools, and missions, have im proved their methods of farming. European* in Minority There are less than 10,000 Euro peans in the territory, most of whom are residents of coast towns. There also are about 32,000 Asiatics. They also live largely in the coastal re gion and are employed in Industry and trade. One of the first moves of Ger many after laying claim to Tangan yika in 1884 was toward the aboli tion of slavery. The government declared that every native born aft er 1905 was to be free. The wild ness of the region and lack of com munications, however, made the en forcement of the decree almost im possible, particularly in isolated re gions. In 1922. the British, recog nizing the tendency of many tribes not to abide by the decree, made a new attempt to destroy slavery by legislation, and today there is little evidence of the old custom. Forests covering thousands of square miles of the territory are the basis of a profitable lumber in dustry. Then there are extensive open areas used as farm lands, where sisal, cotton, coffee, ground nuts, and grain are grown for do mestic needs, and for export. Other I open country supports 5,000,000 cat tle. 2,300,000 sheep, and 3,300,000 goats. These and wild game are the basis of a large trade. European-A frica Dar-es-Salaam is the capital of Tanganyika. To the traveler famil iar with the towns of the tropical coasts of Africa, it seems almost a fairy city as his steamer moves into the harbor. Up and down the coast he has seen only the ram bling. squalid Negro and Arab towns; but here is a garden city of Europe set down amid groves of palms and flowering trees of the tropics. Streets and boulevards were laid out on a generous scale, bordered by palms and other trees and beau tified by beds of flowers and shrubs. Along the shady streets German builders fashioned bungalows of white stone with red tile roofs that would do credit to Florida or Cali fornia. Huge government build ings were set up—buildings that in size and architecture would do cred it to European or American cities of 200,000 population. In addition the Germans built a fine, modern hos pital, warehouses, wharves, a dry dock, and business blocks. This spotless town of the tropics had Just been completed when the World war started. In 1918 the Ger man forces surrendered Dar-es-Sa laam and Tanganyika to the Grit Thia tablet at Ujiji, on the ahorea of Lake Tanganyika, marka the apot Stanley met Livingatone. i«h, and the country was made by the treaty of Versailles into a British mandate. The British have retained the attractive German-built cap ital. Economically, Dar-es-Salaam has not lived up to expectations. Con siderable trade continues to run in old channels, using ports that are mere roadsteads north and south of the capital. Dar-es-Salaam has a great asset, however, in its railway across Tanganyika territory to Lake Tanganyika, Because Tanganyika contains some of the best grazing ground on the continent, several tribes of the territory have built their civiliza tions almost entirely on cattle raising. The Masai tribe, whose chief interests are wars and cows, owns the richest pastures and the finest herds. They take little milk Of the fttrmer German pot• Mentions in Afrira (shown in hlark) France holtla mandatea to Togoland (l) and the Cam eroona (2), with a minor in terest allowed to Great Hritain in both. South A frica (5) holdt a mandate for Southweat Africa (3) and Hritain a man date for Tanganyika (4). Angola (6) it held by Portugal. from their cows; consequently the calves thrive. Land-Locked Lake Lake Tanganyika is the world's longest fresh water lake. It has many unusual features. Approxi mately 450 miles long and from 20 to 45 miles wide, it lies in a rift with high bunks on both sides. Some sheer cliffs are 2,000 feet and more high. In other places mountains near the coast reach altitudes of 8,000 and 10,000 feet. The surface of the lake is about 2,500 feet above sea level, and its greatest depths are approximately 4,700 feet. Thus its floor is well In excess of 2,000 feet below the ocean level. Only Lake Baikal, Siberia, among fresh water lakes, has a greater depth. Although Tanganyika is classed as a fresh lake, its waters are some times slightly brackish. It teems with fish; more than 200 varieties have been identified. Along parts of the shore are numerous croco diles and herds of hippopotami. Sudden tropical storms are a dan ger to navigation on the lake. The wind whips up through a canyon in the southern end and lashes the lake into a raging sea. Enormous breakers roll up and crash on the shores, often uprooting trees and demolishing native huts. Lake Tanganyika lies roughly In the middle of the chain of great lakes which stretches north and south through east central Africa for approximately 1.200 miles. The northern end of the lake lies about 200 miles south of the equator. Near ly the entire western shore belongs to Belgian Congo. The northern part of the east shore is in territory of the Belgian mandate of Ruanda-Ur undi, while all the remainder of the east coast is part of Great Britain’s mandate of Tanganyika. Northern Rhodesia, another British territory, borders the lake for 85 miles at its southern end. Tanganyika was first visited by Europeans in 1858 when Burton and Speke reached Ujiji cn the eastern shore. Ujiji is the memorable spot where Stanley found Livingstone on October 18. 1871. A stone commem orating that meeting still stands in the town, although now about 40 yards from the shore because of the receding of the water since then. NATIONAL AFFAIRS Revitwtd by CARTER FIELD Talk among Washington wiseacres, as result of elec tion, turns to possible can didates for the Democratic nomination for President . . . Garner, Cordell Hull and Bennett Clark come in for speculation ...Age seems to eliminate the two former. WASHINGTON.