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About The frontier. (O'Neill City, Holt County, Neb.) 1880-1965 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 27, 1938)
SEEN _ _ and HEARD around the NATIONAL CAPITAL fiy Carter Field ^ Washington.—Where is this capi tal which is "on strike"? Where are the dollars which, if put to work, would, as President Roosevelt sees it, save the capitalistic system? There is so much misinformation going around on this subject that a little fact, gleaned by questioning reserve board experts, bankers and other authorities, might be injected. First, it is not in banks. Money in bank is not "on strike." The bank can use it for commercial loans, or for buying bonds in some enterprise. It is not in govern ment bonds. Selling these would merely mean that some one else would hold them, which would not change the situation at all. Some of it is hoarded—currency and perhaps a little illegally held gold in safe deposit boxes, or buried. But this amount, so far as the total goes, is chicken feed. Actually, this capital is potential, not actual. It does not exist, but it could be made to > exist. The President thinks it should be made to exist The folks who could make It exist are not willing to take the chances involved. That is the whole story, but hardly anybody seems to believe it! Let us illustrate. A thinks there is an excellent opportunity to make some money by starting a factory to make soap-bubble-blowing ma chines. A has no ready cash, but he has good credit, is favorably known to his bankers, not only as a man who has always paid his debts on the nail, but as a good business executive. In short, a good risk. So A has no difficulty borrowing $500,000 to erect this factory and start operations. He also has the confidence of half a dozen friends who happen to have good credit, so they borrow another $500,000 from banks and take a chance with A. How It’s Done In any real transaction of this sort probably the loans would be made by several banks, but to sim plify matters let us assume that one bank loaned the entire million dollars. Actually the bank does not pay out a cent of currency. It merely enters up the loan on its books. It thereby increases its deposits—tem porarily—one million dollars, and in creases its loans by the same amount. Let us assume further, to make the illustration simple, that the bank had already loaned up to the limit permitted by reserve require ments of the actual money on de posit, plus capital and surplus. The banker would merely take the notes of A and his friends, plus per haps a few others, over to the Fed eral Reserve bank. The reserve bank would hand him $1,000,000 or whatever amount was covered by the notes in bright new cur rency. Or it would, more likely, merely enter on the books that this particular bank making the loans for the new factory had now so much on deposit. So it might be that no new money would ever be printed, though that could be done if it were advisable for any reason. So a million dollars would be put to work. A million dollars which did not exist before A and his friend called on the bankers. A million dollars which would never exist if A and his friends did not think there was a good chance for a profit if they built a new soap-bubble-blow ing machine factory. That’s the money which is "on strike." Court Vacancies Three more Supreme court va cancies within a year will insure a minimum of five appointments to the high bench that President Roosevelt will have in his second term, as against none in his first four years. The three expected to follow Justice George Sutherland off the high tribunal are Justices Louis D. Brandeis, James Clark McRey nolds and Pierce Butler. Of these McReynolds and Butler are the last two of the real con servatives. Sutherland and Willis Van Devanter with these two having made up the conservative front on the court. So that there will be only four men on the court not ap-* pointed by Roosevelt, and one of these four an out and out liberal— Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo. The remaining three, Justices Harlan F. Stone, Owen J. Roberts and Chief Justice Charles E. Hughes, are all more or less "in and outers," so to speak, so far us cleavage between progressivism and reactionaryism is concerned. Justice Brandeis is now past eighty-one. He has intended for some time to retire. Though re garded as the most liberal member of the high bench, he did not ap prove at all of the President's at tempt to enlarge the court, and as a matter of fact supplied considerable of the ammunition used against the President in the senate battle on that issue. Justices McReynolds and Butler would have resigned some time back if they had not thought it their duty to remain. They distrusted the President’s economic views, and did not wish to give him a chance to replace them with men who would go along with New Dealism. Fight Is Over But that fight is over. The Presi dent really defeated the conserva tives on the Supreme court the day he proposed to add six new justices. Most lawyers agree that it was this pressure which resulted in the high court's sustaining the Wagner labor relations act. They think it was this pressure which guided the court Into much more liberal de cisions on other cases than would otherwise have been made. Many senators think it was this same pressure which resulted in Justice Van Devanter’s resignation, which was timed most strategically with respect to the senate fight. There