DAIRY AND POULTRY.
INTERESTING CHAPTERS FOR
OUR RURAL READERS.'
How Rurcruaful Former* Operate The
Deportment of the Farm—A Few
Hlnta aa to the Care of Lire Stock
and Foul try.
BULLETIN OP
the Missouri experi
ment station saya:
From an economi
cal standpoint a
farmer who has a
dairy of from five
lo ten cows, cannot
afford to be with
out a separator. In
a climate as warm
and variable as ours
Is In the summer
season changes take place in the
milk very rapidly, Inducing fer
mentation and coagulation, and, In the
setting methods generally practiced,
prevent perfect separation, thus en
tailing much less of butter fat. If the
tailing much loss of butter fat. If the
system might answer very well, but
the supply being limited and such large
quantities needed, it will be found
cheaper and more satisfactory to save
the labor and expense of storing Ice
and provide only sufficient to preserve
the cream and butter.
The separator renders economy of
time possible in that the operation Is
performed in practically the same time
that the whole milk could be set by
Ashes are ranked first as a vermin
killer, then gypsum, and next sand. It
is by rolling In dust that (owls rid
themselves of vermin.
Space, air, sun, and pure water are
essentials. In yards where trees can
not- be raised, a few shrubB will re
pay planting; in summer, these will
form a shade, and in the event of sud
den rain, a shelter. The more do
mesticated poultry can be kept to the
linos of their natural habits, the more
profitable will be the feathered stock.
A hen that broods under a hedge, and
returns after a few weeks’ absence
from the farm, with a battalion of
chicks following her, will rear them
stronger than such as are hatched in
a coop.
The perches ought to be of a uniform
height, say 40 inches; this will obviate
fightings at roosting hour for the high
er seats; will prevent the birds from
hurting their breast bones in flying up
and from injuring their feet when
dropping down. The floor of the cot
should be covered with dried earth, or
poat mould, or sand, renewed two or
three times a week. The scrapings
kept in a sheltered spot, will form an
invaluable manure. A straw floor is
objectionable; it provokes damn, of
fensive odors, and does not facilitate
cleanliness. For hatching tho nest
ought to repose on humid earth, so as
to insure uniformity of moisture and
coolness.
In France, chickens are not raised
for the market; eggs and young
fatted fowls are the ends kept in view.
It is best to have a good native breed,
and maintain'it pure by eschewing
crossings; Just as farmers select roots
and cereals to act as seed producers,
choose the best looking cock and a
mutton and wool, will como from that
far-off land. Mr. Cobb states that up
to ten years ago the only means of
getting rid of tbelr surplus stock was
to boll the carcasses down and Bhlp the
tallow. Tallow dropped in price until
It did not pay to export It, and the
consequence was that the price of
sheep fell until they anticipated having
to sell the carcasses at from 12 to 18
cents each. About five years ago the
system of freezing the carcasses for ex
port was introduced, and the result has
been a decrease of stock until now they
receive from 22.50 to 23 per head for
the carcasses. At the average price
they are getting In London markets,
this makes about 4 cents per pound net
for the mutton. They get three clips
of wool from a sheep before the carcass
is shipped, although the demand has
Increased to such an extent that they
are now slaughtering yearlings for
shipment.
Norramn Cuttle.
Considerable Interest has been ex
cited by the arrival at the port of New
York of twelve head of Norman cattle.
The Normans are among the oldest
race of domesticated cattle, and yet
are almost entire strangers in this
country. The importation of a breed
ing herd now may be of considerable
moment to the cattle interests, as they
are prized in their native land for their
general purpose—dairy and beef qual
ities. They are described as noted for
their size, with rather coarse bone,
long, deep body, broad hips, short legs
and various shades of red and brown In
color. Among French breeds they rank
high, the Norman farmers say the first,
as dairy animals. Twenty-five to thirty
quarts of milk a day is said to be quite
HOW A BEEP IS CUT.
We give a diagram of how beeves
are cut. The parts are named as fol
lows: 1, rump; 2, loin; 3, rib roast;
4, chuck; 5, round; 6, flank; 7, plate
!;*n h // <
(with the dotted line enclosing c, the
shoulder clod, taken off); 8, shank.
