LABOR AND WAKES.
' " ■ V ’ ''
AS AFFECTED BV TWO TARIFF
ra . PERIODS.
' Th« American Eronooilit Produce*
. Nome Facte and Flinrea to Prove That
? j Fallacy of Democrntlc Claim*—Some
*' - Startling Pictures.
.';; ;■ : —......—
M I
Since the beginning of the present
year the Free Trade newspapers have
been busily engaged in reporting what
they were pleased to term “advances”
In wages, though in no single Instance
has it been stated to what previous rate
of wages the "advance” related. With
a view to ascertaining the facts the
4 American Protective Tariff League has
undertaken an Investigation to deter
mine the average number of hands em
ployed In different industries, during
the flrst half of the years 1890, 1892,
1894 and 1895, together with the per
Hotel . II 19
Iron and st col......... 13,0-11 15.133
Knll boohs. K«> UWO
Lamp manufacturing 1S3 12S
Lawyer and plunlor. 4i 55
Leather board. 6:1 60
Lumber. 2.MS 2.310
Machinery, etc. 4,339 4,45>
Men s furnishings., 440 493
Metal goods...,........ 13 15
MID furnishings. 50
Milling.. 7.1ft Ml
Mining.. 2.37/ 2,376
Newspapers, print
ing und publishing 613 713
Packing.. 1.630 2,410
Paper. 2239 8.667
Pottery. BOO B20
Pumps and windmills 166 176
Railroads.16,873 19,456
I level vers. 400 400
Hlbbon menafnrl'Dg MO 100
Rooting imetal). 60 70
Kooflng slate. 242 240
salt. 2ft 20
Sashes, blinds. &c. . 21 20
Saw mill mid pumps 31 36
Sewer pine. 67 119
Sheep raising. 40 3ft
Shlpwoiks. 1,188 410
Slate quarry and fac
tory .,. 40 40
Silk manufacturing. 609 792
Smelling. 48 66
Soap manufacturing. 4! 42
Stationers.. 1ft 20
Stove inanuruct'ng.. 18> 18‘>
Sugar. 1,0.8 1.944
Turpentine. 70 60
Wagons and carrl
egos. 84ft 410
■Wail paper. 60 75
Water wheels. 30 40
Wine manufacturing Ift 1ft
Wire. 671 9tm
Woolens. 7,863 8,86ft
Woe lens and cottons 621 U9
Wt,rated goods. 1,332 1,458
Worsteds and wool
ens. 382 376
Yarns. 360 29S
Yarns und cloths_ 930 1,(26)
Yarns and cordage.. 76 90
8 8
8,650 15.71)4
892 953
63
3i)
*|8
2.112
3.365
34)
6
20
750
1,026
072 y
2.560
2,271
60
183
15'
125
21
l/.bH
8.919
880
M5
1,7:18
2M*
630
2or.
16.021 15,271
203 aw
115 140
65 75
231
18
16
28
43
4
40)
40
701
1
38
26
110
1912
60
306
15
35
7
1,103
7,295
85
1.303
137
418
61 JO
60
273
4>
860
1
43
30
106
1,626
40
313
20
45
5
1,051
7,714
2f«5
1 665
264
•442
750
75
82,881 92,411 CM,330 60,086
Totula
PAVMPITof tW NATIONAL DEBT
^0TECT70^
T^V
t\ifREE
ears) 0jf
American
WealW
75 million Dollors
PAYMENT
50 Million Dollars
payment;
25 million Dollors
.PAYMENT
—ZERA—
25 million Dollars
BE LOW ZERO
SO million Dollars
BELOW ZERO
75 million OoHoro
^ BELOW ZERO
European
Weather
, h uvergge OtnnuaV Overage Onnual 1
;.« WOWREASE OF 0E6T - ADDITION TO OEBT^J
J; A jV&ll&n #65,562,36.5 f ^ J
%(jh
contags «f wages paid, the rate ct 1890
being taken as a full standard.
We hare received almost 500 reports
from 86 different Industries, the largest
number of Industries that ever reported
to any census made by the League. As
forty of the replies were either unsign
ed. only partly filled out, or both, we
omitted them entirely from our calcula
tions. leaving the following particulars
representing the Information given by
456 different employers of labor. The
first list gives In detail the number of
hands employed: '
Kua Employed. ■
- Avenue Dumber of bands
tu
iiH"
U'
S':’",:'
\ ;
fst
Industry. 1890.
tllackHmltlilog. 8
Hie Aching snd dyeing SSI
Boilers, engines and
locom Uvea. 6.005
lhix and pump facto
ries. IS
Box making... too
4
i*. a:
ployed. Jan. 1 to
Ju
June SO
ISOS. l(»l.
