Summer Resort to
Gleam With Cannon
iGermany Plans Strong
hold in North Sea.
Washington. 1). (I—Sylt Island
.may become a modern Helgoland of
i the North sea. Like Helgoland,
whose cliffs gleamed with steel hat
1 tlements until the close of the World
war. Sylt may he made Into a naval
and air stronghold hy the German
' government, according to recent
news reports.
“Sylt, one of the North Frisian
group of Islands. Is the largest tier
1 man-owned land s|w>t In the North
sea." says the National Geographic
society.
“A glance at a map of the Islnnd
I reveals Its shape ns that of a knn
game facing the border line be
tween Denmark and Germany. Its
area Is about one half that of the
District of Columbia with Its widest
iportion only ahoui seven miles wide.
Summer Resort.
“Recreation, not war. has recently
been S.vlt’s dominant feature. Only
seven miles of water separate It
• from the continent Its palatial ho
jtels and bathing benches have long
'been popular among German and
jother northern Europe vacationists
who also are lured to It by the
simplicity of life among the rural
Frisian Inhabitants who live con
tented In their straw-roofed houses.
Next to recreation, farming and
stock-raising Is the Island's chief
Industry.
“In the summer frequent steamer
service from Hamburg brings merry
jthrongs to Sylt, anil for those whose
curiosity would lead them Inlnnd
there Is a railroad which runs al
Imost the entire length of the Island.
, touching Important towns and vtl
lages. Spurs lead to quaint spots
off the main right-of-way. where an
cient Sylt customs survive. For the
motorist there also nre good roads
that link the chief towns.
“Normally Sylt’s population Is
about 6,000, hui torrid sun's ravs
and hot breezes In continental cit
ies cause several thousand people
to make the IslHtid their summer re
treat. Nearly half of the 6.000 live
In the town of Westerland. the Sylt
metropolis which lies about midway
the western shoreline.
Oldest Oyster Banks.
“Off the southern coast are oyster
hanks which the natives will tell
you are among the oldest In Kurope.
They were, It Is averred, discovered
800 years ago hy Knot the Great.
Their commercial value led Freder
Ick 11, duke of Holstein (Sotorp. to
seize and make them a royal pos
session.
“Sylt, also like Helgoland, annual
ly gives up n portion of its unpro
tected coast to the storm tides ot
the North sea. Like n giant steam
shovel the waves tear gups Into the
island's rim annually. Many mile*
of walls have been htilli to protect
the coastline, especially near the
towns, while In sandy portions of
the lslnnd dunes have been strength
ened to curb the devastation of the
relentless sea.
“Kohr island, lying south of Sylt,
Chief Shoots Straight,
but “Windage” Is Off
Cleveland.—“If you want to shoot
a guy’s hnt off." said Police Chief
ltert Tllson of suburban Shaker
(Heights, “aim at his shoestrings."
“Okay,” said Chief Herbert Gies- |
ler of Beachwood, another stihurh.
“I gotcha. Keep your eye on the
bull’s-eye J"
Chief Glewler had come over to
the Shaker Heights city hall for a
bit of target practice with Chief
Tllson. They were trying out the
Shaker police departments new sub
machine gun.
"I’ve never shot a machine gnn
before." said Chief Gelsler. “But !
know how to do It. I've seen these
guys In the movies." He loaded a
belt of cartridges, pulled back for a
full automatic blast.
One bullet crashed Into the wall
where the bull’s tall might have
been and the rest of the slugs tore
through the asbestos covering on
the steam pipes running along un
der the celling overhead. Dust fell
for five minutes.
“Now,” said chagrined Chief
Gelsler. “that guy I kuw In the
movies—"
m about 30 miles In nrea and has a
population nearly equal to Its larger
neighbor. Fohr and Armrun, both
of which also Hre popular play
grounds, are the only other Impor
tant Islands of the North Frisian
archl|w*lago which Includes many
low. small, sandy ns well as grHss
covered land spots that appear as
though they are floating on the
North sea waves.'*
Inch Yearly of Top Soil
Is Eroded From Farms
Pullman. Wash.—Natural wind
and rain erosion In the rich central
Washington wheat belt Ih carrying
away ns much as an Inch a year of
soil, according to W. A. Itnckle, re
gional director of the 100.000 acre
northwest erosion control project.
