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The Frontier
D. H. Cronin, Editor and Proprietor
Entered at the Postoffice at O’Neill,
Nebraska as Second Class Matter.
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Economic Highlights
The taxpayer will find a certain
amount of encouragement in recent
treasury figures concerning emer
gency expenditures for the 11 months
ending May 31.
The deficit, after subtracting public
debt retirements, was $3,287,400,000.
Mr. Roosevelt’s estimate of the deficit,
made some months ago, was $7,300,
000,000—more than twice the present
deficit, with only a month of the fiscal
year left to go.
Reason is that emergency spending
was much less than anticipated. Where
the budget authorized total spending
of about $11,000,000,000, only $0,370,
000,000 was spent, of which emergency
payments came to $3,580,000,000.
Routine Governmental costs were $2,
700.000. 000, as compared with $3,477,
000,000 a year ago, so the Administra
tion’s promises of economy in that
field have, to a substantial degree,
been fulfilled. Treasury income was
well over the preceding comparable
period—$2,700,000,000, as against $1.
700.000. 000.
The unspent emergency money,
however, has been appropriated and
may still be used. It is generally be
lieved that Mr. Roosevelt will use it
during the coming fiscal year, in which
the Administration will make its
strongest drive against the forces of
depression.
The new drive will requqire money
—and plenty of it. By the time this
is read, Democratic leaders will have
pushed the last of the big money
bills thru the House, where all ap
propriations’ legislation must, under
the Constitution, originate. It was the
President’s wish that the money be
appropriated without specific instruc
tions as to how it is to be spent, leav
ing it entirely up to him. Represent
atives weren’t quite willing to do that,
and under the new bills a percentage
of the funds have been specifically
allocated. Some of the principal al
locations are: $100,000,000 for high
way construction; $05,000,000 for pub
lie buildings; a maximum of $500,
000,000 for PWA work. In actual
cash, the President will have some
thing over $800,000,000 for relief pur
poses. It is said that thhe President
will ask for an additional $150,000,000
or so for drouth relief.
Many more millions will likewise
be available, if Mr. Roosevelt wants
them. The deficiency bill empowers
him to divert for relief all money re
paid the RFC. The bill likewise gives
the RFC authority to buy bonds of
political subdivisions which have re
ceived PWA construction funds.
Thus, the Administration will face
few financial difficulties in the im
mediate future. It will, however,
meet strong opposition from taxpay
ers’ groups which think the magnitude
of appropriations, reflected in higher
taxes, are delaying, rather than help
ing, the trend toward recovery.
The silver bloc in Congress has at
last made itself felt in legislation—a
mixed achievement of both success and
failure. It has succeeded to the ‘ex
tent that it has obtained a law em
powering the American government
to rehabilitate silver values. It hus
failed inasmuch as future activities
will be dependent on the attitude of
the President—he is forced to do noth
ing, unless he wants to.
A few weeks ago, Mr. Roosevelt
started his silver program. It has two
phases: The domestic phase calls for
the gradual purchase by the treasury
of 1,300,000,000 ounces of silver,
against which currency will be issued.
The foreign phase lies in efforts to
obtain world agreement on silver as
a monetary metal. The great ques
tion, which now is unanswered, is:
“Will other powers join in bringing
silver back?”
What the silver advocates want is
bimetalism. Their stand has not var
ied greatly since Bryan carried their
banner—and went down to defeat be
fore McKinley, upholder of the gold
standard. Many observers are of the
opinion that bimetMlism, carefully de
veloped, can be made to work—if all
the great financial powers pursue such
a policy together. The Administra
tion will seek an accord on this, and
there will ba a great many confer
ences, a great deal of talking across
the seas, before anything definite is
agreed upon. Practically every gov
ernment knows something should be
done about money—but there is a vast
amount of diagreement as to what.
The trend of public thought, as the
Administration enters its second year,
is reflected by the multitude of news
paper and magazine articles that are
now appearing, entitled, “What will
follow the NRA?" or “After the AAA
—What?” and so on. These bureaus
have done much that is beneficial, but
they haven’t achieved anywhere near
what an overly optimistic public thot
they would. Important changes in
recovery set-up, methods and person
nel are coming before many moons.
NATIONAL AFFAIRS
By Frank P. Litschert
The Republican National Committee
in session in Chicago, in adopting a
declaration of policy and in selecting
Henry P. Fletcher, of Pennsylvania,
as National Chairman in the place of
Everett Sanders, who resigned on ac
count of ill-health, was probably build
better than it knew and very likely
better than anyone yet realizes.
