I _=-■
DISEMBARKING MEN 1
i , IS A MONSTER TASK
---
Record Time Made In Landing
„ 36,000 Soldiers and Get
i ting Them to Camp.
.* i .
American Port, Western France (by
•nail).—Long lines of kahki clad men
Just embarked from American trans
ports iind now on the way to their
first camp, packed the stree's from
curb to curb and stretched away fori
miles. Tt was four miles and up hill
most of the way—through city, suburbs j
and country lanes, from the. sea front
to the great reception camp located
outside the town, one of the largest
camps in the world and capable of
caring for the population of a metro
politan eity. Hour after hour from 6
in the morning until late in the after
noon .the steady tramp of marching :
thousands had been going on, for this ,
steady’ stream is the army of 36,000
just arrived on 13 American transports,
making the record debarkment from
ship to camp within 12 hours.
With Major X, the engineer officer
. of the camp, we skirted alongside this
moving stream, from the landing to the
camp, and-had an opportunity of seeing
each stage in the huge movement up
to the time the tired marchers pitched
their shelter tents on the soaked
grounds and crawled inside to sleep.
Stirring as it was to see these men
come, to swell the million men in the
American ranks, yet there was a grim
ness and grayness to the scene sug
gesting ihe stern reality of war.
A steady downpour swept across the
ranks and the men were dripping as [
they trudged through the rain soaked j
mud. They were at route step, without
the regularity of parading troops, and
each man carried, beside his rtfie, all
his belongings on his back', 70 pounds j
of tent, blankets, clothing, shoes, and
» all. the miscellaneous equipment of a
soldier beaded for the front. Their j
last camp was in the well equipped
cantonments in the United States,
where they slept -on cots and had a
semblance of modern comfort. Now
they were on the war swept soil of j
rtP-mT France and had seen the last of cots
and comforts. It was theif first glimpse
of real war conditions, and anyone who
says it Is cheerful shuts his eyes to j
the grimness of war. j,
“There are more troops arriving,” !
said the major as he led the way, “than j
the total strength of the United States
army a short time ago.” And with
such an influx we have to provide a
very elastic camp, capable of immedi
ate expansion from 1,000 up to 100,000
men.”
The major was well qualified to ex
plain the magnitude of the work, for
he had been chief constructing engi
neer of the New York subway qystem,
had planned and built a good part of
the system, and had made the popula- t
lion figure* on which subway construc
tion was based. ~
"To get an Idea of the camp." he |
said, "compare It with Central park. I
"We have 2,500 acres here. Central j
park has J00 acres. Why, the entire 1
area of N$nr York city on Manhattan 1
island is oply 41,000 a:res."
On both sides of the road, for mile ,
after mile u.s we sped along In an army I
car. a city of tents was rising and !
there was the hum and bustle of camp !
activity on a vast scale. This morn- i
ing all the ground had been stubble
field from the newly cut wheat and
barley. But now every available foot
was being laid off by the army engi
neers. working with tripods and in
struments like a party of surveyors.
Tented streets and avenues, headquar
ters tents, mess, kitchen and hospital
tents, and vast parks for supplies and
artillery and horses, were rising in the
fields and spreading for 40 square
miles over this hugs enclosure.
Never Molest Growing Grain.*
“We never take a field of growing!
grain,” said the major, "but as fast as
the grain is cut we take over the fields,
and with harvest time well advanced
this entire /arming section will soon be
turned Into an American camp.”
In'one of the fields where we stopped
to see the men, two battalions of 800
men each Just marched in and were
preparing to pitch their tents. The
great stretch of plowed ground, just
cleared of grain, was rain soaked, and
the storm had set in for the night. The
men stood ready, each with a half of a
shelter tent, to drive the stakes and |
last It against the elements, and then
crawl In. It semed an endless wait
for all the formalities of laying out the
camp with engineering exactness, yeti
all of this was essential to the smooth i
> running of such a large concern. At'
last the stakes were driven and soon j
the great field was dotted with thou- I
sands of little khaki mounds, about as
high as a man’s waist, called "pup ‘
tent>” by the soldiers probably be- I
cause they look like dog houses. Un- I
der the tent there is just room for two |
lying down, and If the ground is:
soaked, as it is tonight, the rubber!
poncho keeps out some of the water,
and kindly nature and the iron of I
youth must do the rest.
