i. DAIRY AND POULTRY.
s'.,' '
L;?,. INTERESTING CHAPTERS FOR
1 OUR RURAL READERS.
N*" gurrcMful Furnini Operate The
f , Department of the Fur 111 —A Few
Mint* m to th* Cnr* of Live Stock
v. And Poultry.
ROF H. L. KtTS
ibpII of the Wiscon
sin experiment sta
, tlon. writing on the
I subject of pasturix
atlon, says:
Under ordinary
conditions, milk in
evitably suffers a
change In its phys
ical composition
that soon renders
it unfit for human
tuuu. nun it'iuiuuuiuuu in '-*'**•
W monly called souring, iiUhotigh
L there are masked under this
general name a number of other
, ehanges. The souring of milk Is due
to the action of numerous living or
t gauisms that break down the sugar in
the milk, forming lactic acid, and the
! change In the chemical reaction of the
milk results in the formation of a hard,
firm curd.
If tlio entrance of these organisms
| that come from the dust of the air,
the dirt and filth that Is dislodged from’
the animal, the Impurities that rc
main In the cracks and Joints of the
vessels that are used to hold tho milk
could be entirely prevented, milk would
f remain sweet for an indefinite period
w of time. Scrupulous cleanliness in se
curing and handling such a perishable
article as milk does much to keep it
' In a normal condition, but even with
the best of care, much loss is occasioned
pt; by the presence of these growing bac
terla that are.capable of exerting such
a profound influence on this food prod
‘ net.
S;>
®7- .. . 1 1 -
her arrival, gives her a matter to look
forward to and even long for, and In
the afternoon the cowa have a home
longing and start for the "bars," and
getting up the cowa with boy, horse
and dog Is an obsolete custom on such
a fnrm. In this summer care of the
cows their comfort should be looked
after In the lot, seeing that there is
plenty of good water, and shade of
some kind. In the west, on tho prairies,
this la a feature to bo looked after,
where tho man in the east, with his
wood lot part of the pasture and
springs by the score on the
hill sides, Is provided for in
the bestowal of nature's gifts.
Where the pasture Is about destitute
of shade, there should bo an open bnr
rack provided, and water pumped
handy by. Of course these things cost
not a little, but they pay, and where
shade is limited It will also pay to
! stable tho cows In the middle of the
day, if good testimony Is to be relied
upon. If the cow Is to be fresh in Sep
tember or October she should be kept
in good heart by Borne kind of grain,
with a generous percentage of albumin
ous matter in it, to sustain her and de
velop tho milking function. Years ago
It was thought the thing to starve the
fall milker; now the danger Is from tho
opposite direction, overfeeding. Keep
this summer dry cow In thrift, not fat
ten her, nnd sho will pay It all back
in extra milk. The summer milker may
not seem to need extra feed, but some
grain will be profitable. One profit is
to liiro her to come home at night, and
avoid tlie expense of keeping a dog
to worry her and kill sheep tho rest
of the time, and when the pastures fall
this cow will not shrink like a grass
fed cow. Along these lines there Is no
end of things to learn, and to advan
tage, and the chief of these are plenty
and a variety of feed, good and abund
ant water, both at yard and pasture,
quiet and comfortablo quarters, and
regularity of attention. — Practical
Farmer.
Times will never get too hard for tho
faithful hen to earn her living.
any other kind of vegetables, with bits
of meat, pieces of dry bread (scalded),
and on this enough bran, crunhed bone
and fine grit to make all amount to
two and one-half quarts. This is al
ways fed warm and early. , Water also
Is served warm and renewed at noon
dally. At noon, three or four handfuls
of oats, millet, small feeds among lit
ter. In evening, about one quart of
corn or oats, alternately. They start
ed to lay iu November and continued
till winter, when they stopped for want
of 8u(llclont warmth. We then pro
cured a small stove and by running the
pipe through both coops warmed both.
Since then a magic change has come
over them. The stove was In service
but a week when they began business
again and are now keeping it up, hav
ing In Februnry produced 330 eggs. At
present (March) they average fifteen
eggs a day, sometimes yielding seven
teen or eighteen. Do you think they
are doing as well as they should, and Is
labor sufficiently repaid? Would be
thankful for an opinion. Another
query: A friend of mine is anxious to
cross Black Minorca cockerel on Brown
Leghorn hens. Would there be a gain
as to number and size of eggs or any
other advantage ns layers by uniting
the qualities of both?
There is no doubt that warmth is
the main factor In securing eggs in
winter—changing the season into sum
mer conditions. The objection In the
above fs a probability that should the
house be made too warm the hens may
become tender and easily take cold.
