The Frontier
D. H. Cronin, Editor and Proprietor
Entered at the Postoffice at O Neill,
Nebraska as Second Class Matter.
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WHY ARE REPUBLICANS?
Fairbury Journel: A Kansas paper
wants to know why so many republi
cans are given jobs under the demo
rraic efforts to speed recovery. The
answer given is that it takets a govern
ment job to convert a republican into
a democrat but a democrat will stay
u democrat anyway because he don’t
know any better.
Economic Highlights
It is an unfortunate thing that
President Roosevelt’s budget message
to the Seventy-Third Congress will,
like all such documents, receive only
the most cursory reading. Few budget
messages have been as unusual or as
important—few have, thru statistics,
so well illustrated an Administration’s
aims apd purposes.
The budget situation has three dis
tinct phases: First, the government
is to borrow $10,000,000,000 between
now and the end of the fiscal year—a
rate exceeding monthly borrowings
made when we were in the thick of the
war; second, at the end of the fiscal
year we will have the largest peace
time deficit in our history—$7,000,000,
000; third, beginning with the next
fiscal year in July, the financial policy
will be entirely reversed no special
expenditures of any moment, ami
Treasury receipts above those actually
needed for routine operation of the
government, will be used to reduce
the deficit.
Mr. Roosevelt thus believes that by
the middle of this year extraordinary
measures will no longer be required
to speed recovery. He is as awake
as anyone to their teriffic .cost, and he
has implicit faith that time will prove
them worth a great deal more than
the people had to pay for them. Part
of their cost has been alleviated by his
insistence on drastic economy so far
as ordinary federal expenditures are
concerned. The President has advised
members of the House, where all ap
propriations must be inaugurated, that
further expenditures would be ex
tremely undesirable.
The Treasury is looking forward to
1934-35 with hopes for increased rev
enues. Estimates forecast a raise in
income tax returns which will bring
them to $1,265,000,000, as compared
with $864,000,000 this year. The pro.
cessing tax on farm products is ex
pected to jump 30 per cent, customs
receipts 17 per cent. Internal revenue
taxes, because of liquor, should swell
substantially. The President has said
that he contemplates no new taxes and
that some of the less important ones
may be reduced or eliminated.
Two of our most important indus
tries have more than a usual interest
in the current Congress. The industries
ure the railroads and the publi<
utilities.
The utilities are in the most difficult
position. They face increasing gov
ernment competition thru federullj
subsidized, tax-free plants, more mun
ieipal plants, stricter regulation, de
rounds for lower rates (n spite of gov
ernment policies that have forced suh
stantial riser in operating costs, am
efforts to change tbfir financial .«et-up
Not so very long ago the total oi
public utility bonds in default reachet
the highest figure in history. Some oi
the companies represented went hroki
because of poor management, as in thi
rase of any other business—the major
ity were crippled by inelastic regula
tion ami legislation, ami regular am
special taxation. The fart that »onu
outstanding electric systems have beet
successful In weathering the buslnesi
depression, doesn’t answer the ques
tion as to what is going to happen to
a privately financed, heavily taxed
plant when Federal, state and. mun
icipal governments go into business
next door with tax-free plants whose
deficits, if any, are paid for by the
public treasury.
Leading utility executives advocat
ing resistance to what they consider
unfair demands and legislation, are
finding allies in other fields, notably
life insurance, which is a heavy utility
investor. No other industry is asked
to lower the cost of its product to the
consumer at a time when all govern
ment effort is being given to raising
prices and wages.
The railroads are likewise striving
for a fair deal for themselves—and in
this they seem to have the support of
both President and able, hard-bitten,
Federal Co-ordinator of Transporta
tion, Eastman. Heart and soul of the
railroad request is equality of federal
regulation with motor and water car
riers. They say this is not possible
unless all carriers are regulated in the
same way by the same agency—pre
ferably the I. C. C.
An important phase of this will be
an effort to have Section 0 of the
Interstate Commerce Act, which re
quires 30 days’ notice of a railroad’s
intention to change a rate, modified.
Busses and trucks and water lines are
free to change rates at will, without
notification. Also, it will be asked
that the Commission’s authority to
prescribe minimum rail rates be
abrogated.
Watch the present Congress, not
only for what it does in running the
government, but in preparing for the
political future. In 1034 every mem
ber of the House must face the elect
orate once more. Main Republican
trouble is lack of party discipline; as
soon as a candidate is elected on the
Republican platform, he is apt to
desert his party; Contrasted with
this, the Democrats are wonders in
maintaining a unified front.