Till* was only one typical camp of
the hundreds lining the roads for miles '
in this vast reception camp. Field |
kitchens and water carts were wheel - ■
ing up to all the camps as the tents :
went up. Filtered water Is brought ;
In hogsheads and each command has I
its apportioned lot of hogsheads, Later
on there will be a splendid system of;
water mains for the whole camp. But ,
hire are the men. and a water system
is not installed in .a day. Sn instead
of waiting for 12-incli mains, the print
, ltivo hogshead is filling the gap. Bach
man carries his emergency ration for
three days. Some of them were nib
bling it before climbing into their pup j
tents, but most of them wailed for 'he j
smoking field kitchen to get into ac
fm*' tion with its ecroks, serving out hot
coffee ar.d hot soup and meat. The
Item of feeding an army with precision
Is in itself a gigantic task.
-tV* served 1,860,0(10 meats last
»»*»:.Mi,” sold Slajor N, “or 1 “0 art;'
rations • f three meals to the ration.”
And besides all the fee ling and wat
ering and sanitation there is Jhe im
mense "paper work” of such an or
ganisation. There at- 128 separate
organizations in the 30.boo men just
arrived: Kach of tti« 12.8 must he
sorted out and brought together, and
every individual soldier of the 36,000
must he identified and accounted for.
so as to guard against loss' s, and then
«*cb organization and rnan mint have
its detail to one of the sectors of the
fighting front. This “paper work.” as
It Is called, is prodigious, and like ev
erything military it must he done with
absolute precision And t.he paper
work rails for paper, which is very
lia' d to get.
msp the other day." said thoetaoln
“When headquarters culled for «
map of the camp the other day,” said
the Major, “they got it all right, on (he
only paper which oou’d be found,
which' was brown wrapping paper. But
It was a good map. an.1 the wrapping
pa per map of the big American camp
will go into the archives."
When taps sounded too ght every
man of this 33.000 wa< unde; canvas,
although this morning;, e try men had
been "afloat. It was the recurd (ccorri
pliKhwent in landing "» will « one
body rt arrivals had beer, large. *2.000,
V
the landing had taken the best part of
two days, whereas this huge transfer
was In the daylight hours of the firat
day.
"And right on top of it.” said the
General tonight, "one elilp is arriving
with 12.000 more men, and then another
flotilla of transports and then an
other.”
'PUUsthls gigantic influx of armed
med goes oasteadily and unceasingly,
on record tlmeNWlth little or no con
fusion, each man afld ftj'gailination be
ing cared for and accounted for as they
move forward to the front, and alt of
the huge enterprise of docking, land
ing, transportation and camping, with
all their infinite details, created out of
practically nothing within the last 10
months.
Where Rare Books Came From.
Book collecting is one of the sports
of millionaires In this country, and the
zest shown in it is one of those few
tilings the war hasn’t lessened. It is
not so in England, although we look to
that country for most of the ttWngs.
even Americana, that figure with fabu
lous prices. The auction room where
these precious volumes are bartered is
a center of romance for many who find
that there is something more in the
matter than the glamour of high fig
ures. Mr. Clement H. Shorter writes in
the London Sphere of a little volume
recently privately printed, called “Notes
On the History of Sotheby’s”—the great
hook auction room of London. Mr.
Shorter, with the enthusiasm of a fre
quenter, says that the author of the
book, Mr. G. T. Hobson, ha* "told the
story • » • with that dash of ro
mance which must always obtain where
the book auction Is concerned.” Here
Is some of the romance:
“The first book auction held in this
country took place in 1676, but the
first great book auctioneer was Samuel
Baker, whose first sale was held in
1744. There were not regular book
auctioneers or auction houses until, his
time. In 1778 Baker was Joined by his
nephew, John Sotheby, and three gen
erations of Sothebys were associated
with the firm, the last of whom was an
author who wrote ’Ramblings in the
Elucidation of the Autograph of Mil
ton.’ He died in 1861. A Mr. John
Wilkinson became a partner in 1842 and
a Mr. William Hodge in 1864, and thus
we have the Arm of Sotheby, Wilkin
son & Hodge, although not one of these
natmes is now in the business. • * •
"But to return to the real romance
if Sotheby's, its wonderful sales of
books, connected with which it has Is
sued no fewer than 7,000 separate cata
ogs. Some of them, beautifully Illus
trated. are *o interesting that one
binds them in one’s library, especially
when they are concerned with the
rooks of noteworthy people. The re
’ent Morrison sale was a case in point,
when the letter of Mary Queen of Scots,
brobably the most wonderful letter in
sxistence, was privately purchased for
.he benefit of the nation, and when
:he Nelson autographs and raanu
ic.ripts. many of the letters being to Sir
William Hamilton, or to his wife, Lady
Hamilton, were knocked down for
£2,500.