—If John Nance Gamer and Cordell Hull were ten years younger, most Washington po litical wiseacres agree, they would be the two outstanding candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1940, always assum ing that President Roosevelt does not take the nomination himself. They may be anyhow, regardless of their age. In that case, Vice President Gar ner would be the white hope of the anti-New Dealers, whereas Secretary Hull would have, in addition to his own strength, the strong position of being an excellent compro mise candidate—at least that is how the picture looks now. The point here is that Hull has never at any stage or the Raymond Roosevelt adminis Moley tration taken sides in any of the bitter controversies which have split the Democrats. He conducted a couple of private wars of his own, as for instance against Ray Mpley and George Peek, but they have been practically driven out of the party. Those who agree with them were for the most part supporting Alfred M. Landon in 1936. But no considerable bloc of Demo crats has ever had occasion to side against Cordell Hull since 1933. Which in itself is a very great asset but leaves a question mark. For the answer to this remarkable situ ation is that most of the violently factional Democrats believe implic itly that Hull agrees with them. For instance, the Democrats who fought the President on the Supreme court enlargement, and the Democrats who agreed with the President Hull Took Sides Only on St. Lawrence Waterway The only exception, the only time Hull has taken sides in an issue which split the Democrats, Is that he has always favored the St. Law rence seaway. But, curiously enough, this Is not an issue which arouses hostility. The senators who opposed that treaty did so because they thought the seaway phase of It would divert business from the railroads and ports of their states. Actually the issue is tremendous from many angles. But politically It has always been purely geograph ic, with the Atlantic and Gulf coast state senators opposing the treaty and most of the others favoring it. As between Garner and Hull, the strength of the White House would be thrown behind Hull, while the anti-New Deal Democrats would line up for Garner. Unless of course some new Roosevelt issue should be paramount at the time just pre ceding the conventions, when the presidential primaries would be un : der way, in which case Hull might be forced out of his position of be nevolent neutrality. ; Senator Clark Looms as Presidential Material The chief strength of the candi dacy of Sen. Bennett Champ Clark of Missouri for the Democratic pres idential nomination, aside from his own qualities, is the age of the two outstanding possibilities. Cordell Hull and John Nance Garner. To which might be added popular prej udice against a third term, which however may not be strong enough to prevent President Roosevelt from being both renominated and re elected. Clark would not be a compromise candidate. His nomination would i be a decided blow to the New Deal. But events have been strengthening his position ever since his first spec I tacular victory, in 1932, in the Mis souri senatorial primary. In that j contest he was opposed by the pow : erful Pendergast organization in ■ Kansas City, but won handsomely, j He has been winning friends and strength ever since, not only in Missouri, as shown by the tremen dous victory he won in the primary this year when he was up for re nomination, but throughout the country. First talk of his nomination for the presidency began in the senate cloakrooms when it finally devel oped that the insurgents had beaten the President on the Supreme court enlargement bill. Men with surpris ! ingly wide differences of economic ; and political opinions are for him. Also he attracted a devoted follow ing throughout the country by his I fight on neutrality legislation. It is a rather strange working of fate that Clark, and not Sen. Bur ton K. Wheeler of Montana, seems to be in this strong position, always assuming that the third term issue does not eliminate Roosevelt, and their age does not eliminate Hull and Garner. Wheeler Credited With Saving Day for Rootevelt In 1932 Wheeler was among the ea-’iest of the "For Roosevelt Be fore Chicago” group. In fact, while it seems absurd now, it is a serious I question whether Roosevelt would have been nominated had it not been for Wheeler. To appreciate that it must be remembered how precari ous was the Roosevelt position when a recess was taken, at the Chicago convention, after the third ballot. It was common knowledge that the Maine, Mississippi and Iowa delega tions planned to go to another candi date on the next roll-call. The sit uation was saved by the quick Gar ner-McAdoo deal, engineered by William Randolph Hearst in his fear that otherwise Newton D. Baker might be nominated. But obviously every element of strength that Roosevelt had at the time was vital, and Wheeler’s staunch support was no small part of this. Wheeler, however, was one of the few original Roosevelt men toward whom the President seemed to feel little friendliness after his inaugu ration. On Montana matters Roose velt consulted J. Bruce Kremer, an old personal friend who happened to be a bitter enemy of Wheeler. Then came the Supreme court fight and Wheeler became at once anathema at the White House and a hero to the "Yes, but” Democrats. Real Battle on New Deal Inside Democratic Party Every sign now points to the prob ability that the real battle against the New Deal for the next two years will be inside the Democratic