In regard to the cross mentioned, it
Is probable that tho Black Minorca
would increase the size of the eggs, but
not the number. We see no advantage
In crossing, as It soon leads to mon
grels. If size Is wanted In eggs why
not use the pure Minorca without cross
ing? A cross destroys many good qual
ities of both breeds.—American Poultry
Keeper.
I’oiiltry Industry In England.
The royal commission on agriculture
finds that poultry raising Is a very
>>
The fowls shown In the Illustration
“i on this page are Sultans, so called be
| cause they were Imported Into Europe
from Constantinople, where they are
known as "Sultan’s Fowls.” They some
what resemble White Polish, but have
more abundant feathers and shorter
legs. They are good layers, their eggs
being large and white.
s Not only does the consuming public
demand that Its milk supply should be
as tree as possible from foreign im
purities, so that it will retalu its keep
ing qualities for the longest possible
time, but the relations of milk to the
public health, especially to the welfare
t>-. of infants and children, is a question
| of paramount Importance. The recogni
tion of the fact that consumption In
its many phases is a common disease of
dairy cattle and that the possibility of
Infection exists through the use of milk
- of tuberculous animals has done much
to awaken the public Interest in a
closer examination of milk supplies.
The various epidemics of typhoid and
scarlet fevers as well as diphtheria that
r have been traced directly to an infected
N Bilk supply show conclusively that the
C possibility of infection being transmlt
| ted by means of milk is not to be lg
|' nored. In considering the ways iu which
: It Is possible to render our milk sup
plies purer and more wholesome, the
|: hygienic side of the question must be
considered as well as the economic
phaso.
p: In order to accomplish the above pur
. poses, wholly or in part, many meth
v ods of treatment have been suggested
■ that are based upon the action of dlf
: ferent physical and chemical forces.
. All of these attempt to accomplish their
i purpose by either inhibiting the growth
v of or actually destroying the bacterial
c life that Inevitably gains access to milk
under ordinary condiions.
jj? One of the most successful methods
‘ of treatment has been in the use of heat
i applied in different ways.
• The importance of the above relation
? p is demonstrated in a recent epidemic
of typhoid fever in Stamford, Conn.
V; d»rof. C. A. Lindsley, secretary of state
P board of health, in a letter to the writer
under date of May 20, 1S95. says: “In
the town of Stamford, of about IS,000
, population, the cases now number over
goo. All these cases are the customers
of one milk peddler." In several in
' ■ stances where persons contracted the
i disease, they drank the milk while visit
ing at the house of the milkman. It
had been the habit to wash the cans
with water from a well, and it is
thought that the contamination of the
i Bilk occurred in this way.
Where do You Milk?
' ■ In Bany instances the cows are
’ / Bilked in the open yard in the summer,
and in fly time the movement of the
’ tows reminds one of an animal show,
L and that milking is often attended with
[: damage is not to be gainsaid. Cows,
to make the most of their opportuni
ties, need to he milked in quiet, and
,t a larger part of the hot months some
\ sort of a soiling crop must be fed to
‘1 obtain the best results, which means
I prolonging the milk flow, and nowhere
, con this bo so well done and each cow
i receive her due proportion, as In the
1 stable. It has been a matter of observa
tion with us, that a cow soon comes to
, 2>ave a home place in the stable, and
to be tied there twice a day and have
ipome provender, grain or forage on
Poultry of To-day.
"The magnificent hen Been today,
weighing eight to ten pounds and pro
ducing twelve to fourteen dozen of
eggs yearly, is not an accident,” said
Dr. G. M. Twitchsll before the Massa
chusetts board of agriculture some
years ago. "She has been evolved out
of the brain and hand of man through
centuries of breeding and feeding.
Left to its native state the product
would be only what is necessary to
perpetuate the species.” The poultry
man of today has learned that the
matter of feed is far more Important,
commercially, than breed True, we
have varieties that are better adapted
to extensive egg production than
others, yet the laying of eggs depends
altogether upon the quality of ration
the hens of any breed get. Scientific
men tell us that an egg Is an ounce
and a half of concentrated food made
up of lime, soda, sulphur, iron, phos
phorus, magnesia', oil, and albumen.
The hen is the mill to grind, says one,
the crop the hopper, and tho egg the
grist. Every particle of the egg, yolk,
albumen, and shell, must come from
the assimilated' food through the
blood cells. If we give a fat.ty or
heating ration we check egg produc
tion, becauso tho proper material Is
missing. Coin contains 86 per cent
fat and heat elements, hence is no
egg food. We must not guage economy
by cheapness. Corn may be the cheap
est ration as far as dollars and cents
are concerned, in Us market value, but
it undoubtedly is a dear egg food, for
it cannot produce what is wanted.
