Perfects Cure for Pernicious Anemia Doctor’s Discovery Wins for Him Nobel Prize. Boston. — Dr. George Richards Minot Is the name. The world hns beaten a path to his door at the Thorndyke laboratories In City hos pital. He has won the coveted Nobel prize for discovering that liver ex tract from cows, horses and hogs will cure pernicious anemia In hu mans—that dread malady that has claimed thousands of lives since time began Today, all over the world chem ical firms are turning out hundreds of vials of the precious fluid. And untold numbers of humans, who might have been dead were it not for him, are sending him silent benedictions. It wns Just a mere Idea, he said, in explaining how It passed that be fell upon his eventful discovery. Noted Medical Men. He had been working on a means to cure the disease which destroys organs, stomach, nerves and tis sues. Perhaps It was atavism that impelled him. For wasn’t his great-great-grandfather the second professor of medicine at Harvard. And his great-grandfather, grand father and father before him dis tinguished medical men? In 1923—to use Ills own words— he had an embryonic thought. If that mysterious fluid which the liver requires could not he supplied by the system, why couldn’t he adapt that manufactured naturally by animals? Toward the last he was Joined In perfecting the discovery by anoth er young and fumous savant, Dr. William P. Murphy, who shares the INobel honors with him. Explaining the chronology of his momentous contribution to medical science. Doctor Minot said: "Others thought that In perni cious anemia, blood was destroyed too fast. 1 chose to think that blood stopped growing. “It seemed to me that the vic tims needed something to make the ■-— blood cells grow. "And then I thought that liver of animals might be appropriate. 1 started treating patients In 1025 and Doctor Murphy Joined me. Treatment Succeeds. "A year after that we found most of the forty-five cases we had treated with liver were doing well. Instead of dying, some of them lived. That Indicate! to us that In order to stay well they hud to eat or put In their stomach a large amount of liver—about eight ounces—a day. "Now that’s an awful big amount to ask a fellow to eat. The next question, therefore, was what Is the nature of the substance in liver Discovers Bone of Prehistoric Snake Scientist Finds Relic on Beach in Virginia. Washington.—Monster sen ser pents swarmed in the sea 00,000,000 years ago. A single vertebra of the largest fossil snake known from North America has Just been depos ited with the Smithsonian Institu tion by Dr. W. Gardner Lynn of Johns Hopkins university, who picked It up on Belvedere Beach. Va., In the so-called Aqula geologic formation. This was a marine form ation laid down during the Ivocene, or ••dawn,’’ period. The Aqula formation hns yielded many other valuable fossils of sen creatures. From the single bone about all that cnn be told of the ancient ser pent Is that It was a monster, ac cording to Dr. C. W. Gilmore. Smithsonian curator of vertebrate paleontology. Comparing the size of this vertebrae with those of ex isting snakes It would appear that the creature was eompnrnble In siz.e with the largest snakes known to day. It must have been approxi mately 25 feet long and with a pro portionately thick body. It Is be lieved to have been distantly re lated to the present python family. Jungle Trails Are Hard to Negotiate Penetrated Only in Quest of Ruins and Chicle. Washington.—Central American Jungles are penetrated only by archeologists In search of rulus, and chicle-bleeders looking for chewing-gum Ingredients, the Car negie Institution believes. For twenty years. Institution scientists have Invaded the Jun gles In quest of the complete story of early Central American civiliza tion. Dr. Oliver It. ltlcketson, Jr.. Cnr negle stair member, penetrated the heart of the Guatemalan Jungles to study ruins of an ancient Maya site. He has recorded Impressions gathered while traveling through the region. Doctor ltlcketson visited the ruins of Uaxuctun, In the north central portion of the department of Feten, Guatemala. The ruins lie In a dense, high Jungle which today Is devolded of all permanent habita tion between Feto, Yucatan, on the north, and Flores, Gautemala, on the south. Travel Conditions Difficult. "So dllticult are conditions of travel,” he said, "that we may safely say the only people who penetrate the region are archeolo gists In search of ruins und chicle bleeders In search of the Indispens able Ingredient of chewing-gum—the gum derived from the latex of the sapote tree." Although Uaxuctun lies only UX) miles In an air line from Belize, British Honduras. Doctor ltlcketson aald the Journey generally con sumes a week or more. Three or four days are needed to ascend the Belize river In a 00 foot launch and live days more are spent on mule back. Twelve or tlf teen miles Is considered a day's Journey during the “dry" season. Location of "aguadas," or water holes, the scientists said, also is a factor on determining the length of the Journey. Feels Suffocating Sensation. As the outsider enters the Jungle he undergoes a suffocating sensa tion, not from the heat, but from the subdued, green light, and still, silent air. Contrary to popular opinion. Doc tor Uickctson pointed out, the mo notony of the Jungle trail seldom Is broken by animnl life, except, possibly, for the wall of a howler monkey. Bird life, however, he suld, Is plentiful. Snakes ure well represented, but Doctor lUcketson again refuted popular opinion by saying that snakebites are gulned only by treading upon the reptiles. “In fact,” he concluded, “life In the Jungle Is a great deu) safer than In one of our modern cities— the only enemies being malaria, fever and Intestinal Infections neither of which are even remote ly liable to prove fatal with our present-day tnedleul equipment.’’ When • Jail Isn't • Hotel Norwalk, Ohio.—When tourists traveling through Norwalk began applying for “hotel accommoda tions” at the county Jail, Sherlfl David A. Berry scratched his head He discovered finally that the mix up was caused by a large sign Iti front of the Jail, advertising a near by hostelry. that does this. Dr. Edward J. Oohn of Harvard Medical school studied tlie nature of the sub stance." At this point. Doctor Minot said, they evolved a liver extract, which they tested. They found that a tahiespoonful of liver extract taken by mouth would do quite ns well as asking people to eat eight ounces of liver. “As time passed, we found that the extract may ho given by needle Into the muscle. When given this way. It Is thirty times as effective as by mouth, and assures the pa tient that he will retain It In the system and no trouble hud In Its absorption by the stomach or in testines." If a person does not get cured hy Doctor Minot's toxin, there are three reasons, he said. He wasn’t given enough of the extract; the diagnosis was wrong, or he had a complication—such ns pneumonia —serious enough In Itself to cause death. although probably not ancestral to those snakes. Paleophts vlrgininnus, os the newly discovered fossil has been named, had some contemporaries nearly os big. two of which have been found In New Jersey and a third In Alabama. All were marine creatures. The earliest snake known from North America—also represented by a single bone. In the Smithson ian collection—was found in Wyo ming In a formation dating from the upper cretaceous geologic period, approximately 100.000.000 years ago. It was a tiny creature, the bone measuring only a quarter Inch in diameter. During the two geologic eras succeeding the Eocene a few snake fossils have been found, hut all appear to have been small rep tiles, nnd probably not poisonous. LONG CAPES By CHERIE NlfHOU* ■ 11 )i ill1'll—Mil1 'illlll1 ill HI1 Ililll"ii They lire the latest—long capes for evening wear. The one nt tha top In the picture Is of red corded silk shot with gold. Worn flung hack over the shoulders It shows a rich black velvet lining. Deep tawny zinnia orange Is the lus cious color of the longer cape be low. The material Is transparent velvet reversed with the same vel vet as a lining. The yoke and col lar of dark Kolinsky tunes admir ably to the rich color values In the velvet. Crow Follows Boy to School Dover, Ohio.— Mary had her lit tle lamb, but 1’aul llnuetcr of Strnsburg, near here, has his pet crow which follows him to school. Dutch Submarine Starts on Long Cruise Thousand# of person# lined the docks at Den fielder. IIoIIhimI. iis the Dtitrh stilumuin** K IN left *»n wltat Is the longest trip eter undertaken bjr an undersea boat She will tlsit nve continent* on her t ight months' cruise. SEEN-™'' HEARD •round the National Capital t-ft-By CARTER FIELD——* Washington.—Under much of the talk about merger of the telegraph ' companies, and whether the tele I phone company’s commercial wires ! should be included, lies in the minds of lieutennnts of the President a far more important plan. This Is nothing short of the merger Into one unit of all telegraph and wireless companies, as far as International business is concerned. In this proposal are Interested not only corporation officials direct ly concerned, but three departments of the government, which are sel dom thought of In this connection— State, War and Navy, For communications, far from be ing merely a question of local rates and service. Is of the vastest Impor tance not only from the standpoint of national defense—or offense—In time of war, but of International maneuvering in the meantime. It Is a very Important cog in all phases of international trade. President Wilson, when he was advocating an American merchant marine, was fond of saying that for America to try to sell her goods In foreign markets, If they had to be delivered in foreign bottoms, was like one department store trying to compete with another If the rival did all the delivering. With the plnln inference that the store do ing the delivering would see to it that Its products hod the right of way and any other advantage which this control of delivery offered. Even more Important, the Roose velt administration believes. Is con trol of the commercial messages which concern sales and deliveries of American goods to foreign coun tries. If these communications are bandied by the facilities of com petitors for the business. It Is ex pecting something superhuman to hope that our competitors will not take advantage of the situation. Blocked by Law At the present moment there is a small provision of law which stands in the way of what the administra tion would like to see, though at the time the law was passed this angle did not occur