1
432
4
415
1805.
4
Mi
5,961 3.E48 3,296
S75
61
S3
361
M
3A3I
B(U< goods.,
Brick and tUe
Building and
trading.
Carpets .
Chewing cum..
Coal and ooke..
Copper refiners...... ns
Cordage. SCO
Cotton...4,976
Cotton sad jute...... SOI
’Cut nails and spikes. 8,6
Dredging.. . . 18
Drugs (wholesale)... 91
Earthenware........ 900
Educational... 15
Egg paoktng.
Farming.... . 13
Felt anti lumber mtlla 380
Fiber and fiber ware. 103
Furniture . 5
General laborers_ 59
General merchd’ae.. 33
Glove maaufaoturiag
Grainaodfood.. ...
Hardware.
Hardware, plumbing
and steam fitting.
13
812
8
>IB
46
28
1M
411
11
415
4
no
40
381
SO
8,774
IT*
St-0
5.243
3J0
303
81
90
800
IS
50
IS
asr
117
6
15
51
4S5
4
1.081
31
317
SO
3,213
ait
350
SMS
220
217
S3
80
300
13
IS
IS
80
5
10
14
320
4
903
»
441
101
2.761
II!
3-M
540
251
191
SI
8
to;
i:
li
1!
a
i
98
13
Hatmanufadurtag.. ....
Bop grow lag.. .
Hosiery.. SO
Idaho sad ander
...lit-*1"*—* 980
14
K
»>
S3
131
15
m
341
I!
T
3
33
490 250
\L*5
These returns show that the same in
dustries employed 9,530 more hands in
1892 than in 1890, an Increase of 12 per
cent. In 1894 they employed 24,081
hands less than in 1892, a decrease of 26
per cent; in the early part of 1895 they
employed 11,756 more hands than in
1894. but 12,325 less hands than in J892
and 2,795 less even than in 1890. For
Industry.
Wages.
-• Average percent - re i
wages paid, Jan- '
unry 1 to June 30.
1W>0 mi KOI 1895
lilactasmtthing.. Id?
Bleaching and dyeing ....... ICO
Boilers, engines and loeorao
motive*.......100
Bottle manufacturing........... 100
Box and pump factory...1J0
Box miking..•.100
Brass goods .10)
Brick and tile.103
BullJing and contracting.100
100
140
7n
110
1
101
125
100
100
08
90
105
81
75
90
80
01
75
92
43
90 '
Free Trade Means No Money.
58883 83
Carpets. .100 108 T9 89
Chewing gum..... .109 100 109 110
Coal and coke.10 > 95 83 7#
Copper refiners.103 100 100 109
Cordage. 100 109 40 40
Cottou. ..100 103 92 94
Cotton and pile.. ;..10> 100 70 80
Cut nails and spikes.109 99 75 70
Dredging.100 1C7 #9 93
Drugs. 109 100 83 90
Earthenware.100 100 73 72
Educational . 10) 100 100 100
Egg pocking..... 10) 100 90 90
Fanning...100 100 83 77
Felt and lumber.100 123 S3 1i8
Fibre ..100 110 02 74
Furniture.100 100 1J0 100
General labor_.100 IK) 50 50
General merchandise .. ..>00 149 93 62
OlOVes. .'.100 115 108 114
Grain and feed.100 109 10) 100
Hardware... 109 102 74 81
Harness_•. DO IPO (so CO
Hops .100 100 100 75
Hosiery.109 100 100 117
Mining ... 100 103 62 75
Packing.. 100 93 89 89
Paper .109 101 78 73
Pottery.109 11)0 91 80
Printing and bookbinding_ 1(3) 93 81 83
Pulp.} 0 130 109 P8
Pumps nnd windmills...irJ0 100 93 88
Railroads. 1 0 102 98 103
Restaurant.100 100 100 100
Revolvers.. 100 100 9) 99
Roofing and siding.....100 118 It ! 03
Roofing slate...10 111 97 97
Ribbons . 100 65 80 93
Hosiery and underwear.100 109 80 75
Hotel . 1.0 100 80 70
Iron and steel.100 103 83 89
Knit goods.100 99 '83 87
Lamps.a.....100 ICO 90 93
Lime.......101 109 41 27
Leather board.. .. 100 100 93 ICO
Lumber.109 190 82 81
Machinery..... 100 95 75 $0
Men's furnishing...100 100 89 88
Metal goods.100 100 09 00
Mill furnishing.100 ICO 75 50
Salt .10) ICO 73 7i)
Sash, blinds, doors .100 100 80 8 >