was some little regret about this afterward among the con servatives. Afterward it was ap parent that this particular sacrifice was unnecessary—that the oppo nents of the President would have won anyway. That, of course, is a matter of opinion, but once Hugo L. Black became a Justice there was no longer much doubt about how the court would go in cases sharply drawing the conservative versus liberal line. So the conception of patriotic duty which had caused Sutherland, But ler and McReynolds to remain on the bench, long after their personal inclinations were to resign, gradu ally faded. With Sutherland’s pass ing and another New Dealer to succeed him, the duty of Butler and McReynolds to remain van ished. Hence their retirements will come during 1938, probably at the end of the present term, in June, and Roosevelt will have the full respon sibility for the Supreme court as well as the administrative part of the government. He will have named an actual majority. South for Farley If the governorship of New York this fall could be decided by a vote of the senators in the states from the Mason and Dixon’s line to the Rio Grande, James A. Farley would be the next occupant of the execu tive mansion at Albany. Until the recent White House intimation that Robert H. Jackson was the White House choice for the Albany job the southern senators had not worried much about New York politics. In fact, they thought it was all settled. They thought the postmaster general had the inside track. When they thought about it at all they wondered if Jim would be very belligerent in fighting for delegates —after he had been governor for a couple of years—and whether this belligerence would take the form of fighting for delegates for himself or whether he would still be taking orders from F. D. R. But with the Jackson development It is not just idle wondering. The southern conservative bloc is very much concerned indeed. It does not want Jackson as governor of New York. Not that it cares very much who is governor gt the Em pire state, or what happens at Al bany, but it does care very much for whom the New York delegation may vote for the presidential nom ination, and it most emphatically does not want this big bloc of dele gates casting its votes for any New Dealer, while of all the New Deal ers—with any possibility of obtain ing the nomination—the one the southerners are strongest against is Bob Jackson. There is nothing personal in this. Most of them rather like Jackson. But what they really want is a con servative. They have admitted, in private conversations, that they did not think they could possibly defeat F. D. R. himself should he choose a third term. But they did think, up until this Jackson development, that they could defeat any other New Dealer. Don’t Want Jackson If Farley should step supinely aside and let Jackson win the nom ination, with the probability that he would gradually annex the Demo cratic organization in the Empire state, they are not so sure. The South has a lot of votes in a Demo cratic convention, but not enough to insure victory if New York is committed against them ahead of time. Especially ns the Democratic organization in Pennsylvania is in such strong New Deal hands. And especially since the Kelly-Nash ma chine in Illinois is so friendly to the White House. What were they thinking about at Philadelphia in 1936, many of the Southerners are now asking them selves, when they permitted the two-thirds rule to be abrogated? So, while wild horses could not drag it from them, what the south ern conservatives would really like to see, if Roosevelt should succeed in huving Jackson nominated for governor of New York by the Dem ocratic state convention, would be a Republican victory. But this, they admit frankly to their friends, is an idle dream. “Who,” they inquire, “could the Re publicans possibly nominate for governor who would have a chance against the organization built by Jim Farley in the Empire state?” Which is interesting as applied to the national picture. For any child can take the electoral vote table and figure out that while the Demo crats can win a national election easily without New York, the state’s electoral vote is an absolute essen tial to the Republicans. £ Bell Syndicate.—WNU Service. BUTTERFLIES THAT MIGRATE Anatomy of the Monarch Butterfly. Monarch and the Painted Lady Are Best Known of These Travelers Prepared by National Geographic Society, Washington. D. C.-WNU Service. MANY people believe that all butterflies live but a few days, and that they keep quite close to the locality where they hatch. This is true of most species, but there are others which live for weeks, sometimes for months, and instead of fluttering around they may set off in a definite direction and fly some hun dreds, or even thousands of miles from their birthplace before settling down to lay their eggs. This habit of changing location, or migration, has been known to occur in birds and locusts since ancient times, and has been sus pected for about a century in the butterflies and moths. The cotton worm moth of the southern United States was one of the first in North America to come under suspicion. Today the habit is also known among soma dragonflies and beetles, particularly the ladybirds, and more rarely in other groups of insects. The butterflies may migrate singly or in large numbers. Flights estimated to contain more than a thousand million individuals have been recorded. The sight of one of these butterfly