The piece 2, the loin, Is divided in the
meat market into a and b, as shown
i'k.i v.w «i it 11V..1
by the dotted line In the
From a is cut the "sirloin”
from b the “porterhouse”
taken.
diagram,
steak, and
steak is
the old-process. In the one case the
milk is sweet and in the best condi
tion for feeding, and Is at once re
, moved and disposed of; while in the
other, it involves handling several
times. Then It is apparent that much
extra labor is curtailed, the supply of
apparatus needed is lessened, and much
valuable space is saved, resulting in
economy of the capital invested.
Again, the fat Is all obtained. It
matters not whether the cows are fresh
or advanced in their lactation periods;
tf the separator Is properly adjusted it
will secure all of the cream. In sev
eral trials made at this station, of the
: separator and Cooley creamer, It was
found that one pound of butter was
made from 16 pounds of milk by the
separator as compared with one pound
of butter from 22 pounds of milk by
the Cooley creamer; a discrepancy that
would soon eat up the cost of a sepa
rator.
Whore the separator is used the
eream is obtained in the best condi
tion for setting. Its passage through
the separator gives it a thorough aera
tion and removes all traces of impur
ities. Thus it can be controlled and
. ripened evenly and the development of
too much acid and the destruction and
loss of a part of the fat in churning
prevented. The cream can be ripened
earlier, churned more quickly and will
produce a better grained butter, of
i higher and evener flavor and better
keeping qualities. As milk Is valu
' able chiefly for the butter fat it con
tains, the first object of the dairyman
is to secure all of the fat possible.
Manifestly, then, a machine that will
do its work so efficiently under such a
. variety of circumstances will form a
profitable investment.
V , • French Poultry Note*.
In the precise meaning of the term,
there Is no poultry farming in France.
But there is "poultry keeping,” and
•very generally followed by peasants
and small farmers, says a writer in
Colorado Farmer. There are, how- I
ever, about half a dozen special breed
ers and rearers of domestic fowls—es
tablishments that might be described
, as poultry studs. If poultry are to
he kept on an extensive scale, three
rules are to be observed: Scrupulous
attention to cleanliness, feeding and
ventilation. There is nothing new
in poultry breeding; the Romans de
voted special attention to the matter
and the fowls of Gaul, the ducks of
Cathnrge, and the geese of Egypt were
'renowned. ... • ". ,**
M. Lemoine, of Crosne.- in the. depart
ment of the Seine et Oise, is one of the
leading poultry breeders of France. He
has yards extending over 20 acres, de
voted to the breeding and rearing of
fowls of various races. Each "yard”
is an orchard with wire fenced divis
ions, provided with cots for roosting
and egg-laying, with grass plots and
well-sanded walks. The dropptngs of
the birds form an excellent fertilizer
for the fruit trees. M. Lemoine'a out
put U then poultry, eggs and fruit.
half dozen hens with bright shining
feathers and keep them apart for
breeding. In ordinary circumstances
one cock will suffice for 25 hens. It
is good to change the breeding cock
every second year, as it is known that
the young from such birds possess pre
cocity and facility of fattening. It is
prudent not to have too many chick
ens together; overcrowding is inimical
for them as for other animals. French
peasants give nothing to the chick
pending the 24 hours after they quit
the shell; this permits the yolk of the
egg in the intestinal canal of the chick
to be digested and expelled.
The earliest food should be a soft
and lukewarm well-beaten paste of j
eggs and milk; but no over-feeding. {
Later add millet or canary seed and
allow the hen to root about for her
chicks through the yards and pick up
any green stuff within their reach.
As a rule, whether old or young
birds, never allow them to be exposed
to the weather. Feed the fowls regu
larly with a pint of barley or oats dai
ly per dozen birds, plus the refuse from
kitchen and garden. In winter, be
sides warm mashed potatoes, add some
tallow melters. greaves, or chopped
liver. When near a knacker’s yard,
boiled horseflesh is secured, but this
Imparts a strong flavor to the eggs.
Sheep In South Dakota
A writer at Pierre gives rather a fa
vorable estimate of the sheep situation
in South Dakota. He says that five
years ago there was a “sheep boom”
that flooded that country and reduced
the price, and this “decline was more
marked when the free wool talk fright
ened sheep men." He says 50,000 is a
moderate estimate of the number of
sheep in that part of the state—an in
crease of 50 per cent in the last two
years. The price fell from $4 down to
$1.50 two years ago. and is now about
$2.50. The advance is considered al
most exclusively on mutton. The av
erage wool clip in that section is about
six pounds per fleece, and last year the
price was about 12 Vi cents per pound.