“Tl„, n, ns, , » — ,-, ( „ - ... i « V,
rue most interesting reattire wnn
-egard to these sates, as It s'.rikes me,
s the large place which the tlireek and
Latin classics played in ths sales of
the 18th century and the small place
they play In the modern world. But
the most amazing thing of all is the
;reat enhancement of prices under
modern commercial conditions, and
largely due. no doubt, to the fact that
the American millionaire Is frequently
y great book buyer, altUough his
brother In England is rarely so. This
would account for the fact that one of
Shakespeare's first folios sow! for £40
19s. [$205] In 1799, and a copy fetched
£3,600 [$18,000] In 1907. Mr. Hobson
points out that a collection of early
quarto play's sold in 1798 for £22 3s
[$110.75], and that it would be con
sidered cheap at £5,000 [$25,000] to
day, and might easily fetch double or
treble that sum. When ths sale of
Henry Fielding's library took place in
1764, books with his autographed notes
fetched only a few shillings, whereas
in 1911 the novelist's copyright agree
ment with his publisher sold Sbr £1,015
[$5,075],
"One of the most interesting things
in this book is a facsimile of one of
each of the love letters of Robert and
Elizabeth Browning; a collection of
letters which In 1913 sold for £6,650
($32,750). But the material provided
in Mr. Hobson’s interesting book is
Infinite, and Is worthy memento of
the firm's change of address from the
Strand to the West End of London, a
change, however, which I personally
greatly regret. As an Inhabitant of
Fle«t street, an occasional visit to the
salesrooms when they were ,in my Im
mediate neighborhood win an agree
able pastime, but to me the West End
of London is usually Inaccessible,
and more so than ever now that the
taxicab has departed from our streets.
Moreover, I greatly regret that these
sales should be held at the awkward
hour of 1 o'clock. I am quite sure that
it is not a wise decision which keeps
up this curious custom. From 1 till 2
is the conventional luncheon hour of
the English public, and I can imagine
that, fortified by a' good lunch, many
buyers would bid more briskly if the
sales commenced at 2 or even at 3
o’clock.”___
Thirst, a War Weapon.
From “The Desert Campaigns ”
Our troops worked to make it Impossible
for the Turks to cross the desert and
attack the defenses of the Suez canal.
The Turk then drew his water from a
few pools and the cisterns out into rock
by races who peopled the desert many
centuries ago. If the sources of water
supply were denied the Turk it was obr
vious be could not march across the desert
in any force large enough to cause dam
age, unless he brought a large camel
transport column, which we knew was
not available. Therefore, it was decided
to draw off all water within a radius ol
pome 60 miles from the canal There
was a big pool at a spot known as Er
Rigm where the winter waters of the
Wadi V'nksholb emptied themselves, and
a party of engineer**. protected by Aus*
tral'an light 1« < ?.< ■ . hi Cain... 1
cut trenches round the lake and draiu.m
6,000,000 gallons from it in foil days.
Other detachments b*>k out smalt portable
pumping seta and lifted the water from
innumerable cisterns, adopting this plan
rather than that of destroying these
underground reservoirs, which will con
tinue their usefulness v'hcn the world
enjoys pcac^ again. Mot of them was
damaged. The Turk had been engaged on
a rather elaborate well boring operation
at .lifjaffa, east of Er Kigm. for aornv
months; an Austrian engineer superin
tending the work, with an excellent plan
Major Scott took ;i squadron of his regi
ment. the Ninth Australian light horse
and some rr.en of the Bikaner came!
corps, to put an end to this attempt t
secure a water supply, ami by a well con
ceived surprise attack captured the Aus
Irian officer and moat of the Turkw. kill
tug and wounding the remainder. Th«
bore holes anJ plant were destroyed. B
June there was no* a bucket of wale:
available for the Turk In a wide bcit o
the desert, ar.d, though v’gdanc* wa;
never relaxed, patrols rarely ha 1 anythin*
to report.