Farmers have the idea that corn will
make eggs and for proof refer to the
fact that their hens get nothing else,
but they forget to note that their stock
are allowed perfect freedom, that they
gather much in their foraging trips.
Worms, bugs, grass, wheat, oats, and
what not are to be found on the daily
trips of the feathered tribe. So it Is
not the corn, but the variety of other
feed the hens collect that make the
eggs, and the former gets the credit.
The cheapest egg food, then, is that
which gives the most eggs: such a
quantity of food, too, as will be thor
oughly digested and assimilated. All
this science and knowledge the poultry
man of today has gleaned and he is
keeping on learning.—Ex.
The Store Made Them Ijlj.
A reader at Pittsburg, Pa., sends us
an interesting letter and states how he
secured eggs In winter from thirty hens
by the use of a stove. He says:
We have thirty brown Leghorn hens,
eight of which are in their second or
third year, the others poultry from
last May. They are inclosed in two
coops, each 9x12 feet, with plenty of
light, clean quarters (being cleaned
twice a week and daily in summer),
and floors covered with cut straw to
the depth of three or four inches. Also,
a free range of two or three acres in
fair weather. Our method of feeding is
as follows: Morning meal, potatoes or
profitable business in England, not
withstanding the general depression,
but it Is conducted on somewhat differ
ent lines from here. They say:
The industry is divided into two
branches, those of rearing and fatter -
ing, carried on, as a rule, by different
persons, but combined In a compara
tively few instances. The rearers
breed and keep chickens till the birds
arc three or four months old, when the
fatteners purchase them at Is Sd to 3s
Gd each, according to the season of the
year. Occasionally early birds fetch as
much as 3s 9d or even 4s. In spite of
losses from disease, rooks, and vermin,
rearing must be a very protable indus
try, as it is estimated that the average
cost of a bird when fit for the fattener
is only Is. But this branch of the in
dustry is profitable because it is under
done, the fatteners being rarely able to
obtain as many chickens as they re
quire. Dairy farming is usually
combined with poultry breeding and
rearing, the skim milk being given to
! the fowls and butter being made. The
! largest rearing farm mentioned by Mr.
j Rew is one of 200 acres, on which about
j 8,000 chickens are reared annually, ten
dairy cows, other, cattle, and some
sheep and pigs being also kept.
Government Crop Report.
The July returns to the statistician
of the department of agriculture by the
1 correspondents thereof make the fol
lowing averages of conditions: Corn,
99.3: winter wheat, 65.8; spring wheat,
102.2: oats, 83.2; winter rye, 82.2; spring
rye, 77; all rye, 80.7: barley, S1.9; rice
84.4; potatoes, 91.5; tobacco, 85.9.
Acreage of potatoes compared with
1894, 107.9, and of tobacco 84.8 per cent.
The report on acreage of eorn, which
is preliminary, shows 107.S as compared
with the area planted in 1894, which
was a little over 76,000.000, being an
increase of 6,000,000 acres, and .aggre
gating in round numbers 82,000,000
acres.
The averages for the principal corn
states are: Ohio, 104; Michigan, 104;
Indiana, 104; Illinois, 105; Wisconsin,
105; Minnesota, 112: Iowa. 106; Mis
souri, 107; Kansas, 117; Nebraska, 107;
Texas, 112; Tennessee, 107; Kentucky!
102. The average condition of corn is
99.3, against 95 in July last year and
93.2 in 1893.
The ayerage of condition of winter
wheat is 65.8, against 71.1 in Juno and
83.2 last July.
The percentages of principal states
*re: New York, 78; Pennsylvania, 88;
Kentucky, 85; Ohio, 60; Michigan, 69;
Indiana, 52; Illinois, 50; Missouri, 68;
j Kansas, 42; California, 82; Oregon, 95;
i Washington, 93.
The condition of the spring wheat is
102.2, against 97.8 in June and 68.4 in
July, 1S94. State averages are: Min
nesota, 112; Wisconsin, 98; Iowa, 109;
Kansas, 46; Nebraska, 80; South Dakota,
112; North Dakota, 102; Washington,
| 94; Oregon, 90.
i The average condition of all wheat
| for the country la 76.1.
GRAND OLD PARTY.
LIVING TRUTHS OF THE PRAC
TICAL POLICY.
Selections from Various Authorities
Which Servo to Prove the Wisdom of
tho People in Calling the Party Back
to Power.
Democracy foe Protection.