Sheep men generally estimate wool to
pay the expense of keeping flocks and
,thelr profit on mutton and Increase of
flock. The dry climate makes that
state especially favorable to sheep.
The Pierre writer thinks that to the
man of small means there is no surer
and safer investment than a flock of
sheep in that part of the northwest.—
Northwestern Farmer.
Sheep In Mew Zealand.
Mr. Robert Cobb of New Zealand,
who has recently purchased in Eng
land some Romney Marsh sheep (a
large mutton breed) for export to New
Zealand, gives the Kentish Express
(England) an interesting summary of
his views on that sheep growing part of
the world. They are of interest to
American breeders for the reason that
the strongest competition with Amer
ica in the English markets, both in
■
common, and the hutter made com
mands the highest price In the Paris
market. As beef animals, they are
noted for early maturity and great
weight, but have more bone and offal
than the English beef breeds. The
chief claim made for the Normans is
hardiness and freedom from taint of
the modern fad of pampered cattle,
tuberculosis.—Ex.
A Desperate situation.
It was Paddy Kelly who walked Into
the sick room of Mickey Dolan. Mickey
lay there pale, with his eyes closed, and
heard Pat exclaim, “Mickey, it’s 111 ye’re
looking. Fwat’s the matter wld ye?”
“Do you know that spalpeen av Wid
dy O’Brien’s second husband?” asked
Mickey.
“That I do.”
“He bet me a pound to a pint, I
couldn’t schwaller an igg wldout break
in’ the shell av It.”
“Did ye do It?” •
“I did.”
“Then fwat’s ailin’ ye?”
“It’s down ther’,” laying his hand ou
his stomach. “If I jump I’ll break It
and cut me stommuck wid the shell. If
1 kape quiet the thing ’ll hatch out, and
I’ll have a shanghai rooster clawin’ my
Insides.”—Montreal Star.
A Dairy Ration—A writer in the
Jersey Bulletin gives his opinion of
the best ration and treatment of milch
cows, it being based on an experience
of fifteen years. The best ration I ever
used was composed of one part peas,
two of corn, and four of oats, well
mixed and ground together. Of this I
give from eight to twelve quarts per
day, according to the size of the cow,
the hay, of course, included. I give, in
addition to the above, about three
times a week, wheat bran—all they
will eat—besides the parings of pota
toes, turnips, etc., from the kitchen.
To make a good, pure milk the cow
must have pure water. Kindness and
good shelter are also prime necessities
in the management of a cow. The
finest Jersey would prove a failure if
curried with a barb-wire fence, no
matter what kind or how much feed
she had.
Profitable Age of a Hen._
It has been claimed that the hen lays
the largest number of eggs during her
first year, and she is more profitable
then than at any other time. Tbis view
according to the Poultry Keeper, is a.
mistaken one. The first point to be set
tled is, which is the first year of a
hen? If she is hatched in the spring
she will not lay until fall and if she
then lays a large number of eggs by
the end of the next year, she has really
been supported two years and laid dur
ing one year only. In other words she
has to be raised from chickenhood to
maturity before she begins to lay at all.
Her next or third year will be all the
more profitable for the reason that the
first cost of raising her will he propor
tionately reduced each year.—Ex.
GEAND OLD PABTY.
THE REPUBLICAN POLICY OF
PROTECTION IS UPHELD.
A Fair Trial lias Demonstrated That
the Democratic Poller of Free Trade
Is Not the Thlngr for This Country—
Figures Never Lie.
The work of rehabilitating American
shipbuilding might just as well have
begun at the close of the Civil War
as a quarter of a century later. If
that had been done what an immense
sum of money would have been kept
in this country in freights paid to for
eign owners and in addition employ
ment would have been given to thou
sands of American workmen. But the
Democratic party, true to its traditional
policy, opposed every proposal that was
made to revive American shipbuilding.