"Seven persons have ?»*»eo flo-vl < 1*
Wcstenhsver for appht :db g *«•» '""eb
trial. Amoig th -m v♦ -i Mn. ".<n. w-‘a,i
tor Stokes, who oaid *_T..
EXPLAINS INCREASED
AIRPLANE LOSSES
New York—Steady increase of Gor
dian airplane losses is admitted by
Capt. Otto Lehman In an article pub
lished in the Berlin Tagebiatt. review
ing tno progress of aerial warfare dur
ing the year 1917-191$. Captain Leh
man attributes the growing losses to
two causes: Development of the fight
ing airplane as a weapon against en
emy infantry and the enhancement of
the number of fighting machines due
to the transfer of those on the eastern,
or Russian front, to the west front.
"It will he noticed that since Janu
ary and February. 1918, our figures for
losses show a steady increase,” Cap
tain Lehman writes. “The reason for
that, however, is the increased partici
pation of airplanes resulting from the
fact that the German flyers who had
been operating on the eastern front
migrated to the western front when
fighting ceased in the Russian theater.
The increased participation, of course,
resulted logically in larger total loss.
“The eastern flyer, who had been
accustomed to quite different fight
ing, conditions, in the beginning, un
doubtedly had to pay a bloody appren
ticeship In fighting with French and
British. The Russian as an aerial op
ponent is nowise to he compared with
the Frenchman and Englishman.
“It would be fundamentally wrong
to draw the conclusion from the rise
in German losses at the beginning of
1918. that our superiority had waned.
Still another factor explains our high
er losses. As an infantry plane the
aerial weapon is taking part in a con
siderably increased measure in fight
ing the attackers on land. Entire
squadrons of battle planes, so called
infantry flyers, accompany the storm
ing of the never failing infantry and
by taking full advantage of their
speed, attack the enemy reserves at
low altitudes with bomba and machine
guns.
“These attacks are made often at
the ridiculously low altitudes of 100
meters and even 10 meters. Tt is there
fore at first glance clear that these
new tasks expose the airplanes to
every shot fired from lhe earth and
must increase our loss account."
How Germany Treat* Negroes.
From the St. Issuis Post-Dispatch.
It is true that the negroes have good
cause to fight against world domination
b.v Germany. History ha* shown that in
Africa. Germany has treated the natives
worse tiian any other government which
lias Invaded that continent.
Belgian individual cruelties in the Congo
caused indignation in Belgium and com
pelled the British government to Investi
gate and put a stop to them. But in Ger
many's treatment of the natives, extermi
nation of whole tribes was the potlcy anil
this policy was not only excused but ex
alted as light by German publicists
In the case of the Hereros, in Southwest
Africa, General von Troths Issued thiw
proclamation: T %
The Hereros must now quit the
soil. If thev refuse, I shall force them
with the gun. Every Herero, with or
without a weapon, with or without
cattle, found in German territory I
will have shot. I shall not look after
the women and children, but will drive
them back to their own people or
shoot them.
The German pastor. Sehowalter, wrote
in 1907 that as a result of this policy about
15,000 Hereros died of hunger on the
desert. Almost the entire Herero tribe
was destroyed. And Dr. Kolirback, im
perial commissioner for Southwest Africa,
reported that "the question is solved'. The
Hereros have lost their land, but that
cannot be regarded as tragic, owing to
the splendid fertility of the land, which
is now fiscal."
That is to say, it paid. This is the Ger
man test.
Open the Gate*.
Te who so grandly went the way of death.
Singing Hosannas with your failing
breath.
And now look back upon the life you
spurned
As on a childish trinket overturned.
Seeing our globe a* but a spinning toy.
Too frail and far to longer yield yo*
Joy
Open the gates for us. that we may hem
Those vaster harmonies that thrill yout
ear. I
We, too, would gaxe upon that liable! (
view, j
Would breathe the shining air that girdles
you. 1
God's remedy for man we, too. would
know.
To- heal the ailing earth of all her woe.
Open the gates for us, that we may find,
As you, the riddle solved for all man
kl nd
Ye who so brightly bridged the great
abyss,
One of you waits and yearns to answer
this;
I see the glimmer of your beckoning!