ST. MARY’S ACADEMY
NOTES
SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
This week our department, as well
as all other departments have paused
to take account. Semester examin
ations are in order. At our next writ
ing we shall let you know who have
won the laurels.
The members of the biology class are
about to enter upon a period of in
tensive application in order that the
Normal Trainers may be prepared to
take the state examination in April.
Elsie Peter has created new enthus
iasm in the General Science class thru
correspondence with a student in
Austrailia. Specimens of plant life
and reports and illustrations of birds
and other animal life have been re
ceived by her.
The toy ballons which were so
plentiful some time ago and which af
forded so much fun to all the little
folks are now serving another pur
pose. They were used in class in the
apparatus set-up by the skillful hands
of Venture Callen and Grace Pribil to
demonstrate the mechanics of breath
ing.
SPANISH NOTES
A new method of Spanish instruc
tion has been adopted this year at St.
Mary's. Remarkable progress under
this system has resulted. Although
only beginning the second semester,
the class is able to translate classical
Spanish literature. In fact, the last
period of the morning, one may be
astounded to hear verbal barrages in
this dialect!—Hasta la primera sem
ana de febrero—Adios!
LATIN
The students of Fourth year Latin
spend a few periods each month in
reading and translating at sight,
“Auxilium Latinum,” a periodical pub
lished to encourage the study of Latin.
So far the most interesting article
was Marcus Tullius Jones’ oration to
his antiquated car, given in his garage.
It is a clever talk based on Cicero’s
first speech against Catiline.
MATHEMATICS
Last Friday while the boys were at
tending their Sodality meeting, some
of the ninth grade girls took a test in
algdhrn, one based on one of the
standardized tests. Though this test
was taken in the spirit of fun and
“just to see what they can do,” the
results were most encouraging. Ven
tura Callen and Mary Janet Kubit
schek found that they had made only
two mistakes. Now all are more hope
ful of success in the examinations.
NORMAL TRAINING
The Normal Trainers are resting
peacefully after having taken their
state examinations Saturday,
The main subjects taken by the
Seniors were, Theory and Art, El
ementary Course of Study, Penman
ship and Civil Government.
The Juniors wrote on Bookkeeping,
Agriculture and Georgraphy of Ne
braska, and Penmanship.
The Seniors and Juniors will take
up Grammar and Orthography the
coming semester.
The Seniors are reniforcing some of
the books and rearranging the library.
ENGLISH
*Many a book both old and crude,
Was brought to class to be reviewed.
Authors and classics got attention
For their many great inventions.
Stanzas and rymes and verse rare,
Were also studied with due care.
Figures here and more figures there,
Added charm and beauty most fair.
The paragraph and sentence too,
Balanced periodic and loose;
Then analysis to expound
Simple and complex and compound.
Words and phrases and clauses too,
Were included, in the review,
Now that we have ended our quest,
Who’s afraid of the English test?
HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGY
Our Seniors realize that Civics to
day means more than the memorizing
of rules and regulations of govern
ment, such as was taught in bygone
days.
A report on this topic by Miss Mary
Lois Hammond, entitled, “How the
Viewpoint of the Teachers of Civics
Has Changed in the Past Twenty
Years,” may be of interest to the
readers of The Frontier.
“Modern day Civics and its teaching
have changed greatly in the past 20
years. The teacher of 20 years ago
taught theories of government, rules
and laws only, and the student mem
orized them like an automaton.
“Civics was a subject to be waded
thru and learned because it was re
quired, not because it was to be a help
in after years. Today the teacher
teaches not only Civics proper, but also
the ideals of good citizenship.
“The student of today not only
learns the laws and theories but also
the practical application of them in
his life. The teacher drills into the
priviledges and duties of citizenship
in regard to all members of society,
especially in our own United States
and in daily contact with our neigh
bors.
Government has become more by
the people than ever before. Keen in
terest in politics has been aroused be
cause the student thus taught realizes
that not by passive interest in gov
ernmental affairs can the greatest
good be accomplished.
“Today the teachers of civics can
pride himself or herself on the fact
that the American Creed is a result
of a change of viewpoint from the one
of twenty years ago.
“‘I believe in the United States of
America as a government of the people
by the people and for the people;
whose just powers are derived from
the consent of the governed; a democ
racy in a republic; a sovereign nation
of many sovereign states; a perfect
Union, one and inseparable; establish
ed upon those principles of freedom,
equality, justice and humanity for
which American patriots sacrificed
their lives and their fortunes.’