Where formerly only wheat was
grown, farmers are now planting
grasses and legumes and feeding
sheep and cattle. Planting of trees
and cover crops Is expected to help
curb the yearly damage to wheat
lands, many of them lying fallow
under the AAA wheat-acreage re
duction program.
Dust Storms Reveal
Old Indian Flints
Wichita, Kan.—The dust-pro
ducing winds from the South
nest, which have eroded farm
lands, have brought nothing but
ill fortune for most farmers, but
for their children they have pro
lured a new sport with a cash
angle, which the youngsters ap
preciate highly.
Hundreds of Indian arrow
neails, long hurled, have been
drought to light hy the' shifting
toll and weekend expeditions
>ire organized by school children
if southwestern Kansas to hunt
for them.
The children report partlcu
iarly good “pickings’' at scenes
it early day skirmishes between
the pioneers and the Indians.
Hd camp sites along the Santa
Ke trail. Point Hocks. |n the ex
tretne southwest corner of the
■date, and Wagon Red Springs
town the Clnitnaron, are favorite
minting spots.
_
Sweeter Than Cane Sugar
Levulose. derived from the Je
rusalem artichoke. Is approximately
half again as sweet as cane sugar.
The dlfliculty of Its preparation for
Industrial purposes precludes Its
being sold at every grocery.
Southwest Recalls Its Early History
— . . . -
Recapture Past in Colorful
Pageantry.
Phoenix, Arlz.—While In other sec
tions of the country attention Is
directed to “little theaters” and
workers’ theaters, the Southwest
has developed an Increasing Inter
est In the historical pageant.
Colorful dons of old Spain stnlk
across the stages, bringing back
the days of Conqulstadores. In
dian slaves and miners and gun
men refresh memories of bygone
times.
In rich natural settings, or In
huge stadia of steel and cement,
players have tried to recapture the
past.
The plays and themes and actors,
too. are Indigenous to the South
west. Hundreds of persons com
mnnly take part.
The legends of Montezuma, great
_
SHEER WOOLENS
II* CIIKKIK Nil HOI.AN
■ . • ■— ■ ■■ - ■ .. i
One ot the most exciting develop
ments In the summer woolens, which
are so smart this season. Is the
new wool taffeta. This clmrntlng
mnterlnl Is really a glorified version
of that old-time favorite, wood chai
ns. It appears In small quaint geo
metric prints In white on dark
grounds or In deep shades against
white. It tnllors perfectly In shirt
waist frocks of the street and spec
tator sports types and being equally
attractive for active sports wear It
“Is winning rapid acceptance. The
grand thing about this new wool
taffeta Is that It Is as practical as
It Is good looking, for its does not
crush or wrinkle, holds tailored
pleats In any weather and washes
and Irons as easily and satlsfactor
mythical Indian ruler, and adven
turers of Cortez are recreated In
what sponsors hope may lead to
a permanent vogue of the pageant.
A number of natural sites are
being Improved and new ones be
Ing discovered and used. The most
famous of the natural stages
Is that of Ited Knolls, east ot Phoe
nix river, where a pageant of Gila
valley history is presented nnnu
ally. Above are the towering cliffs
of red sandstone, which throw hack
the voices of the speakers to the
audience In the bowl. At hnth sides
the clKTs stand close In a natural V
At Flagstaff, Mesa, and Phne
nix likewise, artificial or natural
outdoor settings are used for elah
orate presentations. Sound am
pllflcatlon permits productions for
huge crowds. Choral effects so far
have not been developed to the ex
tent that enthusiasts foresee.
In addition to these, “frontier
day” celebrations are profitable
and successful methods of combin
ing business with fun—the celebra
tions being Intended to attract at
tention of eastern visitors. Itodeos
likewise are flourishing, promising
that arts of the range will not he
lost, even should their need dis
appear. Aside from a few big shows,
most of the latter are staged for
tlie benefit of local and neighbor
audiences.
Ily as cotton. The gayest hues (It
comes In a riot of bright colors)
are colorfast. An Important consid
eration for warm weather wear Is
that this summer fabric will not
cling to the body, which makes It
cool and comfortable. The picture
shows a nicely tailored spectator
sports frock for summer wear of
the new wool taffeta—small white
geometric figure on a red back
ground (the vogulsh Dubunnet red).