For once it disapproved an English
system. Notwithstanding the fact that
the English flag is found on every sea,
England has always supported the sub
sidy plan. The consequence was Eng
lish merchants were always finding
new markets, for the government stood
behind the steamship lines, supplying
the money which removed all fear of
pecuniary loss while building up Eng
lish trade In a new field.
The Democratic party, as a ruie, is
always ready to adopt English Ideas,
but It could not be Induced to favor the
subsidy plan which had been so help
ful In extending England’s trade. “No
subsidy” It shouted, and shouted It so
loudly that the Republicans were afraid
to go ahead. The Democrats also de
clared that England had secured con
trol of the carrying trade of the world.
She had skilled shipbuilders and cheap
material, and It was foolish for Ameri
cans to believe that they could compete
with her. The best thing the United
States could do, they said, was o buy
England's cheap ships—“England’s
floating coffins” Mr. Plimsoll had char
acterized them on the floor of the
House of Commons, and with them try
to regain a part of the carrying trade.
There were a few men of clear vision
who denied these propositions and In
sisted that American genius would
surmount all difficulties if given the
slightest chance. But the Democratic
party did not believe that American
genius was in the race with England
and it discouraged, persistently and
systematically, every effort that was
made to assist Shipbuilding in the
United States.
It has been demonstrated that the
American people can build ships, but
that does not imply that we are to re
gain the carrying trade of the world,
which was lost during the progress of
the Civil War. We will have to fight
for that with England, and we will have
to adopt England’s tactics before hope
of winning the battle can be Indulged.
—Albany Journal.
Our Pottery Trades.
As the free-traders are not satisfied
with the comparison of our imports of
china and pottery ware under the Gor
man tariff, that has been made with
our imports during 1894, we are quite
willing to accommodate them and look
further backward, taking the first
eight months of the McKinley tariff
period in comparison with the first
eight months of the Gorman tariff
period, as follows:
Values of Imports of Earthen, Stone
and China Ware.
—For eight months—
Oct. 1, Sept. 1.
1890-May 1894-April
31, 1891. 30, 1895.
China, porce
lain, parian,
and bisque,
earthen, stone
and crockery
ware:
Not decorated or
ornamented ..$1,147,194 $1,415,109
Decorated or or
namented - 3,679,665 4,393,466
All other . 430,283 219,255
Total values. .$5.257,142 $6,027,830
The Treasury Department statistics
show that under the first eight months
of the Gorman Tariff we have imported
$700,000 worth more foreign-made
china, porcelain, parian and bisque
ware, earthen, stone and crockery
ware than we did during the first eight
months after the McKinley Tariff be
came a law. By more than thl3
amount of money has the output of the
American potteries been diminished,
and American manufacturers and
American labor have been compelled to
pay for the gift made by the Free
Traders to their foreign friends. As
Professor Wilson says, we are “doing
very well,” at least for his friends
abroad—the foreign manufacturers.
Poverty and Free Trade.
We have shown the actual condition
of British foreign trade under a Free
Trade policy that, within a dozen years,
has resulted in a loss to the extent of
$12.50 per capita of their population.
Naturally a falling off in trade, wheth
er import, export or domestic, must af
fect the masses of the people by giving
them less employment, by circulating
less money earned in wages through
the production and transportation of
goods. To show what this meant in
England, we give the total poor rates
expended in the relief and management
of the poor throughout the United
Kingdom during the same years, 1882
and 1893, as follows:
Total British Poor Rates Expended in
the Relief and Management of the
Poor.
1882. 1893.
Eng. and Wales.£14,864,730 £19,411,887
Scotland . 898,002 926,544
Ireland. 1,237,082 1,402,353
Totals .£16,999,823 £21,740,784
It appears that the amount of money
txpended in the relief and manage
meat of the poor people of the Unluxl
Kingdom was slightly less than £17.
000,000 in 1882, but that it Increased to
£21,740,784 In 1893. While the Brit
ish foreign trade fell off at the rate of
$190,000,000 a year within a dozen
years of Free-Trade, there was an in
crease in the total British poor rates
expended of $23,700,000 a year.
These are official British figures. It
might be well to submit them for the
consideration of the Free-Traders in
this country during the dull political
season and also during our next active
Congressional campaign. They are in
teresting, the more so because they are
official and true. They show that pov
erty is prosperous under a Free-Trade
policy, no matter how foreign trade is.