Saw mills and pumps......109 103 87 165
Saw mills.109 103 80 79
Sewer piping.,..10) l.-S 36 114
Saccp..1 0 109 87 53
Shipbuilding. ..100 10 ) 92 65
Silk.10.) 10) 89 113
Slate quarries......DO 10) ICO 109
Smelting.109 90 80 80
Sugr.r.100 101 86 67
Tools.•.10.) 106 71 91
Turpentine.100 80 70 60
Wagons and carriages.10.) 114 79 81
Wallpaper. U0 109 90 90
WuUr.whceis.110 100 85 85
Wine.101 H.3 109 109
Wlro.K....i.UU0 0.) 05 94
Woolen goods .10) 100 9l 89
Woolors and cottons.100 110 13 GO
Worsted goods.109 90 71 91
Worsted and woolens.....103 IOl 70 77
Varus. 100 100 79 92
Yarns and c'.olh.10 > 109 78 88
Yarns and cordage.......HO ioj 90 90
Averages . 100 105 84 86
These facts show that the average of
wages paid in 1892 was 5 per cent high
er than in 1890; in 1893 it was 16 per
cent less than in 1890 and 21 per cent
less than in 1892; while for the 1895
period the average rate of wages paid
was 14 per cent less than in 1890,17 per
cent less than in 1892; and only 2 per
cent greater than in 1894. While those
reported “advances” in Wages have
been diligently announced in the cases
of the few Industries that have been
enabled to make them, nothing has
been heard of the far more numerous
other instances wherein the wage earn
ers have not been so fortunate.
Provious investigations made by the
League were:
McKinley census, October, 1882,
showing over $40,000,000 invested in
new or enlarged Industries within two
1894
Mnlsg
Tarijj
1895
Gorman
TrnjJ
Export Corn
'Jwtte two Jisca\ years
.enliwy June 30;-tBWaiid 1895
1893 the employment of labor shows an
lnctease of 17 per cent, as compared
with 1894, a decrease of 13 per cent as
compared with 1892, and a decrease of
3 per cent as compared with 1890.
Next we give the percentage of wagea
paid in 456 different Industrial estab
) Ushments:
years; also that work has been pro*
vided for 37,285 additional hands.
Industrial census, October, 1893,
showing a loss of 47.20 per cent in the
volume of trade, as compared with No
vember, 1892; a decrease of 60^4 per
cent in the number of hands employed;
a decrease of 69 per cent in the amount
of wages paU. and a decrease of $2.35
in the average weekly earninga.
Industrial census. October, 1894,
showing a decrease of 5C per cent in the
output of factories, as compared with
1892; a falling ofT of 30 per cent in the
number of hands employed; a falling
off of 45 per cent in the amount of
wages earned'; a decrease of $55 in aver
age annual earnings.
These results can be briefly tabulated
as follows:
McKinley Census of 1802.
Extra hands employed..? ... 137.285
New capital invested...(40,00>,00J
Industrial Census, October, 1803.
Since November. 1892.
Decrease In labor..80>6 percent
Decrease in wages..W per cent
Decrease in business. ,47.2percent
Number of bands out of work .101,783
Total loss in weekly wages.. (1,203,831.38
Average decrease in rato of
wages..(3.35 per week
Industrial Census, October, 1804.
Since 1890 Census.
Decrease inlabor.30 per cent
Decrease in wages .45 per cent
Decrease in product value.44 percent
Decrease in cost of material .44 per cent
Wage and Labor Census, September, 1805
Labor Wages
employed. paid.
Comparison More or More (-B or
with lessC—). less (—).