In the first place the Declaration of
Principles was one on which all sec
tions of the party may unite. While
recognizing problems of social legis
lation which should solve for the fu
ture progress of the country the de
claration adds that “these problems
can best be solved within the frame
work of American institutions in ac
cordance with the spirit and principles
if the founders of the Republic, with
out the destruction of individual free
Jom.”
The statement further criticizes “a
small group in Washington, vested
with temporary authority" which, it
charges, “is seeking covertly to alter
the framework of American institu
tions." The statement continues:
“They seek to expand to the utmost
limit the powers of central govern
ment. In place of individual initia
tive they seek to substitute complete
government control of all agricultural
production, of all business activity."
The declaration, which also terms a
balanced budget as indispensable, was
approved by the so-called conserva
tive and progressive members of the
committee alike.
But, after all, the most important
work of the meetng was the selection
of a new chairman. The man named
is Henry P. Fletcher, a distinguished
American and a staunch Republican.
Efforts to label him as a member of
one faction or another seem rnther un
convincing in view of the fact that he
was supported by Republican leaders
of various intraparty groups. The fact
is that Mr. Fletcher had never been
a factionalist in the Republican party.
His record in public is one which any
American might feel proud to possess.
He entered the practice of law in 1894
after graduating from LaFayette
College, in Pennsylvania, and left the
pructice a few years later to join
Theodore Roosevelt’s regiment of
Rough Riders, for the Spanish-Amer
ican War. He then served for two
years in the Philippines with the rank
of first lieutenant and later entered
the diplomatic service. He has been
American ambassador to Chile, Mex
ico, Belgium and Itnly and served as
under-Secretary of State under Presi
dent Harding. During one year of
President Hoover’s administration he
served as chairman of the U. S. Tariff
Commission. In the 1932 campaign
he campaigned actively for the Repub
lican ticket and acted as chaiman of
the Republican Party’s Eastern fin
ance committee.
The Republican Party is now ready
to begin the task of rebuilding its
machinery for the campaign of 1936.
Mr. Fletcher’s long experience in pub
lic life and his training as a soldier
and a diplomat will serve him in good
stead. He is a man of engaging per
sonality and those who know him
best say that he has the punch neces
sary at this stage of the political
game. The fact that he was one of
the Roosevelt Rougih Riders would
indicate that such statements are well
founded. About the only criticism
otfered to Mr. Fletcher’s elevation to
the chairmanship is that he lives in
Pennsylvania, and not in the west.
But after all, a man's home is where
his heart is, and basing our opinion
on this fact we have a hunch that Mr.
Fletcher's real home is not Pennsyl
vania, but the United States. His
past record would seem to indicate as
much. It is more than possible and
easily probable that the Republican
National Committee did a better job
at Chicago than it yet realises.
Nebraska News Items
Reductions ranging from 33 1-3 to
M) per cent on intrastate freight rates
for hay, feed and livestock, were auth
orised by (he Nebraska railway com
mission Saturday as a measure of
emergency drouth relief. The rates,
applicable in 40 drouth counties, are
expected to be extended to include all
counties designated as drouth areg* by
the federal government. Tha emer
gency rates provide a 50 per cent re
duction on shipments of hay to drouth
areas; 33 1-3 per cent reduction on
feed'shipments and 50 per cent reduc
tion for shipment of livestock from
drouth areas to live ranges and re
turn. If the shipment is one way only,
the livestock rate reduction is but
15 per cent. The reduced rates will
conform to the western trunk line
reductions on interstate shipments for
drouth area.
Fearing a cyclone, Mrs. William
Fisher rushed to the storm cellar at
her home near Falls City last Friday
stumbled at the top of the steps and
pitched to the bottom head first. Three
stitches were required to close a gap
over her right eye.
A beer garden at Peony Park, an
Omaha suburban resort, was destroyed
by fire last Saturday night, causing a
loss of $5,000. The garden was
opened for business Friday night.
Local officials are of the opinion that
it might be due to rival operators.
Kenneth Drennan, six year old boy,
was burned severely last Sunday in
an explosion of undetermined origin
at his home near Nehawka. He was
taken to a hospital in Nebraska City
where physicians said that he had a
chance for recovery. The boy’s fath
er, Lester Drennan, was asleep in the
house and his mother was outside.
She heard an explosion, and looking
toward the house, saw the lad running
outdoors, his clothing aflame. The
father and mother extinguished the
fire. The boy’s entire body was scared.
The parents said the boy had played
with fire before and didn’t get hurt.
They said there was a can of kero
sene beside a stove and they sup
posed he must have ignited the liquid.