to anyone advo cating It. The law forbids a tele graph company to acquire control of a wireless company. Obviously the law was intended to prevent the stifling of competition between the wire and the wireless agencies. It is true that one telegraph com pany has embarked in the wireless business on the Pacific coast, but it got around the law by building up a new wireless system. It did not buy out an existing wireless outfit. There Is no real desire to go back on the spirit of that law. The government would like to encour age competition. The present atti tude, however. Is that government regulation of rates and service will, solve that problem. But Internationally the need for merging all Ainericun communica tions companies into one, so that a united front will be held against other and competing countries, is regarded us much more important. Por example, at the time many of the present contracts were made be tween American agencies and for sign governments, mere was reuny only one American company. So If the foreigners wanted the busi ness, they had to deal with It. When these contracts expire It Is feared that terms will be Imposed, due to the keen competition be tween American companies for the business, which will no. only be hurtful to American revenues and Impose what amounts to a foreign tax on American cables and wire less messages, but which may be come actually of grave danger In the event of war. What makes the point of more Importance is that outside of the United States and Canada, com munications are virtually govern ment monopolies. There is a com pany In Britain, but the govern ment controls It. Elsewhere It Is mostly straight-out government own ership and operation. .Japan does not even permit a foreign cable company to get Its wires anywhere near Its homeland. All messages to Hiid from Japan pass through gov ernment channels. Ickes-Moffett Squabble Sometimes victories are so costly that it would have been better for the victor If there had been no bat tle. Which old military axiom seems to apply with considerable force to the recent encounter be tween Public Works Administrator lekes aud Housing Director Moffett. Ickes took the side of cheap gov ernment money to build homes at low cost, disregarding what effect such action, if on a large st ale, would have on existing property values, on existing mortgages, ami hence on Insurance companies and banks. Moffett took the side or using only private capital for home con struction. except where Hie re|n*r j cusslona would do no harm to the j present financial structure. President Itoosevelt sided with ! Moffett, which was a victory. But Moffett a* a result seems headed tor the toboggan. Congress will b* yapping at Moffett's heels within u month. c.—WNU Service. HE elephant, who3e huge bulk and many human quali ties have made him the fore most citizen of zoo and circus, is an indispensable “laborer” in the East where he is a combination royal transport, truck, tractor and derrick. He also is the leading source of food for many native tribes in Africa. Nature gave the elephant the thickest of hides, hut failed to be stow upon him a good heating sys tem, thus the pachyderm prefers to live near the Equator. With its inch thick skin the elephant should be able to defy cold. Instead, the animal is as sensitive to cold as a geranium. The slightest trace of cold curls it up with severe cramps in its stomach. In the state of nature, elephants are very sociable and live in herds, or family parties, usually from 20 to 40 animals. Herds of 100 or more have been reported by hunters, espe cially in Africa. Such associations are not herds but a number of herds living together in the same locality. True herds of 40 or so elephants remain together for years. There are usually as many bulls as cows, but, as a rule, the herd is led by a cow. The stronger bulls do not drive out either the younger or the older and infirm bulls. A spirit of friendlness seems to exist among them, such as is found in no other gregarious animal. Elephants of opposite sex often form strong attachments for each other which endure as long as they live. Such love matches have oc curred among zoo elephants. When separated, such elephants often re fuse all food and show every in dication of profound mourning. Be cause of their fondness for one an other, elephants are seldom kept solitary. Zoos usually keep them in pairs; circuses, as a rule, carry a herd consisting of females, all the same species—Indian. “Rogue” Elephants Are Savage. When an individual breaks the laws of the herd he is driven out and becomes a so-called “rogue.” He is a social outcast and becomes a savage animal. Rogues charge men or other animals on sight; they are a menace to natives and nre hunt ed down and shot. They have^even been known to raid villages by night, charging through the flimsy grass huts and trampling them in the dust. me COIOSSHI IIUIK Ul lilt? ncpimiu leaves him Immune to attacks of all other animals except other ele phants, such as the “rogues,” or outlaws. In Africa the elephant Is associated with the hippopotamus, the rhinoceros, the fearsome lion, and the buffalo, but there is no en mity among these jungle monarchs. I5aby elephants, though quite help less, are so energetically protect ed by the herd that no predatory animal is known to molest them. The