Exports Under Free-Tradei
We believe that the time is still with
in the memory of the American people
when they were told so repeatedly,
and so forcibly, how Free-Trade would
increase our exports; how it would open
the markets of the world to us and en
able us to sell our goods so rapidly that
our farmers and manufacturers would
have difficulty in supplying the de
mand. Let us see what Free-Trade has
done for the English producers. Here
are their exports of British produce
during the last twelve years;
Exports of British Produce.
Per capita
value.
Year. Value. £. s. d.
1882 .£241,467,162 6 17* 2
1893 . 218,094,865 5 13 6
Decrease.£23,372,297 £13 8
The statistics of the United King
dom show that the exports of British
produce were worth 923,372,297 less in
1893 than in 1882. The decrease dur
ing the twelve years was at the rate of
£23,372,297 a year. The value of the
exports of British prpduce in 1882 was
£6.17s. 2d. per capita of the population.
In 1893 it had fallen off to £5. 13s. 6d.
per capita, the loss of export trade
during the dozen years of Free-Trade
being at the rate of £1. 3s. 8d. per cap
ita of population per annum.
Free-Traders in this country should
make a note of these facts. It might
be well for Protectionists to place this
in their hats, so as to remind the Free
Traders, when they get to work on their
campaign lies again, that, during a pe
riod of a dozen years of Free-Trade in
the United Kingdom, the exports of
British produce decreased at the rate of
$116,000,000 a year, or $6 per capita of
the population. This is one of the
things that the English Free-Traders
recommend Americans to adopt.
Looking Backward.
The Free-Traders are not satisfied
when a comparison is made between
our business conditions of to-day and
those of a year ago. They want to go
further back, and select the year 1893
as the proper one with which to make
a comparison. Taking them at their
word, the Boston Commercial Bulletin
gives the imports of woolen manufac
tures during the three months of Jan
uary, February and March, 1895 and
1893, as follows:
Imports of Wool Manufactures.
Jan., Feb. and March.
Values. ' Values.
1895. 1893.
Carpets . $473,537 $333,367
Clothing . 315,852 228,538
Cloths . 7,403,646 4,488,370
Dress good3 ... 6,793,128 5,881.994
Knit fabrics ... 205,935 185,290
Shawls . 69,927 63,918
Yarns . 605,978 189,337
All other . 496,097 307,157
Total .$16,260,500 $11,675,971
It is pointed out that the Gorman
Tariff during the three months “has
cut down our domestic outlet, for the
benefit of the foreigner, to the extent
of nearly $5,000,000, even when com
pared with the season selected by Free
Traders as the most desirable from
their point of view.” During the three
months of this year the value of our
imports of woolen cloths Increased 65
per cent over the imports of the same
three months in 1893.
foreign Trade and Free-Trade.
We have referred to the decline In
the exports of British produce during
a dozen years of Free-Trade. Now let
us glance at the total English Import
and export trade, bearing in mind al
ways that, according to our American
Free-Traders, a Free-Trade policy will
do wonders in expanding our foreign
commerce. Here are the figures of the
combined import and export trade of
the United Kingdom during the same
years, 1882 and 1893:
TOTAL BRITISH IMPORT AND EX
PORT TRADE.
Per capita
value.
Year. Value. £ s. d.
1882 .£719,680,322 20 8 10
1893 . 681,826,448 17 14 9
Decrease .. ,£37,853,S74 £2 14 1
It will be seen that, within a dozen
years, there has been a falling off in
the total British import and export
trade at the rate of $37,853,874 a year,
which is equal to a loss in their foreign
trade of £2 14s. Id. per capita of popu
lation.
Protectionists would do well to re
member this fact and remind our Free
Traders that, under a policy of Free
Trade In the United Kingdom, the
combined British import and export
trade has fallen off within a dozen
years at the rate of nearly $190,000,000
a year—an average loss of $12.50 per
capita of the British population. This
is a Free-Trade fact shown by the Brit
ish official statistics. In fact, It is a
condition, not a theory.
A Moist Fop.
Housekeeper—Your milk la as thin as
water to-day.
Milkman—Well, mum, it was very
foggy this morning when we milked.
! v 0,d n*ad» and T
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The man who does "
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