1883.— 3 per cent. —14
1892... .— 13 per cent —17
lt94.4- 17 per cent. + 3
From this latest investigation it is ap
parent that the industrial condition of
the United States has retrogressed more
than half a’ decade. Six years have
elapsed since the taking of the sensus
of 1889, and we find that 3 per cent less
labor is employed now than then, also
that labor earned this year at the rate
Buncoing the Suffer Planter*.
of 14 per cent les6 wages than in 1889.
These results, as applied to the whole
country, appear In the following ex
hibit:
Census of 1893. Investigation of 1895.
Hands employed. . 4,7:2,622—3 per cent.,4,571,213
Wages enrned.
12,283,216,529 -less 14 per cent tl.961.663,215
The result of a Democratic adminis
tration and a Free Trade fanatic Con
gress is that labor was earning $300,000
000 less this year than in 1889. We have
to thank the more conservative Demo
cratic Congressmen that the result wa3
not worse. Contrast this half decade of
Democratic destruction with the pro
Hlillng tlie Real Danger.
gress of the country during three de
cades of Protection:
Orowth of Capital Invested.
1880... . ...*1,000,855,715
1070 . 2,118,308,780
1880. 2,701.272,806
1880. 6,524,475,300
Increase of Persons Employed.
CMldrcn.
Not
Men. Women, returned.
1880. 1,0.0,349 270 807 •.
187J..1,615/98 -823,770 114,828
1880 ....2 018,035 531,638 181,021
1880 .3,745,210 845,428 121,184
•Not returned.
Total Wages Paid.
1860..*....* 378,878,966
1870.. 775,584 343
1881 ... 847,853,785
1800..-.. 2,283 216,529
Cost of Material and Valao of Product,
Cost of Value of
Material. Product.
I860.. 11,031,605.092 *1,855,861,676
1870, . 2,488.427,242 4,232,325,44:
1889.. 8,3 6,823,549 5,360,579,191
1880.. 6,162.' 41,076 9, .72,437,283
There are two items in the above
tables that stand out in bold relief of
all others:
Hands Fmployed. Wanes Paid.
1890.4.712,622 *2.283,216/ 28
1880 . 2,732 59 > 947,853,795
Increase in ten y ars.1.980,027 *1,335,282,731
Nearly two millions of people given
employment In a decade. Two -hundred
thousand per year. This was Protection.
And the threat of Free Trade has
thrown us back half a dozen years till
labor is less busy now than it was in
1889, and its earning capacity is less by
three hundred million dollars a year.
Here the suggestion naturally follows
that our consumption of goods must be
on the basis of our consumption In 1889,
at least as far as the wage earners are
concerned if they are in receipt of $300,
000,000 less than in 1889. This being the
case, the effect of our present importa
tions of foreign goods could only be
fairly gauged by comparing them with
our imports of 1889. That we are not
consuming as much as we did from
1890 to 1893 is well known, but if the
demand has fallen back to that of 1889
then our manufacturers will certainly
have to curtail their output very short
ly. We have, in fact, learned from rep
resentatives of several industries that
this is likely to be the case.
DAIRY AND POULTRY.
INTERESTING CHAPTERS FOR
OUR RURAL READERS.
Row Enccessfol farmers Operate Thli
^Department of the Farm—A Few
Hint* a. to the Care of Lire Stock
and Poultry.
N building silos
'cheapness of con
struction does npt
interfere with use
fulness ‘if the one
essential, making
the walls air-tight,
is attended to. As
evidence of this we
quote the following
description of the
silos of the well
known dairyman John Gould of Ohio
as given by L. S. Hardin in Home and
Farm:
Mr. uouid rather favors building the
alio in the barn, as that saves a roof
and gives outside protection, the silo
being merely a big box. The room
taken up supplies so much more feed
than the same space occupied by the
hay that the apparent loss is a real
gain. Here not stone foundation is
needed. All that is-required is to dig
a trench the size of the silo, large
enough to receive a 10-inch square sill
and bed it in mortar underneath and
on the sides to firm it. Set up the 2x6
inch studding 18 inches apart from cen
ter to center and line up on the inside
with inch lumber 10 inches wide, cross
locked at the corner and so securely
that it will be impossible to pull it
apart. Cover on the Inside of the first
lining with cheap tarred paper, then
run on another layer of the same kind
of lumber; put it on with a half lap, so
as to break the joint in the first layer
and nail well with 10-penny wire nails.