The trlungle scurf tucked In below
the mnnnlsh collar, and the nail
studded leather belt are smart de
tails.
This summer woolen has found
high favor In Paris.
Paris Doctor Sues City
for His Injury in Riot
Paris.—A French surgeon, Dr.
Jean Bouchon, who was Injured
seriously In the riots here In Feb
ruary of 1U34, has tiled suit against
the city.
On February 0 Bouchon wns sum
moned to a cafe In the Rue Royale
to give aid to the injured. He re
mained at the disposition of Bon*
nefoy-Sibour, who was prefect of
the Seine at ttie time, from 7:HO un
til after midnight. As lie was leav
ing the cafe tie was drawn into a
crowd of rioters and was swept
on with them to the Place de la
Concorde. In the fighting that en
sued Bouchon was injured serious
ly.
Pnnhle to continue In the medical
profession, as he lias been confined
to a hospital since he was Injured.
Bouchon has engaged a lawyer to
get financial recompense.
“Corkscrew'’ Airplane Built in South Dakota
This corkscrew shnj>ed airplune Zeppelin, called the Aerorep, is scheduled to make Its test Rights this sum
mer at Rapid City and its inventors. Rev. C. H. Locke and Lorrln ilansen, expect it to show a"speed of 800
miles an hour. An all-metal dirigible, with vanes running around It. the contrivance revolves In u steel frame
1,000 times a minute. It has wings like an airplune and a large rudder.
SEEN--'HEARD
•round the
National Capital
ST ■i-BBy CARTER FI ELD 55SS
Washington.—Old human nature
Is working for an early adjournment
of congress. It is not so much the
heat, although despite the local
boosters, Washington is no summer
resort. But the senate and hotise
chambers are both air-cooled, anil
so, for that matter, Is the White
House. As a matter of fact, the na
tional lawmakers are probably more
comfortable here than they would
i>e at home. Not nil of them, of
course, but most of them.
Tiie answer to the desire for ear
ly adjournment has nothing to do
with temperature. It Is the over
powering sense of futility, developed
sharply since the Supreme court de
cision on NBA. Laws are being
passed, which half the members be
lieve will he held unconstitutional
by the high court later on. Every
thing that is being done is frankly
and openly admitted by the admin
istration lenders to he of the stop
gap variety.
Hence there is no feeling that
what they are doing is really con
structive—that it is the kind of
tiling to which they can point with
pride later on—telling their admir
ing constituents that they helped
frame this or that.
Senators have told the writer in
the last few days that they feel
they are on Ickes’ “work relief.”
Just going through motions on more
or less fruitless errands. In short—
time serving. But—senators and
members of the house are not paid
by the day. They are paid by the
year. Staying in Washington a
month or two longer than is abso
lutely necessary does not put a pen
ny into their pockets.
Like Home Publicity
All of which might not be Impor
tant if there was really important
work to he rlone here. Of times sen
ators and members of the house fig
ure that It Is much belter politics
for them to stay on the Job lu Wash
ington than to go home. The public
ity in their hometown papers is
better. The folks back home think
of the congressman ns sweating in
the sultry heat of Washington,
working for their interests. Espe
cially If his secretary Is a good let
ter writer.
Hut there Is very little percentage
for that sort of tiling In the present
situation. The country Isn’t much In
terested In this stop-gap legislation.
Huey Long managed to get head
lines by talking all night to stop a
bill, which passed early next morn
ing anyhow. But the average sena
tor doesn’t want to do that, and the
average representative would tie
prevented by tin* rules.
So there has developed a real
yen on the part of the legislators to
go home. Which may bring about
adjournment earlier than most ob
servers had figured—especially right
after the NltA decision.
Prior to that the prospect never
was for an early adjournment.
These dispatches consistently held
to the Idea of an August adjourn
ment. not on any detailed calcula
tions as to how long the White
House “must” list would take, but
on ttie theory that something al
ways turns up to consume time In
the senate. And It Is the senate,
not the house, which determines
time.
Joint Selling
A wave of "joint selling compa
nies” Is in the offing as a result of
the expiration of the codes, and the
determination of ttie administration
to prosecute anti trust suits.
Tlie original bargain of NRA, It
will lie recalled, was that industry
was to agree to pay better wages,
work its labor shorter hours, elimi
nate child labor, and stop chiseling,
and In return the government
would go lightly on anti trust agree
ments as to prices, distribution of
territory, etc.
