The Frontier D. H. Cronin, Editor and Proprietor Entered at the Postoffice at O’Neill Nebraska as Second Class Matter ” ADVERTISING RATES: Display advertising on Pages 4, £ and 8 are charged for on a basis ol 26 cents an inch,Aone column wide) per week; on Page 1 the charge is 40 cents an inch per week. Local ad vertisements, 10 cent per line flrsl insertion, subsequent insertions £ cents per line. Every subscription is regarded a? an open account. 'The names of sub scribers will be instantly removed from our mailing list at expiration ol time paid for, if publisher shall be notified; otherwise the subscription remains in force' at the designated subscription price.. Every subscriber must undestand that these conditions are made a part of the contract be tween publisher and subscriber. , _ ■ n-n3MCM.BE R|_""1 Thl« pmp*r i* r*t'r«wnt«i for grntT*) advcrtuinir by the, Nebraska Pre»i Aaaociation. WHEN TO STOP ADVERTISING Ga^tte, Lexington, Virginia: When every man has become so thoroughly a creature of habit that he will cer tainly buy this yetfr where he bought last sear. * b When (younger,- and fresher and spunkier concerns in your line cease starting up and us-ing the newspapers in telling the people how much better they can do for them than you can. When nobody else thinks "it pays to advertise.” • ' * When population- ceases tc multiply and the go aeration-* that crowd on after you, and never heard of you, come on. When you have convinced everybody whose life will touch yours, that you have better goods and low’er prices than they can ever g»*t anywhere out side of your store^ When you preceive it to be the rule that men who never do and never did advertise are outstripping their neigh bors in the same line of business. When men stop making fortunes right in your sight, solely through the discreet use of this mightly agent. When you can forget the words of the shrewdest and most successful business men (concerning the main cause of their prosperity. When you would rather have youi own way and- fail than to take advict and win. ,, When you want to get rid of th( trouble of waiting on customers. NATIONAL AFFAIRS By Frank P. Litschert It ia generally agreed that the Dem ocratic victory in the 1932 electior •was due to the belief of a great major ity of the voters that a change of ad ministration might mean a change foi the betterment in business. Few ol the voters who helped bring about th( change had any definite idea just how it was to be brought about. It was their bpljyf, in many cases little mon than a'trope, that somehow or in som< way there would be a new deal tha would help things. The psychologj was not unlike that of the player whc asks for a new pack when the cards have been running consistently agains' him. All Americans, regardless of theii politics, hope that a change for thi bettfer is coming. Up to this time however, it must be admitted that thi Democratic leaders have given no evi dence that they have a concrete plai for bettering conditions through legis lation. For example, the leaders of tb majority party seem to be unable u this time to agree on any definit course for the fundamental balancini of the budget. For a time we wer given to understand that most of th congressional leaders wanted a sale tax. But this was quickly droppe when the news came out that Govern or Roosevelt was opposed to the sale tax. Then came the journey of th Democratic leaders to Albany to cor fer with the President-elect. This wa followed by statements that the at ditional taxes necessary would b raised by soaking the incomes of th middle classes and cutting down th exemption of those with small income But immediately there came such kick back*to this proposal that it we apparently shoved into the backgroum Now we are told that the budget wi be balanced not by raising taxes bi by cutting expenses. If this can t done, the American people will taV off their hats and admit that Congres is full of real statesmen. But the evident lack of a definil program on taxation and the budget; already bringing sarcasm from tl Republicans. Minority Leader Sne summed up the Republican view r< ceutly when he said: , * • “It is perfectly evident that th Democrats. ars_poX.going to do anj thing about balancing the budget £ this session. They don’t even intend to try before ten or fifteen days from the end of the session. That means that they have thrown it up in despair. “The Democratic platform was just as emphatic on balancing the budget as it was on beer, and while they have spent more effort on beer than on balancing the budget, it is evident they will fall down on both. “To the outsider looking on, it looks as if the President-elect is running out on his congressional leaders before they even get started. "Is this the much-hearlded cooper ation between the President-elect and congressional leaders that we heard so much about during the last campaign? The President-elect says he is only a clearing house for ideas. I can tell him without fear of successful contra diction that if he is to lead his party during these strenuous times, he must be something more than a clearing house. It will be necessary for him to have a program of his own and stand behind it for two successive days running.’’ But while there seems to be a lack of cohesion in Democratic forces let us not become too discouraged. Let it be remembered that the depression may right itself without further as sistance from the government. De pressions have been known to do that very thing in the past. We are now more than three years along in the present era of business stagnation. It is about time that there were evi dences of improvement. Nature will take its course regardless of Washing ton politics. Let us hope that the time for fundamental improvement is at hand. HOW OUR DEBTS GREW For the past two years we have had an increasing demand on the part of the public for a reduction in our public expenditures. We have now come to the time when there should be some appreciable effect of this sustained movement which has finally made the people tax conscious, and economy consicous. While the present session of Congress, judging from the current outlook, will accomplish little toward the reduction of national expenditures and the balancing of the budget, it is likely that a special session of the new Congress will be called shortly after March 4. Then the new Demo cratic administration will have a chance to show what it can do on the ali-important subject of reducing pub lic expenditures. If it fails, then it will be just too bad for the future of the new administration and we are apt to see some startling poKtical changes after the 1934 election. But all of the work of economy can not be done by the national govern ment. A great deal of it must come through the efforts of the states and the local government. Here again the situation is timely. Nearly all of our state legislatures are now in session or will be some time during the spring. It is now up to the people to see that their local representatives do some thing to help lighten the tax burdesi through the promotion of economy and the cutting down of public expend itures. In order to understand just how far we must go in this respect one ought to consider for a moment just how far we have as a nation, inflated our ex penditures. In a booklet recently pub lished, Gertler, Devet and Company point out that the estimated public indebtedness of our federal, state and local governments in 1902 was $3,000, 000,000. In the next decade it grew to a little less than five billions. Then • the fun began. Now the estimated l total debt of our various units of gov . ernment is around $37,000,000,000. Just think of it! An increase of 1,133 per cent from 1903 to 1932. During ; the same time the expenditures of our t federal, state and local governments ; rose 860 per cent. r, “To make this huge sum more un ; derstandable” the article continues, i “one dollar out of every three of the s total income of our entire national i population is consumed in the support - of our governments and their sub s divisions. This orgy of spending by e municipalities, with few exceptions, - has been very little curtailed up to the s present, even though the entire country - has passed from a period of unprece e dented inflation to one of dire depres e sion during the past three years. The e same voters who authorized unjustified i. bond issues are now demanding re trenchment in municipal and state ex a penditures, clamoring for reduction in s taxes both personal and real. 1. 11 it e e s e e 11 e t During the past year, reductions in budgets have of necessity been gen. erally prevalent, but by no means have they been cut sufficiently, nor nearly as much ns is possible; curtailments will have to be made in every branch of government; this requires immed iate, honest, earnest and scientific study and will be forced on politicians loath to give up their sinecures, in order that municipal credits be main tained or restored. “Retrenchments of at least 25 per cent should be made by state and local governments; expansion programs should be drastically reduced; planned public works that are not absolutely necessary should be deferred; employ ment of men in distress should be on projects beneficial or of a self-liquid ating nature. Large curtailments in operating costs could be effected through consolidations of bureaus, overlapping districts and departments where duplication of effort is most pronounced.” It is true of course that a start in economy has been made during the past year or so. There has of neces sity been a reduction in the public budgets. But there is still a great distance to go if we are to deflate our public expenditures as they should be deflated to match the new era in which we are now living. A start has been made in many localities where expend itures have been cut and taxes are to be reduced this year. But the people must not go to sleep on the job. The good work must be continued, and the numerous sessions of the state legislatures this year make a good place to continue. AIDING AMERICAN SHIPS Washingto, D. D., Post.—Chairman O’Connor, of the United States Ship ping Board .does well to refute the charges of British interests that this government is “dumping shipping ser vices on the world market.” Great Britain would like to see the United States lay up its vessels and depend upon British merchantmen to carry on its overseas commerce. The ac cusations to which Mr. O’Connor re fers are merely an outburst of indig nation because the United States has understaken to build a merchant mar ine of its own. It is true, of course, that American ships could not operate at a profit without the ocean mail contracts awarded them by the government. Materials that go into ships cost more in this country than in England, and labor is paid higher wages. Is that any reason why the United States should withdraw from the field of shipping? American export trade exceeds that of any other nation. A strong merchant marine is necessary to maintain, promote and protect that trade. The United States cannot be influenced to curtail its shipping ser vice merely because of Great Britian’s ambition to continue dominating the high seas. Subsidies paid to American ship ping companies in the form of mail contracts are designed merely to equal ize competitive conditions between American and foreign ships. Vessels under the American flag have not re sorted to rate cutting or unfair prate^ tices. For the most part rates. arte determined by mutual agreement a mong the competing lines. It is ab« surd to use the word “dumping” in connection with the attempt of the United States to build up its own fleet of vessels to handle part of its own commerce and tourist travel. European interest also resent the American tariff and immigration laws.i But that does not in any way change the determination of the American people to protect their industries and their workingmen. Economic barriers are absolutely necessary to preserve the higher standard of living that pre vails in the United States. Shipping lines that come into competition with foreign vessels must be encouraged to uphold American standards. The American people do not intend to low er their wages, their working condi