“I, therefore, believe it is my duty
to love it; to support its constitution;
to obey its laws; to respect its Flag;
and to defend it against all enemies.’ ”
The Creed sums up the belief and
the result of the new viewpoint.
Rural Sociology will replace Civics
in the second semester, will begin
after examinations have closed.
The Juniors think they are well pre
pared to undertake the Civil war, as
they have been spending some time in
the company of Henry Clay, John C.
Calhoun, Daniel Webster, Stephen A.
Douglas and Abraham Lincoln.
A little Miss Sophomore was heard
to remark lately that she has no fears
for examinations as “we have really
gotton to the bottom of things and
know our subject.” Bravo! That’s
the way to study.
Graphs, handed in by the Sophies on
the rise and fall of Napoleon, were
excellent.
Nebraska News Items
To resign as national chairman for
Nebraska or to give up his lucrative
practice in Washington is the question
that now confronts Arthur F. Mullen,
former resident of this city. A move
has been started in congress to bar all
officers of any political party from
practicing before any governmental
department in Washington, and this
' move apparently has the approval of
[the president. Arthur’s friends in this
FARMERS . . . . !
Now i» the lime to bring your
j harm-M to be repaired and
oiled. During the month* of
February ami March we are
i
pairing and oiling harness,
making Special Price** «*n re
Highest prices paid for
hides.
T. M. IIA It
i U’NKII.I.NKBRASKA
state do not want him to give tip his
position as National committeeman
fearing that the position might go tc
a member of the Bryan wing of the
party which would not be of any
benefit to the other faction in the dis
tribution of patronage. That faction
already has Senator Thompson and
they figure that if they also get the
national committeeman they will he
able to clean house, politically. Many
Nebraskans are eagerly watching the
outcome of the contest.
Thomas S. Gill, 91, Civil War vet
eran at Tekamah, father of Dr. J. W.
Gill, of Chambers, died. lie had. lived
in and near Tekamah 60 years.
Excavation Shows Holt
County Was Once The
Home of Many Indians
By J. B. O’Sullivan
(Continued from last week.)
It is believed there were more secret
societies among the Indians than there
are amongst the whites today. Old
altars and knives they used are very
common in other parts of the country,
notably Colorado, Utah and New Mex.
ico. It may be set down as fact that
many of these had members in Holt
county at various times.
Near Emmet, recent finds would
seem to indicate at least one village
| was situated near that town. Ralph
Beckwith found five arrowheads while
farming near there the past summer.
Before this he had gathered 20 points,
two stone skinning knives, beads, a
peace-pipe and one spearhead. Wil
liam Sehmnhr found two arrowheads
and Harry Werner found 12 within
a few rods. There should be remains
of a large village somewhere near
Emmet. One would expect it to be
near the Elkhorn river, but the liver,
in the course of time, may have shifted
three miles, leaving the relics far from
water.
Ueneraiiy, vvncre only arrowneaos.
a spearhead or two, and perhaps a
knife is found, was a favorite hunting
place, for antelope, chickens or even
buffalo, and in the tall grass, though
the shaft on the stone arrowhead was
painted red, many must have been
lost. In time the wood rotted away,
leaving the heads for us to find and
puzzle over.
It is surmised the Indians did very
little battling massed and settling of
the issue on one spot. They were sly,
stealthy, slipping up in the night or
under the cover of vegetation, slaying
quickly and escaping with a few
scalps at a time. Even with the com
ing of the white man, and horses for
Uhe wild lads to ride, most of the
fighting seems to have been on gorilla
plans, a thrust here and there and
lots of rapid escaping. A lot of fight
ing was done on the run. Either fine
hunting grounds or village sites would
he indicated in this quarter with find
ing of arrowheads and the like.
On arrowheads alone, hundreds of
hooks have been written. Here in
Holt county there is very little suit
able rock for their making. Prac
tically every point was imported thru
barter. Perhaps tribes here had bone
tools, robes, grease or medicines in
commercial quantities. A trade was
made for arrowheads, scrapers, knives
and often for peculiar stone blanks,
several kinds of which are found here,
and these actually were the medium of
exchange in common use all over the
country for a long period of time.
Some are merely round cracked, oIT
discs, some are roughly worked in
thick, leaf shape and there are other
shapes. At the pleasure of the arrow
head makers, which certain families
followed down from father to son,
these were manufactured to points
ready for business.