large tusks of the hull ele phant are useful to him on rare oc casions, when his social position is menaced by an outsider or when a herd brother starts a family quar rel. Occasionally single-tusk ele phnnts are found In Africa, one tusk having been broken off In fighting or In prying up trees. Tusks In some Individuals do not develop, and such elephnnts remain tuskless i through life. Sueh bulls often at tain large bodies and seem able | to hold their own in the herd. Tusk | less hulls are especially common in ; India. In old African bulls tasks average 40 pounds apiece: tusks weighing 1(H) pounds each are not rare, and I really hig tusks weigh 150 pounds ; each. The heaviest known single tusk weighs 285 pounds and has a circumference of 2(1 Inches. Tusks 1 of Indian elephants are much smnll ! or than those of the African animal. Man His Only Enemy. Man is virtually the only enemy j 0f elephants In a wild state. Since Immemorial times he hns attacked the animals In their Jungle homes Elephant* usually light him by trampling him with their feet or knocking 1dm out with their trunks. Methods of capturing and killing employed by the African savages to day probably are similar to those ! of prehistoric man. The Africans hunt the elephant for Us meat, which they especially relish. When the news Is spread that ■ white man has killed an ele phant. all the natives within miles converge. With their long sword like knives, which are their home made weapons, they squat abont the camp fires built to roast the meat. When the skin is off, pandemo nium starts. Instantly the huge carcass is smothered by a fighting, howling mob, each hacking and chopping out chunks of meat and fleeing to the camp fires, where the steaks are slightly roasted and greedily eaten. After the gorge is over the re maining meat is placed in baskets and carried to their villages, where it is “jerked” and partly sun-dried in the smoke of a slow fire, which protects it from insects. The hunting tribes of Africa cap ture elephants In deep pits cleverly excavated in the elephant paths of the forest. These pits are cunning ly hidden by a covering of branches and leaves, but such camouflage sel dom deceives mature elephants. They detect the pits as hollows by their sensitive feet, or by some other unknown sense, for their sight is not nearly as keen as man’s. It is the young elephants which are captured and promptly eaten. Some tribes set poisoned spears above elephant paths so that they will fall and pierce a passing ele phant which has tripped on the vine attached to the trigger, releasing the spear. Their Uses When Domesticated. In very early times, in Asia, man accomplished the miracle of domr ticating the elephant. By frien ship and intelligence he made servant of the mightiest beast all times. Probably the Asian man began with baby elephants. He, too, captured them in pits, but in stead of killing them he took the cap tives home as pets for his chil dren. Baby elephants are as play ful as dogs and are quite ns intel ligent as our most clever canine friends. As time went on and such ele phants grew to adults they re- I mained docile and finally were ^ trained to be beasts of burden. Probably the first use of adult ele phants after their early domestica tion was In war. Any tribe in In dia possessing elephants capable of being ridden into battle was sure to win. in India toaay eiepnanrs are cap tured by driving them into forest stockades built of logs strong enough to withstand the charges of the enraged monsters. In some dis tricts this round-up occurs annu ally; in others every two or three years. An astounding difference between elephants and ail other animals is their submissiveness to training when adult. Mature jungle ele phants, which have led a life of complete freedom in the jungle, can be trained as quickly as those reared in captivity from babyhood. No other wild animals captured in the wilderness when adult can be domesticated as can the elephant Playful Baby Elephant. For tills reason elephants are sel dom bred In captivity. Their slow ness In reaching maturity would make them much more expensive than the wild-caught specimens. All the so-called “baby elephants” brought from India are wild-caught, and have been taken away from their mothers at the age of wean- * ing, about three or four years old, when they are able to eat solid food. Circuses usually exhibit with the baby a foster mother. Very young baby elephants are as amusing as kittens and Indulge In all sorts of mischief making with a seeming Intent to bully or frighten their Indulgent mothers. They run Into corners and hide, then emit squeals of distress, and when the frightened mother comes to the rescue they will rush out and butt her in the belly as hard as they can. At birth they have a woolly coat of downy hair over their gray-* ~ lib-pink skin. Their heads are cov\ j ered with erect, coarse hlack hair * At flr»t the trunk hnnsrs limp, the baby having no control ovf-r It, Aft er a few months the youngster be gins to lift Its trunk a bit and Is slowly taught by ttie mother how to use that appurtenance. Then coims the amusing day when the youngster tries to drlnl, » water ns Its mother does, throngii I the trunk. At first It blows hubbies f In the water, or draws out mm* trunk and sprays the content* al> over the ground.