To make sure that the corners are
tight have a 3x3-lnch scantling sawed
through cornerwise and nail these into
the corners with a backing of paper
well painted with gas tar. The silage
is taken out with small doors unhing
ed, set in from inside. The pressure of
the silage holds them securely in place,
and these are taken out one by one as
the feeding of the silage progresses.
When the walls of the silo are finished'
and painted with a paint made of 3
quarts of gas tar and 2 quarts of gaso
line well mixed—taking care "that no
fire comes near it in mixing or apply
ing—the floor may be made by drawing
the soil from the center of the silo up
to and pounding down against the side
walls until the floor is in the form of
a kettle. Wetted when pounded, and of
clay, this makes one of the best floors.
Mr. Qould has two siloes of this kind
built eight years ago, holding 200 tons
of silage that did not cost 8100. He
uses no coverings or weight to the en
silage, but when the heat begins to ap
pear he scatters evenly over the top of
silage 10 or 15 pails of water, which
causes an air-tight mold to form, which
answers every purpose and he says
causes the waste of less than a wagon
bed full of silage. Surely any farmer
could make such a silo as here describ
ed at less than $50 apiece, of 100-ton
capacity; this would be 7 or 8 acres of
corn fodder per silo.
Dnngor from Milk.
The Massachusetts society for the
promotion of agriculture has recently
published in book form the results of
its thorough investigation as to the in
fectiousness of milk from tuberculous
cows. The object was to determine,
especially, whether the infectious ele
ment of tuberculosis ever existed in
milk from tuberculous cows whose ud
ders are apparently healthy. Some of
the results, briefly, are as follows;
Eighty-eight guinea pigs were inocu
lated with milk from 15 cows; tubercu
losis was found in twelve of these pigs,
after using milk from .six different
cows. Ninety-five rabbits were in
oculated, and six of them found with
tuberculosis. Milk of tuberculous
cows was fed to 48 rabbits, and two
showed tuberculosis. Twelve pigs
were fed on the milk and five produced
positive results, with suspicion in two
others. Twenty-one calves produced
eight with tuberculosis. Circular let
ters were sent out to physicians and
veterinary surgeons, asking whether
they had ever seen a case of
tuberculosis that could be traced
to the milk ‘ supply. Answers
were received from 991, of which
58 had seen or suspected the ex
istence of such cases. This is less
than 6 per cent, which the trustees re-.
gard as remarkably small. The con
clusions of the report are as follows;
1. While the transmission of tuber
culosis by milk is probably not the
most Important means by which the
disease is propagated, it is something
to be guarded against most carefully.
2. The possibility of milk from tu
berculous udders containing the infec
tious element is undeniable.
3. With the evidence here presented,
it is equally undeniable that milk from
diseased cows with no appreciable le
sion of the udder may, and not infre
quently does, contain the bacillus ol
the disease.
4. Therefore all such milk should be
condemned for food.
Ebb Production.
A writer on poultry topics, A. M.
Halstead, says:
Some years since a tabulated state
ment went the rounds of the press,
showing that a hen could not possibly
lay more than 600 eggs in her natural
life. The number was parceled out as
follows: The first year after birth, 15
ta 20; second year, 100 to 120; third’
year, 120 to 135; fourth year, 100 to 115;
fifth year, 60 to SO; sixth year, 50 to
60; seventh year, 35 to 40; eighth year.
15 to 20. This table was assumed and
based upon a microscopic investigation
of the ovarium of a hen, by some
European savant. For once, science
was wrong. Recently a number of per
sons have kept careful count and have
found an egg production of nearly
1,000, during the eight or nine years of
a hen’s life. I, myself, have had a yield •
of over 350 eggs per hen In two years,
averaging 175 yearly from a flock of
Crevecoeurs, and my Brown Leghorn#
yearly exceed that record. Two years
since, from a flock of 61 hens at first,
of which two died in February and
March, and 34 were killed for ttie table
prior to July, I gathered between Jan
uary 1 and September 1, 6,257 eggs.
Taking 43 as the average number of
hens through the season, this gives an
average of 145 eggs per hen per sea
son of eight months. Of these 61 hens
25 were Brown Leghorns, 6 Light Brah
mas, 4 Plymouth Rocks, and the rest
were crosses and mongrels. Had the
flock been all Leghorns I have no
doubt but that the average would have
been fully 175 eggs per hen.