Open the gates for me and I will swing
I.lghtly as you across the enchanted
gloom
Sprinkled so thickly now with souls
abloom—
Seeing the starry path your going made.
I shall be unafraid!
—Angela Morgan, In Everybody’s
mwio nun i u/s.
From the New York Tribune.
The Hun baby killer of today i« not
to be toy maker to the babies of tomor
row. “Made in Germany" was all very
well on children’s playthings until four
years ago. Germany commanded the toy
trade of the world. But now the world
knows what the toy makers were.
How extensively Teutonic toys were the
world’s playthings may be judged from
the German trade reports for 1912. Twenty
million dollars’ worth of toys were ex
ported that year. The United States
bought $7,000,000 worth of German toy?*.
and the British empire an equal amount.
With the outbreak of the war these ex
ports, except in infinitesimal quantities
to neutral countries, ceased.
Statistics show that the war garden
rrop is valued at $525,000,000.
4 4 444 « >* 444 44 4 44 444 444 4 4-44 4
4
4 TARIFF WALLS AND PEACE. 4
4 -- 4
4 From the Manchester Guardlaj* 4
4 What kind of a world do we 4
4 seek to set up as a ftiemorla! to 4
4 the blood of our best? If it is a 4
4 world of states each ‘seeking to 4
4 grab as much territory as It can 4
4 and to close it against the rest of 4
4 the world by Chinese walla, then 4
4 let us have protection preference— 4
4 and a peace which Is like war and 4
4 will generate war. For such a 4
4 world the life of no man should 4
4 have been taken, and it will be 4
4 haunted by the ghosts of a wasted 4
4 generation lured to Its death by 4
4 the false assurance of noble pur- 4
4 pose If we want a league of na- 4
4 tioiis, if we want peace, if we want 4
4 right feeling among men, then we 4
4 must have also the commercial 4
4 policy which is necessary to them, 4
4 not ‘the commercial policy which is 4
4 fatal to them. There are grasping 4
4 groups In all countries who, if al- 4
4 lowed, would sacrifice the future of 4
4 humanity to their own folly or self 4
4 seeking. The democracies of the 4
4 world must conquer in the eco- 4
4 nomic as in the military and 4
4 political fields or the democracies 4
4 rauat die. 4
♦ 4
♦ t* ► ♦♦♦♦♦♦
| LOCOMOTIVE NOT TOTAL LOSS
Had to Be Abandoned in Face of Hun
Advance, but Served a Use
ful Purpose.
Yankee ingenuity lots develo|>ed a
new weapon for use against the Hun.
Nli; It will ndl be used very often,
>H there are limes—
| An American unit, of engineers
| (railway) was hauling ammunition
land supplies for llie French In the
| lace of one of the Herman drives tills
year.
I Vi the height of things when the
' Hun was coming over in force atnhnd
[Mincing in a way which meant the loss
of anything that could not he moved
promptly a $15*000 locomotive Jlimited
I the track.
Sergt. Heorge Robertson, in charge,
watched the battle for a moment,
looked at his steam gauge, screwed the
safety valve down tight, turned the
oil fuel reserve supply Into the Hre
Imx, and then effected a solitary and
successful retreat.
Halt' an hour Inter some sixty Her
mans were standing about the strand
ed locomotive when the boiler did the
one thhig which Sergeant Robertson
Imped for—blew up.
It hod all the effects of a 14-inch
Shell.
Incidentally, Sergeant Robertson Is
now wearing the crolx de guerre.
Lives 200 Years!
»
For more than 200 years, Haarlem Oil,
the famous national remedy of Holland,
hag been Tecognized a» an infallible relief
from all forms of kidney and bladder die
ordeiji. Its very age is proof that it must
hare unusual merit.
If yon are troubled with pain* or achea
in the back, feel tired in the morning(
headache*, indigestion, insomnia, painful
or too frequent passage of urine, irritation
or stone in the bladder, you will almost
certainty tins! relief in GOf.D MEDAL
Haarlem Oil Capsule*. Thia is the good
old remedy t'ftwt hag stood the tent for
hundred* of year*, prepared in the proper
quantity amf eommenient form to take.
It ie imported! direct from Holland lab
oratories. and! you can get it at any
drug store-, ft is a standard, old-time
home remedy and needs no introduction.