Naturally industry liked the lat
ter. whatever it thought about the
price It had to pay, and right now
it wants to continue the benefits. If
any, from what have been regarded
as combinations in restraint of
trade.
Whereupon many eyes have heen
turned on the famous Appalachian
Coals, Inc., case. This is u case in
which a large number of coal pro
ducers Joined in having one corpor
ation sell their product. The avowed
object was to cut selling costs—to
abandon the ruinous cost of each
coal operator maintaining an otiice
and selling force in every impor
tant market.
The government did not like this
set-up at the time. The Department
of Justice pointed out forcefully
that actually the selling company
in question maintained, in many
cases, separate offices and selling
organizations for every coal pro
ducer It represented.
Rut tlie Supreme court, after
lengthy arguments and due consid
eration, held that this practice did
not violate the anti-trust laws.
Now there are some who think
that the high court took due cog
uizance of the fact that coal is u
more or less distressed Industry;
that if tlie same case were pre
! seated to the high court affecting
a prosperous industry tlie decision
might be different.
Here’s the Point
Tlie whole point now Is whether
some industry which, if it attempt
ed to get together and frame price
arales for its products or divide
up territories in which its various
corporations would sell, would run
afoul of the anti trust laws, could
avoid this danger by following **e
Appalachian Coals example.
Determined to enforce tne Si-er
man and Cluyton acts, the Depart
deut of Justice is concerned over
the situation. It fears a number
of industries will attempt this plan
—far more effective, it believes,
than e\er were the fumous Judge
Gary dinners, at which the steel
trade fixed prices by mutual con
sent, thus getting around the law.
All the government agencies, in
cidentally, are Interested, notably
that of Public Works Administra
tor lckes, who lets out loud blasts
every now and then attacking agree
ments by producers of this or tiiat
commodity sold to the government.
Just what lckes would say If the
cement Industry had a common sell
ing agency is not hard to imagine.
Due lawyer, studying the problem
for an industry having nothing tc
do with cement, commented with a
grin that his industry would takt
pains to have different bids sub
mitted by tbe vurious units when
ever the government wanted any
of its products. Thus, lie thought
it could avoid running afoul ol
lckes and all the departments ex
cept that presided over by llouier S
Cummings.
Meanwhile industry generally taket
no satisfaction whatever out of the
Harrison amendment to NltA exten
sion. As some of the business men
here observed, It gives business the
right to do everything it could d<
already without congressional ap
proval, and denies it the right tc
violate any law.
Question of rower
Not even in the hottest days oi
dissension between Gen. Hugh S.
Johnson and Donald It. Rlchberg
were the friends of the two men
further ai*art than they are right
now over the solution of the prob
lem presented by the Supreme
court’s invalidating the Blue Eagle
Kichberg’s followers are all de
manding an amendment to the Con
stitution. That, they coutend, is the
only way to meet the situation.
Johnson's friends are insisting
that there is a perfect constitu
tional method of solving the whole
problem.
The real difference between the
two, which would appear to be a
matter for consitutional lawyers to
determine, is actually not that at
all, but a difference in powers de
sired for the federal government,
with the Richberg crowd being for
absolute federal powers. And with
the President, very vigorously, sid
ing with the Richberg crowd, but
giving the Johnson crowd a chance
to show what it can do.
Hence the Shan ley bill. This lit
tle publicized—so t'ai—document, is
threatening to attract a good deal
of attention before congress ad
journs. it imposes, under the tax
ing powers of the Constitution, an
excise tax of $1 a year on every
person, firm or corporation, or other
form of business enterprise engaged
in or whose business directly affects
commerce among the states or with
foreign nations.
It fixes a 40-hour week, for gen
eral practice, noting exceptions. It
fixes a minimum-wage of 50 cents
an hour, saying that piece workers’
pay shall be graduated so that tlie
lowest will not fall below the 50
cent an-hour minimum. It fixes an
eight hour day. It provides for time
and a half for overtime In emer
gency work. It provides for collec
tive bargaining.