tions and standards of living to the levels prevailing in Europe. And they do not intend to surrender the Amer ican market, American jobs, or the transportation of American commerce on the high seas. Propaganda aimed against this practice of self-protection is a waste of time. One of the Ugliest Words Recently the San Francisco Chron icle editorialized on an effort to choose the "ten ugliest words.” The Chronicle hazards the opinion that among them might appear “fired!” “no funds!” To a good many people the ugliest word of all, these days, is taxation. It has destfoyed businesses, taken jobs, eaten savings, disrupted existence. The committee working on the ten ugliest words should give it most careful consideration. Robbing Peter to Pay Paul In your left-hand trousers pocket you have the sum of fifty dollars. In your right-hand pocket is another fifty. For a period of time you spend entirely from the left pocket, until the fifty suffers alarming depreciation. Then you begin spending from the right pocket. Would you consider this economy and reduction of ex penses? You certainly would not. It is unimportant whether the dollar comes from one pocket or another, whether your left hand or your right passes it out. But, when tax commissions and politicians annuonce a program of tax reduction, it usually does precisely what has been described above. It takes a dollar off the property tax and puts another dollar on the income tax. It shifts burdens from an inheritance tax to a sales tax. It discovers intangibles taxes—supposed to lower some other tax, but increases the total volume of tax money taken from individuals and industry. And so it goes. The average tax reduction program is a farce and misrepresentation. It robs Peter to pay Paul. It does not recognize the fact that there is but one way to lower taxes—to spend less money. Keep the pocket illustration in mind next time your public officials announce an economy drive. See if they ac tually do lower the cost of running the government, or simply dip into your other pocket. Then act accord ingly. Use Foresight Now The principal task facing the farm er today is to build for the future, and at the same time carry himself through the difficulties of the present. In this work the “cooperative” is his best ally. It is struggling to get him better prices and a surer market —and working as well to make that market permanent. It is blazing the way to better and more profitable farming. The cooperative movement his sur mounted many obstacles, and many more will beset its path before its success is complete. And, if it is to succeed, it must have the loyal aid of a majority of American farmers— they must not only pay their dues and keep up their membership, but must work with cooperative managements in bringing in new members and re assuring old ones. They must fight agressively for the cause of coop eration. The strenght of American business lies in cooperation—in a policy of en lightened self-interest through which all factors in an industry work to gether for the common good. It has proven to be a successful policy, and has helped more than we realize in bearing the brunt of these troubled times. Agriculture must do the same thing —it must realize that the welfare of the individual producer is absolutely dependent on the welfare of all pro ducers. If the farm cooperative move ment fails, it will be from lack of foresight of the American farmer. GOVERNOR TOM BERRY OF SOUTH DAKOTA. A special writer in the Portland, 'Oregon, Journal has the following write up of Tom Berry, now governor of South Dakota, whrf’ was born and raised in Paddock township in this county: “The old-time cow hand is going to try to de-horn a state budget. Tom Berry, famous story teller, cow country gag man and lariet looser, is inaugurated as governor of South Dakota. Without benefit of press agents, he enters Pierre amid hopeful shouts of “ride ’em cowboy.” He is a democrat. ^'Owning a 5,000-acre ranch and leasing 30,000 ocres from the Rosebud Indians, he has demonstrated his busi ness ability. However, he has mainly joshed his way to the governorship. A political opponent said he couldn’t write. ‘I can understand how he got that idea,’ said Berry. ‘He asked me to sign a note for him last spring and naturally, I said I couldn’t write.’ “There are more of Tom Berry’s jokes rolling around the South Da kota range country than there are tumbleweeds. He was almost as le gendary as John Bunyan before his presence in the state legislature proved that he was real. He says he was stolen by the Indians when he was a baby and they brought him up, but nobody knows when he is spoofing. On government advice he tried to graze hogs on his range of short buf falo grass. They wasted away, but he was cheerful about it. “They are the fastest hogs in Mel lette county,” he wrote the govern ment. He said he saw them chasing coyotes. “He and his wife were homestead ers in the Rosebud country, east of the had lands, 25 years ago. Their two sons and two daughters are grown well educated and competent ranch managers, all living at home. Eight hundred acres of his ranch are under cultivation. • “He sits on a broncho the way Andrew Mellon sits on a directorate, and his 10-gallon hat looks as if it grew on him.” EDUCATIONAL NOTES State Teacher’s Examinations will be held on Saturday, January 21, 1933 at Stuart,Atkinson,Ewing and O’Neill. The first Eighth grade examinations will be held on February 3rd. For the use of the Eighth Graders who will write on the Civil Govern ment Examination, the following are the new National, State and County officers. National Officers, 1933 President of U. S.—Franklin D. Roosevelt. Term 4 years, 1933-37. Salary $75,000 and expenses. Vice-President of U .S.—John N. Garner. Term 4 years. Salary $15,000. President's Cfebinet—To be filled later. United States Senators— R. B. Howell, Omaha, 1929-1935. ] George W. Norris, McCook, 1S&1-37. Term 6 years. Salary $10,000 per year and 20 cents per mile Mileage, Cnogressmen— John H. Morehad, Falls City—First District. Edward R. Burke, Omaha—Second District. Edgar Howard, Columbus — Third District. '