movements, the in sects passing for hours and even days, steadily pressing on in one direction, is an event in the life of any naturalist. By piecing together scattered and complete information, much as one might try to fit together a jig saw puzzle of which most of the pieces have been lost, we begin in a few cases to have some idea of the extent of the movements; of where the butterflies start, what route they take, and where they come to rest. Monarch Has Journeyed Far. By far the best known of the mi grants is the Monarch or Milkweed butterfly. This magnificent insect has its headquarters in North Amer ica and has spread, chiefly in his toric times, to the Cape Verde is lands and Madeira in the Atlantic, and to most of the islands of the Pacific. It is said to have reached New Zealand about 1840 and ap peared in Australia about 1870. In both of those countries it is now established. In the past sixty years nearly a hundred individuals have been seen in Great Britain and a much small er number in France and Portugal. Nearly all these were observed in the autumn. The food plant, milk weed, does not exist wild in Eu rope, so the butterfly has never become established there. It is not yet known for certain whether the European specimens have flown across the Atlantic, assisted by the prevailing westerly winds, or have been carried across in ships. In North America this butterfly is found during the summer through out the United States and Canada as far north as Hudson bay and, in the West, occasionally as far as Alaska. In the early autumn, the butterflies congregate into bands and fly southward, starting from Canada about the end of August and reaching the Gulf states about the beginning of November. On the West Coast they do not go so far south and may winter in the neigh borhood of San Francisco. Having reached the end of their southward flight, the butterflies set tle on trees, still keeping to their large bands, and spend the winter in a state of semi-hibernation. They flutter around a little on fine warm days and in cold weather creep clos er to the shelter of the trees. The same group of trees may be used year after year by hibernating Monarchs, although the same indi viduals never return south a second j time. One of the localities on Point Pinos on Monterey bay, Calif., is a show place for visitors. Return South in Great Swarms. In the spring the bands begin to break up, and the butterflies fly northward individually, pausing here and there to lay eggs as they go. They start about March, reach the level of West Virginia about April, and Canada at the end of May or early June. 'The return flight starts after about three generations in the middle states, two in the north, and after a single generation in Canada. So far as it is known, no Mon archs are normally found in Can ada and the northern Ur\ited States 1 during the winter, although individ uals have been seen in Toronto ai late as the beginning of November, The southward-flying swarms are often very conspicuous, as they may consist of tens of thousands of but terflies flying up to three hundred feet or more in the air, and when they settle for the night they may actually seem to change the color of the vegetation by their numbers. Hamilton, writing of a swarm in New Jersey in 1885, said: “The mul titudes of this butterfly that assem bled here in September are past be lief. ‘Millions’ is but feebly expres sive. ‘Miles of them’ is no exag geration.” Ellzey, in 1888, describing a flight that he saw in Maryland, wrote: “The whole heaven was swarming with butterflies. There were an in numerable multitude of them at all heights, from say 100 feet to a height beyond the range of vision except by the aid of a glass. They were flying due southwest in the face of a stiff breeze.” Shannon, in 1916, suggested that this butterfly used definite flight routes on its way south, but the small number of records still avail able makes it doubtful if his con clusion is justified. Painted I.ady Also Travels. Another of the world’s greatest migrant butterflies, more widely distributed but less completely un derstood than the Monarch, is the Painted Lady. In North America this butterfly is practically never seen in the winter in any stage (although actually one was recorded in Colorado on Janu ary 1, 1935!). In the spring in some years countless millions of Painted Ladies pour into southern Califor nia and probably also into Arizona, New Mexico or beyond. One such flight, seen by a scien tist in April, 1924, was at least 40 miles wide and was passing for three days at a speed of about six miles an hour. The scientist esti mated about 300 butterflies per acre, or a total of about three thou sand million in the whole flight. There are records of similar great invasions in 1901, 1914, 1920, 1924, 1926, and 1931, but in other years scarcely any butterflies are seen. The Painted Ladies spread north ward and eastward over the United States and southern Canada, and in 1931 they were so abundant in some of the North Central and Northeast ern states that farmers rejoiced at the wholesale destruction of their thistles and asked the Department of Agriculture if these valuable in sects could not be encouraged! They are not everywhere so popular, how ever. We have to admit that nothing is I yet known about what happens to the offspring of these immigrants, 1 except that they disappear. The most natural explanation would be that they return to the South in the autumn, as do the Monarchs, but