Richberg Idea
What Is in the minds of the Rich
berg group is clearly shown by some
quotations from the language of the
bill. For example:
“Interstate commerce as herein
above defined Is hereby declared t<
be in tiie nature of a public utility:
and eve-y such enterprise engaged
therein shall in respect thereto, and
in connection with the payment ot
the excise tax hereinabove provided
and appurtenant thereto, be subject
to regulation and control in thf
manner and with respect to th*
matters hereinafter provided.”
Also:
“The congress hereby finds as a
fact and declares that the employ
ment of children in the trades and
Industries within the Jurisdiction ol
this act, and underpayment of em
ployees and the working of ent
ployees for excessive hours and tin
tier conditions which are hazardous
In nature or dangerous to health,
tlte denial or obstruction to em
ployees of the right to bargain col
lectively with respect to theU
wages, hours and other working con
ditions. and unfair practices or
methods of competition affect di
rectly the flow of interstate com
merce; and that, to facilitate ntid
promote the full utilization of the
nation's productive capacity and
the free flow of such commerce, it
is necessary and vital that basic
standards be laid down with re
spect thereto."
And:
•Commerce among the states has
b' come so interwoven In the fabric
of economic life that our congres
sional experience and knowledge
dictates that finding that those
agencies of industry which are di
rectly and Immediately linked to In
terstate commerce must be deemed
objects of Interstate commerce In
the Interests of national defense and
otherwise for the public welfare."
CoDyrlabt—WNU Service.
Icelandic Lady In Native Costume.
Prepared by National Geographic Society.
EWashington. L> C.—WNU Service.
UK Royal Dutch Airline Is
studying proposed routes
which will link the Nether
lands with the Faeroe Islands and
Iceland via (Jreat Britain. Accord
ing to reports from The Hague, the
proposed route Is Intended to be a
link In the chain which, not many
years hence, will he extended west
ward to the United States along
the northern route Investigated by
Colonel Lindbergh.
The Faeroes are a group of 21
small Islands, sprinkled over a small
area ahout 250 miles off the north
ern tip of Scotland. When the is
lands were first settled has caused
a guessing contest, among histo
rians. At Thorshavn. the Capital,
a city of about 2.000 Inhabitants,
the wooden buildings on strong
foundations, topped by turf roots,
take the traveler hack a thousand
years ago when Norsemen settled
there. On some of the southern
most islands, however, live dark
haired, dark-eyed people.
Thorshavn, rambling about the
shore of the island and tip the hill
sides beyond. Is a busy port. There
are a few narrow streets winding
between houses, hut off these are
mere paths leading to the “suh
urbs." Ponies have not bpen dis
placed by autnmohiles, or even by
wagons and carts, so that there Is
no demand for good roads on the
islands, and there are none.
N|en Wear Native Garb.
In the village streets and through
out tiie Islands, men wear their
native costumes. Buttons are nu
merous on their hip-length coats,
but the garments are chi sped only
at the throat so that tiie shiny
brass buttons and fancy embroid
ery work adorning their vests is
visible. Knee-length breeches, long,
brown hose, soft-skin shoes, adorned
with buckles, tied to tiie ankles
with white thongs, and a floppy
cap complete the masculine cos
tume.
Many women have forsaken their
voluminous dresses, white aprons
with gaudy stripes, and colorful
shawls. European fashions have
won them, and frequently even the
native costumed women will be
seen wearing high-heeled shops.
Travelers are amazed at the lofty
homes of many of the Islanders,
particularly on those Islands which
are rimmed by sheer cliffs, rising
more than 000 feet front the sea.
Some islands have home-made ele
vators. hut many Islanders scale
the rocks as n “human fly" scales a
modern building.
The cliffs appear insurmountable
hut they are sources of life to the
Faeroe inhabitants. The ledges,
from sea to summit, arc the nesting
places of myriad birds which forms
an Important part of tiie Faeroe
diet. Native hunters, with ropes
tied securely ahout their waists and
long-handled nets in hand, descend
the cliffs and return with several
days’ supply of food.
If all the Faeroes were merged,
they would not cover an area half
that of Rhode Island. They are
treeless, brisk winds sweep them,
and there are few harbors where
ships are safe from the treacher
ous currents and high winds. Yet
23,000 Inhabitants live a husv. happy
existence on the islands. Isolation
hns made the Inhabitants a versatile
race. In the village shops are im
ported goods, particularly Danish
goods, hut there Is a noticeable ab
sence of home made products, for
the families usually make their
own clothing and implements.