In March, 1832, Senator Benton, in
speaking on Clay’s tariff resolution,
called attention to the fact that our do
mestic manufacturers, having a high
tariff on their fabrics, were producing
many from the raw material of foreign
countries, to which- he objected. He
showed that our flax fabrics were from
foreign flax, and he cited wool, hemp,
indigo, hides, and furs, of which five
articles we had imported in six years to
the value of more than $25,000,000. He
noted that “this immense sum had been
paid to foreigners instead of American
citizens,” and said he trusted that, in
the modification of the tariff:
The farmers and planters of the United
States would bo admitted into the bene
fits of the American system and secured
in the domestic supply of the raw mate
rials to our manufacturers. I hope for
this much for the farmers and for the
honor of the system. For nothing can
be more absurd than to erect domestic
manufactures upon foreign (raw) mate
rial; nothing more contradictory than
to predicate independence for goods
upon dependence for materials to make
them of; nothing more iniquitous than
to give to the manufacturers the home
market of goods, and not to give the
farmers the home market of raw mate
rials. I am a friend of domestic in
dustry and intend to give it a fair pro
tection under regular exercise of the
revenue raising power. Above all I
am a friend of the cultivators of the
earth. (Cong. Debates. 22d, 1st (1831-2),
Vol. 8, Part 1, page 587-590.)
This is not quoted to show that Mr.
Benton was a protectionist, beyond
what was known as a “discriminating”
or “incidental” protection, but to prove
that he stood with Silas Wright, James
Buchanan and all the great lights of
the earlier democracy on the agricul
tural question of home-grown raw ma
terial and not free or foreign raw ma
terial.
Mr. Clay in February, 1832, said:
It has been alleged that bar iron,
being a raw material, ought to be ad
mitted free, or with low duties, for the
sake of the manufacturers themselves.
But I take this to be the true princi
ple: That if our country is producing
a raw material of prime necessity, and
if with reasonable protection we can
produce it in sufficient quantity to sup
ply our wants', that raw material ought
to be protected, although it may be
proper to protect the article also out
of which it is manufactured.
In Mr. David Wells’ special report
as commissioner of revenue of January
3, 1867, he recommends the recognition
and adoption, as the basis of present
and future legislation, of the princi
ples of “abating the duty on raw ma
terials to the lowest point consistent
with the requirements of revenue, and
of placing on the free list such raw
materials—the product mainly of tropi
cal countries—as are essential elements
in great leading branches of manufac
turing industry, and which do not come
in competition with any domestic pro
duct.” (Senate Doe. 39, 2d, No. 1,
page 34.)
These sentiments apply to sugar, to
cotton, rice, hemp, tobbaco, flax, barley,
and to coal, lumber and iron ore. The
theory of free raw material is as de
lusive, unsound and erroneous in con
ception as it would be disastrous to our
country. It finds no warrant in the
political history of this country worthy
of indorsement. It would be especially
harmful to agriculture if allowed to
run its course, and once adopted as a
policy, at what point or product would
it stop?
It is true that leading men in both
parties, at an earlier period In the his
tory of the country, endeavored to dis
cover some way in which our manu
facturers might be given the raw ma
terial grown on our own soil without
the duty. They desired to do this in
order to build up our manufacturing
industry, but it was never proposed to
do so at the expense of our farmers.
Mr. Hamilton proposed to take the duty
off of cotton—make it “free” and then
give the planters a bounty on it. Louis
McLane of Delaware (dem.) second
secretary of the treasury under Jack
son, in his report dated Dec. 7, 1831,
said:
... Any amount of duty on a raw
material Is, to its extent, an injury to
the manufacturer, requiring further
countervailing protection against our
| own rather than foreign regulations,
[ and it is only to be justified by the j
j paramount interests of agriculture. In I
I that case it would deserve considera- j
tion whether the encouragement of an
object of agriculture might not be more
properly reconciled with the encourage
ment of the manufacture, and with
greater equality as regards other in
terests, by bounties rather than by a
duty on the raw material. j
Desirable as it was thought j to be
to give our manufacturers free riw ma- j
♦ ■ ?
terJal, It was never proposed to stride
at our farmers in order to secure th at
result.
**A Lnson to Labor."
Under this caption the American
Economist prints a brief paragraph
calling attention to the fact that the
exchange of goods made in this country
for those produced abroad is not neces
sarily and in all-cases precisely what
it is cracked up to be by those who
cheerfully look forward to the time
when the Yankees shall control the
markets of the world through the oper
ation of free trade. “In order that the
pride of the free traders may be grati
fied, in some degree,” it says, “by the
capture of the foreign markets, the En
glish manufacturer and the American
manufacturer should now proceed to
exchange some of their productions,
which amounts, in effect, to a swapping
of dollars.”