there is little evidence to support , this belief. Originate in North Africa. The Painted Lady makes even more definite flights in Europe and North Africa. Swarms appeir to originate somewhere just south or north of the North African desert belt in the early spring. They come into the coastal areas of North Africa from the south about April, cross the Mediterranean (some times in hundreds of thousands), and pass more or less northward through Europe. They reach Eng land about the end of May or the beginning of June, and occasionally carry on as far as Iceland, where they have been recorded about six times in the last sixty years. Farther east they spread north ward through the Caucasus and on into Russia, where they have been recorded almost as far north as the Arctic circle. Except in the extreme north, the immigrants lay eggs which hatch and grow to be adults, and there are some records of autumn flights which are evidently composed of the offspring of the spring migrants; but, as in North America, the evi dence is insufficient at present to prove a return to the south. If such a return flight does take place, it is probable that the insects move in dividually (as in the spring flight of the Monarch) and not gregariously.*! The only known record of the start of a flight is an observation made many years ago in the Sudan, when a naturalist in March, 1869, saw thousands of chrysalides of th Painted Lady hatch simultaneour and the resulting butterflies fly oil u. I a mass. A S K M E A Quiz Witb Answers /^mT TTTn Offering Information ANOTHER Various Subjects 1. What is meant by the Great Divide? 2. What king was known as the “Father of His Country"? 3. Who said, “Better read one man than ten books”? 4. Can the President of the Unit ed States declare war? 5. What is a posthumous child? 6. Of what ancestry was Cleo patra? 7. Is Jerusalem a walled city? 8. What statesman has the most places in the United States named for him? 9. What is the pledge of the Na tional 4-H club? 10. What is meant by a scale model of an airplane? Answers 1. It is a colloquial term for the Continental divide, which sep arates streams which flow to the opposite side of the continent. 2. Alfred the Great of England. 3. The quotation is from “Ches terfield’s Letters to His Son.” 4. The President cannot declare war. Congress alone has that power. 5. One born after the death of the father. 6. She was of Greek ancestry. 7. It is still a walled city. The missing stones in the old wall Flower Cutwork For Buffet Set This striking cutwork design is equally smart for buffet set or as separate doilies; it is done mainly in simple buttonhole stitch, and is equally lovely in thread to match the linen or in a variety of colors. The beginner need feel no hesita Pattern 5961. tion in tackling cutwork when she has so simple a pattern to work on as this one without bars. In pattern 5961 you will find a trans fer pattern of a doily 11 by 1714 inches and one and one reverse doily 6 by 8'^ inches; material requirements; illustrations of all stitches used; color suggestions. To obtain this pattern send 15 cents in stamps or coins (coins preferred) to The Sewing Circle, Household Arts Dept., 259 W. 14th Street, New York, N. Y. Safety Razors Through creating a demand, ad vertising made safety razors pos sible and as demand increased, prices came down. Safety razors that but a few years ago sold for from $3.00 to $5.00 can now be purchased for fifty cents or less. Advertising did the job for the consumer. Dr. Pierce’s Pleasant Pellets made of May Apple are effective in removing accumulated body waste.—Adv. Bad Thoughts Our thoughts are bad company sometimes—not fit for us to asso ciate with. have been replaced. It is possible to walk along the top of the wall. 8. Andrew Jackson and Ben jamin Franklin have the largest number of towns and counties named in their honor. 9. My hands to larger service, My health to better living. My head to clearer thinking, My heart to greater loyalty, for My club, my community, my country. 10. It is a small airplane made exactly like a regular plane but on a small scale. For example, if the large plane has twelve-foot wings each foot may scale down to one inch, consequently the scale model would have a twelve-inch wing. The World in Texas There are 265,896 square mile* in Texas. The population of th* world is estimated to be about 2,000,000,000. If all were moved to Texas, each person would hav* about .0001329 square miles of room. There are 27.878,400 squar* feet in a square miie, so that thi* would permit about 3,723 squar* feet per person. , From a MEDICAL JOURNAL THIS: ABOUT COLDS! « •The researches (of these doctors) led them to believe that colds result from an add condition of the body. To overcome this they prescribe various alkalies.” That’s why, today LUDEN'S 5/ NOW CONTAIN AN ALKALINE FACTOR Command of Self No man is free who cannot com mand himself.—Pythagoras. Credit Loss Lies greatly weaken the credit of intelligence. the best buy • • • \ • •• and here's why I I ' ':«§£• mSrj- j i>hardeQ*"d^»e. ■ ^ha.n, ued tide ■ 4‘£^'<1 Uvr M ^ £adfe' P # You save by buying the best. WEED American Bar-Reinforced Tire Chains give you more than double chain mile age—greater safety every mile. They are the best buy in tire chains. INSIST upon genuine WEED American Bar-Rein forced Tire Chains. I AMERICAN CHAIN & CABLE COMPANY, INC K BRIDGEPORT, CONNECTICUT ... USE ■ 73-n*itteA4’ 'ZfOttA. 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