Acres of shore line are blanketed
with white strips of drying codfish.
The people are also builders, fur
niture makers, blacksmiths, sheep
herders, tanners and hunters. The
women nre adent knitters, weavers,
fish curers. nml wool dyers.
Iceland Not a Frigid Land.
Iceland's name naturally suggests
to the prospective visitor that he
will tlnd a frozen waste. And when
bis map shows this land to lie
across the very threshold of the
Arctic ocean, hard by the glacial
coast of Greenland, and 800 miles
farther north than bleak Labrador,
he is almost prepared to come upon
a land of polar bears and of fur
clad folk living In anow Igloos.
Iceland Is libeled both by nomen
clature and maps. On many charts
the most Important physical fact in
its life does not appear. Up from
the south flows the warm Gulf
stream to enfold the Island and
work the magic of whisking it. In
effect, nearly a thousand miles to
ward the Equator; so that Its cli
mate is not that of the polar re
gion, but of southern Canada or
northern United States.
On Iceland’s coasts are thriving
towns with buildings of stone,
gabled roofs and church steeples,
busy streets and electric lights. In
the streets are men and women
garbed much as are the Inhabitants
of Copenhagen nnd Glasgow, Ottawa
and Minneapolis. One's eyes tell
him that here Is the same civiliza
tion that Europe and America know.
And immaterial factors proclaim
the truth still more unmistakably
than do material things. Here, in
this far northern land, a worthy
national literature and stable na
tional institutions were developed
when much of Europe was flound
ering in the Dark ages. Here the
lamp of a Nordic Renaissance
burned anl lighted its own region
before the beacon of the Latin
Renaissance was held aloft to light
the way for the world. Tills north
ern light has npver failed.
It is true that physically Tee
land's best foot Is forward. Its
most pleasant aspect is its fringe
of coast. Inland It is in nowise
a pretty country, though the dis
tinction may lie made that it pos
sesses much scenery of beauty—a
weird, magnificent beauty coupled
with desolation: for, though lee
land is not the icy waste that dis
tant popular fancy would make it.
it fared less fortunately at the
hands of another of Nature’s great
forces, tire. The land is actively
volcanic, and in the interior, on
every hand, are the evidences of
great fiery outbursts of the past.
To tourists it presents none of those
scenes which have made other lands
popular; no forests, no rich mea
dows. no prosperous - appearing
farms with beautiful gardens.
Reykjavik, on Iceland's south
western coast, is the capital and
metropolis of the island. Like all
other early settlements in Iceland,
it was founded by Norwegians.
Ingolf and Hjorleif. two Norwegian
chiefs who refused to recognize
Harald Haarfager, Norway's first
king, settled on the southern shore
of Iceland in 874. Shortly after
ward. settlements of hardy Scan
dinavians sprang np rapidly as the
spjendld fishing grounds in the vi
cinity became known in Europe.
As the traveler enters the Rey
kjavik harbor, he sees little to sug
gest that the city has been the
capital of Iceland since 1800 and
for many years has been the Ice
landic sent of learning. Everything
appears to have a commercial as
pect. The harbor is a parade
ground for dingy, weather-beaten,
commercial and fishing craft, the
quays are lined with unattractive
warehouses, and portions of the
shore nearby are white with codfish
that the Islanders put out each day
to dry.
Capital City Is Interesting.
Once In the town, however, the
picture changes. More than one
fourth of Iceland's 1 OS.000 inhabi
tants live in the gaudily-painted
wooden and corrugated iron houses
that border wide streets. American
automobiles (there are about 300
of them in the capital) are slowly
taking the place of the little Ice
land horses that not long ago had
only wheelbarrows as their competi
tors in the transportation field.
The show place of the capital is
the City Square. Here in the cen
ter of a grassy plot rises the sta
tue of Thorwaldsen, the Icelandic
sculptor which was presented to
tlie Icelanders by the city of Copen
hagen In 1874. Overlooking the
squnre Is the huge stone Althlncr's
house, where the Althing, which
corresponds to our congress, meets
every two years; and the Reykja
vik cathedral, a stone structure
with a wooden tower which was
built In 1847. It is not much larger
than the average-sized church in
this country.
The buildings of the Iceland uni
versity, which was established in
1911, the museum, and the library
are In the eastern portion of the
capita] city. ^