If this barter could be, in all re
spects, and in regard to all parties, an
even exchange no harm would be done
and t' - ie would be points of mutual
ad van. age, but as the Economist points
out, American workingmen would be
likely to find that there was a big
balance against them in the transac
tion. “On the one side is a well paid
labor—on the other a poorly paid labor
—these two must be equalized in order
that the manufacturers’ chances shall
be equal.” It would be in this process
of equalization that the workingmen in
this country would find that their
interests were seriously affected. The
markets of the world afford a fine and
inviting field to contemplate—there is
no doubt whatever about that—-but
they must not be acquired at the ex
pense of American labor. That point
was established with the establishment
of protection, and the present temper
of the American people makes it seein
highly improbable that it will be over
thrown.—Springfield (Mass.) Morning
Union.
Favorable to American Velvet*.
A significant phase of the growth and
development of American textile manu
factures is the production by the Salts
Manufacturing company of New York
of black silk velvets, which the domes
tic trade is ordering for fall delivery
in preference to the German or French
made article.
The plant of the Salts Manufacturing
company is located in Connecticut, and
is understood to have been established
by the Salts of England and afterward
given up by them. Then the plant was
taken in hand by the present Now
York house, with the result as stated,
that its American made black velvets
of medium grades are manifestly su
perior to the foreign made article.
A large number of samples of both
foreign a#d American made black vel
vets haw been received by the A. S.
Lowell company of this city, one of the
largest millinery houses in the state,
and in the selections made of the differ
ent weights the preference has been in
each instance for the home product, not
for the reason of a difference in price,
for that was the same in all cases, but
because of the superiority of the Ameri
can article.—Worcester Evening Ga
zette.
Custom* Receipts.
The customs receipts have been $21,
000,000 greater this year than last,
while the receipts from internal
revenue were $3,500,000 less. Thus,
where there was reduction of taxation
there was increase of revenue, and
tfhere there was increase of taxation
there was reduction of revenue.—Even
ing Post, N. Y„ July 2,1895.
Mr. Godkin says: “Where there was
reduction there was increase of reve
nue.” We presume he means “reduc
tion of taxation” to the American peo
ple. Hence the foreigner must havo
paid “the tariff tax” in order to supply
the “increase of revenue.” Again Mr.
Godkin says: “Where there was in
crease of taxation there was reduction
of revenue.” Who got it, then? Have
Tammany methods extended to the ad
ministration of national governmental
affairs? Is this the result of tariff re
form and Godkinism?
A Dead Failure.
The Wilson free-trade tariff bill
proving, contray to democratic expec
tations, a dead failure as a revenue get
ter, the democracy are now looking
about for some American industry to
tax for revenue. They are talking an
increased tax of a dollar on beer. The
McKinley bill lowered the tax on tobac
co from 8 to 6 cents per pound. The
burgullians want to restore the tax to
8 cents. But unfortunately for.the free
traders, the republicans have a majori
ty in the lower house of congress, who
are in favor of levying a tax for
revenue, not on Americans, but upon
foreign manufacturers. See?—Blade,
Portsmouth, Ohio.
VTllsou Was Not Profe-sor.
Even the colleges have caught the
ground swell. Yale this year will
graduate 104 republicans, 40 democrats
and 6 prohibitionists. Formerly most
college graduates were free-traders and
therefore naturally inclined toward the
democratic party, though they were
quite likely to drift into the republican
camp after a little practical experience.
But free-trade doesn’t “go” now, even
with college boys.—Times, Troy, N. Y.
Of Course Not.
There is no more talk of the “army
of the unemployed."—The World, New
York, Jupe 87.
Of course there is not. The congress
ional free-traders have been consigned
to oblivion. There never would have
been any talk of the “army of the un
employed” had they always remained
there.
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The great Columbia plant is work
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ACADEMY Of TtiE SACRED HEM
The course of insti m tion in thi* Academy, coivliKtd
by the Heil&iou* of the Sacred Heart, euihw** fti
whole ranjro ot subjects neces ary toeonitium'"!!!
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Fall fceim opens Tuesday, Sept. 3:1. For ltiiiherpir
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THE FIFTY-SECOND YEAR WILL OPtN
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Agents want™
-DAVIS & BANKIN o- '
Cor. Randolph & Dearborn Sts., Chicag^
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WELL MAGH
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AUGERS, ROCK DRIL1.S. H
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all warranted*
Sioux Cl ty Engine & Iron Worlts,
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1411 VVe^t Kleveitth Street, K*
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