party, rather than made from outside by the Republican party. The United States has had many queer political upsets, for example the tremendous swing between the Republican land slide of 1928 and the Democratic sweep of 1932. But a pattern runs through most of the political swings from one extreme to the other. This pattern usually manifests it self by the party that is about to recapture control of the White House winning control of the house of rep resentatives two years before its presidential victory. In fact there has been no variation of this rule since 1888, and a rule which has had no exceptions for half a century in the United States may be accepted as something of a precedent. It will be recalled, of course, that the downfall of the Republicans was foreshadowed by the election of a Democratic house of representatives in 1930, the downfall of the Wilson era of Democracy was clearly fore cast when the Republicans cap tured both the house and the sen ate in 1918. Most folks remember those two illustrations of the rule. But it has nearly always been that way. Incidentally the turning of the dry tide was also so foreshadowed. Its high water mark was reached in the 1928 election, though this is open to reservation. Actually the force that swept drys into office in greater number than ever before, was far more religious prejudice than dry enthusiasm. Drys Achieve Peak as Result of 1928 Election But be that as it may the drys achieved their peak as a result of the 1928 election. Early in 1930, be fore anyone save a few wet enthusi asts sensed the turn of the tide, there was a careful inquiry into all the individual wet and dry fights of 1928, at the end of which the late Sen. Thomas J. Walsh of Montana proved to the satisfaction of most congressmen that the money spent for the wets had been wasted! But in those 1930 primaries, and in the election that followed, the sweep began. It was helped by the fact that there was a re vulsion against the Hoover administra tion for other rea sons, and that there were considerably more Democratic wets than Republi can running for of fice. But even in the primaries the tide Sen. Bulklcy was obvious, and much clearer than in elections com plicated by economic and other is sues. The flabbergasting victory of Robert J. Bulkley in the Democratic senatorial primary in Ohio, the home state of the Anti-Saloon league; was followed by the totally unexpected defeat of Grant M. Hud son and Louis C. Cramton in Michi gan, two outstanding dry leaders who had not dreamed their seats were in danger. Bone-dry Iowa elected a wet Democrat to the house. In the months that followed Sec retary of the Treasury Ogden L. Mills and Postmaster General Wal ter F. Brown led a cabinet contin gent which fought to have the G. O. P. go wet in the next election. Ma bel Walker Willebrandt, once the dry idol as assistant attorney gen eral, begged Hoover privately to come out for beer! The G. 0. P convention went “moist” in 1932, but the Democratic convention went further than the Roosevelt leaders desired, at the time. They went all the way. If precedents mean anything, it will take quite an amazing accelera tion in Republican strength to give the G. O. P. a fighting chance in 1940. C Bell Syndicate.— WNU Service. WHAT to EAT and WHY __ - _ A - - Feed Adolescent Correctly or Tragic Consequences May Result, Warns C. Houston Goudiss; Teeth Must Receive Special Consideration By C. HOUSTON GOUDISS OFFHAND, it may seem as if there could be very little connection between a deficient diet during adolescence and painful childbirth in later years. Yet it has been demon strated clinically that there is a definite link. It has likewise been determined that the kind of food which is fed adolescents has a significant and far reaching influence upon their teeth in later life, and in the case of girls, upon the teeth of their children when they in turn become mothers. Preparation for Parenthood Adolescence is a difficult period at best. And if a girl takes an un balanced diet at this time, the re sult may be an un stable nervous sys tem, poor physical development, low ered vitality and inability to fight off infections. This lack of strong re sistance may open the way to dental disease and to a variety of other se rious infections as well. It has also been established that if a girl is poorly nourished dur ing these years of rapid develop ment, there may not be the slight est indication of that fact until she first becomes an expectant moth er. Then she will pay for her mother’s lack of nutrition knowl edge. Results of Calcium Deficiency If her diet has been deficient in calcium, for example, her pelvic bones may be imperfectly devel oped, so that she suffers unneces sarily during the birth of her child. And if liberal amounts of calcium have not been stored in her body, she may be called upon to make needless sacrifices from her own body in the interests of her child. It is well known that if an expectant mother’s diet is not abundantly supplied with calcium, the substance will be withdrawn from her own bones and teeth in an effort to meet the needs of the developing child. An Aid to Dental Health For although expectant mothers are not always aware of this im portant fact, it is true that the first or “baby” teeth are devel oped within the jaw during pre natal life, and the foundations for the second set are also laid at this time. Unless the expectant mother’s diet is very generously supplied with calcium, so as to allow ade quate amounts for the baby’s teeth and bones, nature will en -- deavor to meet the child’s require ments by sacrificing calcium from the mother’s own body. If she has no adequate reserve, then she may be forced to