The explosion did considerable dam
age to the interior of the house, but
the fire was put out quickly. The little
boy died Sunday night.
Alfred Martin Jensen, 16, son of
Rev. and Mrs. M. A. Jensen, of Pilger,
died Sunday afternoon at a Wayne
hospital from injuries received in an
automobile accident eight miles south
of Wayne shortly before. The boy
was at Wayne with his parents for
the Nebraska German Evangilical
Lutheran synod and was riding with
two Pilger youths, John Kemp and
Herbert Krueger, when a front tire
an the car blew out. A farmer brot
all three to Wayne. Jensen’s head
was crushed on the left side. He died
shortly after his arrival at the hos
pital. Krueger suffered minor bruises.
The corn-hog committee for Rich
ardson copnty has protested strongly
against their county’s corn-hog re
duction. Letters of protest have been
dispatched to both A. G. Black, chief
of the corn-hog division, and W. H.
Brokaw, state director. The tentative
figure on hogs were cut from 104,355
head to 91,809 head, or approximately
12 per cent, while the figures on corn
were cut from 120,104 acres to 111,459
acres.
Randall Biart, state FERA director,
has announced, plans for a new enroll
ment of from 1,500 to 2,000 CCC re
cruits in Nebraska early in July.
Young men now in the service who
have served two six month periods will
not be eligible for re-enrollment, he
said. Quota allocations to counties
will be announced later.
Byron Oberst, formerly attorney for
the federal land bank in Omaha, was
in jail in Omaha the latter part of
last week having been indicted by the
federal grand jury for embezzlement.
Edgar Howard denies that the con
dition of his health will not permit
him to make a campaign for re-nom
ination and reelection. He said that
he would wage a fight for renomina
tion and reelection. Edgar will have a
fight on his hands. This man Chatt
seems to be hitting the ball bard, and
getting results.
Omaha is the location of one of
six branch offices established last week
by the department of Justice. That
city formerly had one of the largest
offices in the west, but it was abolished
two years ago and headquarters moved
to Kansas City.
Micheal Hoffer, 93, one of Polk
county’s earliest settlers, and a sol
dier in the civil war, died at his home
near Osceola last week. Two sons
and three daughters survive.
Petitions carrying 77,936 names and
requesting that the proposal to create
a unicameral state legislature for Ne
braska to be submitted to the voters
at the general election in November,
were filed last Friday with the secre
tary of state. The constitutional
amendment which would revise the
state’s legislative system was pro
posed by Senator Norris. Circulation
of the petitions has been in progress
during the past several weeks, with
a result that 20,000 more signers than
are required to submit the issue have
been secured. The amendment would
submit a single legislative assembly
of 30 to 50 non-partisan members for
the present two house legislature of
133 party selected members.
u. u. I'rice, oi L-incuin, luimcny
state engineer, has been named chief
engineer and general manager of the
$7,500,000 Southerland Power and ir
rigation project in final contracts ex
ecuted by the project directors in
North Platte Inst Saturday. A New
York engineering firm was named con
sultant on design and construction,
and John P. Hogan, a member of the
firm, signed the contract. The officials
estimate that the first contract for
construction will be let by August 1.
Excavation Shows Holt
County Was Once The
Home of Many Indians
By J. B. O’Sullivan
(Continued from last week.)
The main point of interest in the
beads is that for a long time the Re
publican valley has yielded a shell
bead that has puzzled many archae
ologists. The beads are colored black
and a few are red. It has been as
serted the shells of which they were
made never have been found, and all
sorts of inferences have been made.
Some think the beads came from a
great distance. Others adduced that
once a big lake existed in the Repub
lican valley and produced the shells
and that this lake long since dried
away while the heads of the shells
continue to hold together to prove to
be an enigma to investigators.
The skeletons were removed from
depths of from five to eight feet and
the burials were on a promontory that
shed water so bones and, artifacts
were well preserved.
Some of the beads were lying in
order as if they had formed a necklace
while others were scattered, about as
most tribes would do in burial offer
ings.
One point noted in the beads is
their reseniblence to those typical of
the Algonkin and other Indians of the
eastern part of the country. It must
be remembered the Arapahoes are re
lated to the Algonkin and that once
a party of Algonkin hunters traveled
to the Mississippi valley, found, the
Arapahoe tribe and united with them
and this union dominated part of the
Republican valley, hunting as far west
as the eastern part of Wyoming.