This production of eggs .may be
forced by suitable feeding, and, in
breeding for profit, It should be done. -
Assuming the table given above to be
correct, In proportion of the eggs laid
at certain ages of the fowl, it follows
luui to get the lull value or tne egg
production we must keep hens until
the fourth year. If, by proper feeding
and attention, we can cause her to lay
three-fourths or more of that possible
number during the first two years, we
can then fatten her for market, and »
fill her place In the yard by younger -j
• fowls, to go through the same forcing J
process. It Is folly to feed and keep
a hen for four years, when the bulk of
her product may be obtained from her
In half that time. I should, therefore,
advise fitting her for market, as soon
as she has finished the best of her sec
ond season’s laying, which is usually
about June. The cocks may be kept
till three years old, if desired, but
usually two years will be found the
most profitable age to market them.
In the "old time" it was a good
flock of hens that averaged 50 eggs per
annum. Now, ah average of 100 is es
teemed a low figure, 150 per head be
ing considered the necssary number to
entitle a flock to be called good layers. ■
We frequently hear of instances where
an average of 200 and upwards have
been produced by small-sized flocks,
but these are exceptions to the rule.
Keeping OS Lice.
M. W. Neihart, of Nebraska City,
gives the following in the Nebraska
Farmer as his method of keeping his
poultry house free from lice:
“My chicken houses all contain earth
floors. I drive stakes in the ground
for roosts to rest on, bore holes .through
roost pole (which is a 2x4 ripped in
two, making a pole 2x2), and into top
of Btakes allowing a wire spike to go
through roost and into the stake. This
will hold the roost in place.
"Don’t allow the roosts to touch
your building anywhere. I leave these
stakes about two feet high. Now you
know full well that these mites always
leave the chicken towards the dawn of r
morning and remain on the roost and
in the building until evening, when
they again attack the fowls as they set
tle down to rest Results you know
and I need not repeat them, but will
say that these blood suckers are the
direct chuse of bringing into the flocks
of our land what is commonly called
cholera. Out of hundreds of cases of
supposed cholera examined by myself
I hav§ yet to find my first of this
dreaded disease.
“But to turn to our subject. Now all
you have to do is pick up your roost,
take it outside (for convenience), have
a common machine oil can filled with
gasoline and saturate pole completely,
also go inside and run some on top and
down the stakes. Repeat this a few
times and you will completely destroy
those mischief makers. Your house is
no doubt overrun with these mites, but •
only doctor your roosts and you will
have them exterminated.”
Shorthorns vs. Scrubs.—A shorthorn
steer properly cared for can be made
to weigh 1,500 pounds in three years,
while a scrub will require five years
to secure 1,200 pounds, and as a result
the shorthorn gains 500 pounds annu
ally and the scrub 240 pounds annual
ly. Estimating shorthorns at 5% ,
cents a pound, the gain is annually 1
$26.25, and estimating the scrub at 4*4
cents a pound, the gain is annually
$10.60, or $15.65 gain in favor of the
shorthorn. But let us note how the
case stands with both at the end of the
year. I have stated that the short
horn gains 500 pounds a year, hence in
the three years it weighs 1,500 pounds
and is worth $78.75; the scrub gains 240
pounds a year, and in three years
weighs 720 pounds and is worth $30.60,
bence the difference in the value of the
steers at the expiration of three years
is $48.15 in favor of the shorthorn. In
other words, the shorthorn at the expi
ration of three years is worth twice as - <
much as the scrub and $17.55 over.—
Robert Mitchell.
Life of the Horse.—Speaking on the
subject of the longevity of the horse a
writer in one of our Boston exchanges
says: “The natural life of a horse
must depend partly on its breeding
but quite as much on the kind of work
it is set to do. An animal never driven
fast and thus strained or injured by
hard roads will last to 25 years and do
good service. But if driven hard on
stone or asphalt roadbeds its feet will
give out and the animal will soon be
come worthless. Eli Wakelee of An
sonia, Conn., has a team of horses 34
and 35 years old which are yet in good
condition and do good work. He had
their photograph taken recently, and
will bang it in his parlor. Mr. Wake
lee has worked this team in double
harness all spring and summer, plow
ing, dragging and mowing with them
and they are yet in prime condition*
sleek and glossy as most horses that
are young. He has worked them more
than twenty-five years, and it is evi
dent that the team has never oecn
used/'