lose “a tooth for every child,” or suffer even more serious dental ills. Calcium-Rich Foodi Required Leading nutrition authorities hold that the average American diet is more deficient in calcium, perhaps, than in any other single nutrient. This is especially likely to be the case in the diet of the adolescent. For at that time, boys develop prodigious appetites and a tremendous capacity for carbohy drates or energy-producing foods, while girls become extremely fin icky. Either they do not take enough food at meals, or they tend to eat too many rich mixtures be tween meals. As a result, the diet of both boys and girls is likely to contain an abundance of meat, fish, highly milled ce reals and other refined foods, with inadequate amounts of the foods rich in calcium. The Adolescent'* Diet To balance the diet properly, these necessary protein and en ergy foods should1 be supplement ed by milk and cbeese which are rich in calcium; by green leafy vegetables which are also a good source; by eggs and fruits, valued for their minerals and vitamins; and by bulky foods which supply sufficient cellulose to help pro mote regular health habits. Mothers of adolescent children should make a conscientious and determined effort to feed them a diet rich in calcium and vitamins A, C and D—the substances re quired, especially, for maintaining sound, healthy teeth. If milk and succulent fruits and vegetables figure prominently in the daily menus of the adolescent girl, they will go a long way toward helping to correct the “choosy” attitude toward food from which many old er children suffer. And if careful attention to diet is coupled with careful attention to sound hygienic habits, the health of our ’teen-age boys and girls will be greatly improved, and they will be more adequately prepared to assume the duties of parenthood. Correct Dental Hygiene It is vitally important that the proper care be given to the teeth and mouth. But it is quite unlikely HOWto SEW ruts?e1yseth 'THERE is an amusing story about the mittens and scarf shown here. They were not hand knitted. They were purchased rather hurriedly and sent to a young miss who was away at school. She had wanted something rather gay and a bit foreign look ing to wear for skating and these were perfectly plain and pretty drab. She didn’t take her disap pointment lying down, but decided to brighten up that scarf and mit ten set and make it speak a for eign language as well! She found the Swedish cross-stitch design shown here and copied it in all its gay colors on the ends of the scarf and backs of the mittens. Hand knitted mittens and other knitted things in plain colors may also be decorated with this pert flower pattern. Start at the upper right corner of the large flower and make the cross stitches as at A and B. This flower is a brilliant red, the small flowers bright blue and the stems jade green. NOTE — Mrs. Spears’ Sewing Book 2—Gifts, Novelties and Em broidery—has helped thousands of women to use odds and ends of materials and their spare time to make things to sell and to use for gifts and church bazaars. If your home is your hobby you will also want Book 1—SEWING for the Home Decorator. Order by number enclosing 25 cents for each book. If you order both books, a leaflet on crazypatch quilts with 36 authentic stitches will be included free. Address Mrs. Spears, 210 S. Desplaines St., Chicago, 111. Just Charlie Charles M. Schwab, the Ameri can millionaire, was very fond of farce, and one day he asked his secretary to get him two tickets for “Charlie’s Aunt.” The secretary called a messen ger and said: “Go round to the theater and get two tickets for ‘Charlie’s Aunt.’ ” The messenger hesitated, then said: “Hadn’t I better say for Mr. | Schwab’s aunt, sir?” that a correct routine will be fol lowed unless mothers offer tact ful advice and suggestions very frequently. For while the tiny child has his teeth brushed for him, and the young school child has his tooth-brushing ritual su pervised, too often the adolescent is left to his own devices in this respect. That is a great mistake, as adolescents are sometimes careless in the care of their teeth. Mothers must see to it that ; there are two toothbrushes, one I for night and one for morning, so that it is never necessary to use a soggy brush. They must watch when the supply of tooth paste or powder runs low, and see that it is replaced. For it is surprising how few children can be persuaded to brush their teeth properly without an agreeable dentifrice! Mothers should take care to choose a den tifrice that will preserve or re store luster in the teeth. For ado lescents are extremely sensitive about their appearance and they must not be allowed to permit dingy teeth to spoil their smiles. If mothers will feed their ado lescents a correct diet and super vise their daily dental care, the coming generation will not only be more attractive to look at but should enjoy more abundant health. 6—WNU—C. Houston Ooudiss—1938—38. HEADACHE EASED QUICKLY Simple Method Shown Here Brings Relief in Few Minutes 1. Taka 2 Bayer Aapirin Tablata with a fall glmm of water the moment yon feel headache coming on. 2. You should feel relief very quickly. If pain is nnnsusllj severe, repeat aeeord ia| to directions. To ease a headache with amazing speed, simply follow the easy Bayer Aspirin way shown above. Relief often comes within a few minutes. If this way should fail — see your doctor. He will find the cause and correct it. While there, ask him about taking Bayer Aspirin to re lieve headache and rheumatic pains. We believe he will tell you there ia no more effective, more dependable way normal persons may use. 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