The first arrowheads made in this
country, on a wide scale of which
archaeologists have definite knowledge,
are the Folsom points, so named since
near Folsom, New Mexico, in what now
is known as Folsom pit, about 40
miles east of Raton and nine miles west
Folsom, about four years ago Fred
Howarth, hanker, discovered the first
Folsom arrowhead there and the cave
was exploited by the Colorado Museum
of Natural History. About 25 skele
tons of the prehistoric bison were re
moved from the pit and were placed
in museums.
At removal of the first skeleton it
was stated since they dated from the
Pleistocene age, they had roamed New
Mexico before the advent of man.
Later, to the astonishment of scient
ists, a shoulder blade was removed
which contained an arrowhead of
peculiar shape firmly embedded in the
bone. Soon about 25 Folsom points
were recovered. Since the Folsom
points have been found in Nebraska,
Minnesota, North Dakota and a few
more states, mostly but one head in
each state. The Folsom head was the
greatest find in many years. All of
the Folsoms were made of a dull, red
dish brown material. Their chief
point of interest is a fluting on each
side, running the length of the arrow
head, making one appear, when looked
at edgewise and lengthwise, like two
parentheses, thus )(, and just why
the makers used this pattern is a
mystery. Some suggested it was for
letting blood escape, others believe it
was to hold the arrow to its course
while in the air, yet no one knows its
purpose. The age of these points and
the bones with which first ones were
associated was placed at 50,000 years.
One expert here recently stated that
the base of the Folsom head always
is inset about an inch from the base,
the entire base edges highly polished
and the base squared exactly from top
to bottom so measurements show no
difference whatever, causing moderns
to wonder why and how so much
mechanical precision away back 50,000
years ago.
Another type of arrowpoint to
watch for is the Yuma, originally
found and believed to have been manu
factured. in Yuma county, Colorado.
These heads are just like the Folsoms
except they have no fluting or furrow
and the spawls, or furrows, run en
tirely across the arrowhead on both
sides. It is believed the Yuma and
Folsoms were made by the same cul
ture and that the Yuma type was made
later when the fluted type became
obsolete. A few Folsoms have been
reported found, fluted on but one side.
A few rough pieces of rock have been
found in Ilolt county which look like
someone was trying to make a Folsom
type point, but no fine specimens of
either the Folsom or Yuma are known
to have come to light here. Finding
of one of these here would be sensa
tional and farmer boys could get their
names in the papers by plucking a
specimen from some canyon or field.
It is true, though, that over most of
these heads found was many feet of
earth, giving one slight encourage
ment to search for them. Well washed
canyons along creeks should be a fer
tile field to search for mementos of
the past and such a point might come
to light here because they must have
been used everywhere over a long
period of time.
j
The finest arrowheads in the world
are supposed to be those found in the
states of Oregon and Washington,
along the Deschutes and Columbia,
and a few other major streams as well
as in and around the dried beds of
ancient lakes in those states. These
points are of agate, jasper, obsidian
and a few other semi-precious mater
ials. These were called gem points in
trade circles, that were extensive be
fore the depression.
Obsidian is volcanic glass, chemical
ly testing almost exactly like common
glass excepting for the intrusion of
small amounts of potash. The Aztecs,
Toltccs, Incas, Maya and other na
tions of Indians, who swarmed over
lands south of here long ago, made
most of their artifacts of obsidian. It
is a glass, and seldom classed as flint.
Flint is any rock that is extremely
hard. The point of all this is that
right here in Holt county, not two
miles from O’Neill, are found arrow
heads so finely made, so thin, and of
such a superb grade of agate that it
is believed, anyone would pronounce
them superior aesetieally and from a
utilitarian standpoint finer than any
thing known.
When kids, Ryland and Joe Park
er used to pick up what is believed to
have been this same make of head
on the Parker farm one mile south
east of O’Neill. The boys had a hat
full of them and fritted them away
like many another boy at the time.
(Continued next week.)
To The
CITIZENS of
O’NEILL
A good many of you will
remember that in 1925, C. O.
Hartfordrame to your house
selling home baked Bakery
goods.
I have had a bakery in
Ewing, Ncbr., since the fall
of 1925, and now I have just
purchased the branch of the
Tilden bakery. We are still
putting out Home Baked
goods with that real home
baked flavor, and we will ap
preciate your business.
Come in and give us a trial.
C. E. HARTFORD
BAKER
LYLE BERNHARDT
Manager
A Cozy Home
and a Lower Fuel Bill
if you use
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Produced by Victor-American Fuel Co., Denver
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HOW ABOUT UPKEEP INSURANCE?
•
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