Each capsule contains one dose of five
drops and1 is pleasant and easy to take.
They will quickly relieve those stiffened
Kints, that backache, rheumntism, lum
go, sciatica), gull stones, gravel, “brick
diist." etc. Your money promptly refund
ed if they db-not relieve von. Blit be sure
to get the genuine GOLD MED A Q brand,
b boxes, three sizaa—Adv
The Kid' Wan. Right
Ignntz fells ns of ii Youngstown
couple who m e very fond' of Chinese
dishes—or nl least the sort of dishes
tlifll tire made lit f’hiiiese restniinints.
Their four-year-old; daughter shares
their taste, and likes to hove her fa
ther bring some oriental! mess home
with him when, he conies to dinner in
tlie evening.
T'lie oilier night he culled! up from
llie ofjice ami t lie lit tie girl answered
the phone..
"Oil, pupu,“ she- said., “please bring
home some ptomaine."
She meant eftow iriein. but nin.vbe
she wasn't far off.
Pimply Rashy Skin*
Quickly soothed and healed by Cutl
cur* often when all else fails. The
Soap to cleanse and purify, the Oint
ment to soothe and heal. For free
camples address, “Cnticnra, Dept. X,
Boston.” At druggists and by mall.
Soap 25, Ointment 25 and 50.—Adv.
At Current Rates.
“Is she very rich?”
“She must be. She takes it glass
of milk a I every meal.”
If you want to gel up with llie lark
go to bed without one.
ThSse that Irons! most full most.
- —.•*»... - ., —vrr,r,r^7^TaagEa,
IwRIGLEYsl
I * v \ v I
S|
■n
B
B
■
9
"mm V
We mil vain this war—- 1
^ I
Nothing elke really matter* warn wee do! I
B
B
B
77te Flavor* Lasts I
Pays to Hustle.
“All Ihings come to him who waits.”
“Seems to me. (hough, you'd save<
time by going after them."—Louis
ville < 'ourler-Journnl.
A man can make his wife believe
I almost anything during their court
; shl|>.
WHITE SCOURS
BLACKLEG
Your Veterinarian can stamp,
them out with Cutter’s Anti-Cali
Scour Serum and Cutter’s Germ
Free Blackleg Filtrate and Aggressin,
or Cutter’s Blackleg Pills.
Ask him about them. If be
hasn’t our literature, write to us dor.
information on these products.
The Cutter Laboratory
Berkeley, Cal., or Chicago, III;.
"Xba Laboratory That Know* How"
V» . ... I , A
STOP fcttSING CALVES
Toucan Stamp Abortion Out
of year herd and Keep it Out!
Write for TREE BOOKLET,
“ORaatfaM and Awwew
pertaining to
COWS”
■r.OaiM Itefir'HtjCa. 1MbiMain.,*HkMln.VH.
rEytryWosMui Wanted
FOR PERSONAL HYGIENE
DUaolanA fta water far ■—ebon stops
poltria antn—fc,n>r«*aSi»n and inflam
motion. RasastesM by Lydia E.
Wnhhate IliaR^Caa^inr. ten yoara.
anro tbnantatei anas ayaa Economical.
Sasaaeasg,
Children Cry For
s
neither Opium, Morphine nor • What is CASTOR!
Mineral. Not Kahcotic Castoria is a harmless substitute for Castor Oil, Paregoric, Drops
and Soothing Syrups. It is pleasant. It contains neither Opium*
fmmfbnsm* v Morphine nor other narcotic substance. Its age is its guarantee..
) For more than thirty years it has been in constant use for the
Mi***. I relief of Constipation, Flatulency, Wind Colic and Diarrhoea;
3H5£m*** | allaying Feverishness arisen! therefrom, and by regulating the
) Stomach and Bowels, aids the assimilation of Food; giving
rtm'kfUL_l healthy and ’natural sleep. The Children’s Panacea—The
A helpful Remedy for Mother’s Friend.
GENUINE CASTORIA ALWAYS
naultint ihctvff.^1-lufanCy
Pac Simile Si^M«reof t
| \
T>« Gcttaph OoMPAttr- i
In Use For Over 30 Years
The Kind You Have Always Bought
Exact Copy of Wrapper. thi ckmtaur compahv, n«w vouk qitv. i
i ' ^ ' t