There were black shell beads along
the Atlantic coast part of the country
and these were made of the eye of
the hinge of a shell found, there. The
Indians knew this bead was called
sacki. A white bead produced there
was called wompi and the latter was
manufactured, of the rim part of the
shell. It is believed shell bead mak
ing was an eastern art that gradually
was learned by western Indians. A
black bead was valued at several of
the whites.
It is thought the black beads of the
east did not originate in this section
of the country but it is thought pos
sible the black bead-s of the Republican
valley were heat treated and colored
by some means not yet discovered. It
is accepted in most quarters the red
beads were colored with hematite,
iron so pure it is red and. highly use
ful as a dye or for coloring the face.
It has been stated the coloring of
the beads was an accident but they
have been found in widely scattered
parts of the country, California, Ariz
ona, Tennessee and along the Repub
lican in Nebraska.
The note in the ink bottle signed by
John K. Jones, mentioned the Arapa
hoe and Sioux Indians of his acquaint
ance always had heirlooms of shell
beads and these were handed down
religiously from generation to gen
eration.
There is strong belief in the minds
of some the beads mentioned actually
were made so long ago the Indians
themselves had no knowledge whence
they came and that a great inland
body of Nebraska water is the solu
tion of the riddle. Such a lake could
have dried up 1,000 years ago prac
tically without leaving a trace today.
Shells that the beads could have been
made of have not been identified.
The burial grounds mentioned are
not satisfactorily identified. The Ar
apahoe was in the valley and so were
the Sioux, the latter hunting down
to the Kansas line. No similar beads
to these are found except in the area
lying between Guide Rock and Cam
bridge. In shape they are either
round or rough. The unfinished beads,
as many call the rough ones, have
been found worn as a necklace. One
necklace around remains was com
posed of more than 3,000 tiny beads.
The more beads and gorgets or amu
lets, the wealthier was the owner in
an Indian’s eyes.
The beads of the small Nebraska
area have provided a real mystery and
some dried away lake containing a
rare mussel shell would seem to be
the answer.
A short distance south of the Re
publican river country in Kansas, near
Independence, interesting relics of
Pawnee people are found and among
them is a diamond shaped knife ident
ical to that found here and in most
every section of Nebraska. A strange
thing about this type of knife is that
it is identical to knives found in Egypt.
Here it was associated, exclusively
with the Pawnee and that fact brings
up many interesting points, especially
when it is remembered the great
Pawnee nation was the only group of
United States Indians not known to
have moved at any time to where the
white man found them. There are
several other angles pointing to Old
Egypt and not one of them have been
satisfactorily explained in spite of
much study by experts. Egypt is
near the commonly supposed cradle of
humanity and the deductions are re
plete with very interesting conclusions.
The Pawnee Indians in the Kansas
section mentioned in prehistoric times,
according to the implements found,
tilled the soil part of the time and
subsisted on results of the chase the
rest of the time. Hoes, spades and
other digging tools were badly worn.
An investigator in Kansas who
looked over the finds there is of the
opinion the Skidi inhabited the site,
the band, who lived here in Holt county
at various times and left thousands
of mementoes, and he stated the Skidi
once lived in Ohio near the falls of
the Ohio river. A boatstone found in
Kansas is exactly like a typical Ohio
stone in finish. More than one in
vestigator has inferred the Skidi came
to Nebraska or Kansas from Ohio,
but so long ago all track of the move
had been erased from the minds of the
neonle
The ruins in Kansas revealed the
Skidi, while there, were mound build
ers and never made burials in boxes
made of stones as did their supposed
ancestors who lived long by the roar
ing Ohio river.
At the Pawnee village sites in
Kansas it was noted the places had
been occupied many times from the
cave man down to the percussion rifle
days and in some cases by the same
culture. The same fact has been noted
here. There are implements of stone
as fresh looking as if made yester
day and without doubt but a few
hundred years old. It has been cal
culated the last time the Skidi lived
here was 284 years ago, around 1650,
and other pieces have been found any
archaeologist of note surely must ad
mit were manufactured as long as
1,000 or even 5,000 years ago.
A queer fact is that some of the
artifacts made long ago are so crude
any boy might duplicate the work
while others show the skill of a first
class jeweler. Stone was used in one
of the pieces the source of which never
was located, as if some glacier had
buried, the ledge forever.
In Kansas was found a piece that
is very interesting since several have
been found here in Holt county. This
piece looks in shape like a new moon
and is made of obsidian or volcanic
glass, a generally black substance
which chips true and takes a very
keen edge. This work has been ident
(Continued on page 4, column 5.)
NO necessary labor is be
neath the dignity of man to
perform. No self-denial
to accumulate money is be
neath any one.
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