TREES AMONG STUMPS.
A SjHicin or Orchard Cultivation Thnt
Ih Highly Itccoiuinciidcd by
.Some Authorities.
MAKES ITS OWN LIGHT.
Utio)-, Invented liy n tJcrntan CSenlna.
In liluhtcd liy Direct Action
of the Wave.
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CHURNIKG IN PERSIA.
KoniadN In the Shah's HcmIiii ClInK t
v Jlcthnd In Vhc 'I'IiuumiiiiUn
of Year A.
A method eo primitive that it Is -almost
unknown elsewhere is still used
by the Persian nomadsin churning their
butter.
In the shelter of the goatskin tent is
swung a crusade receptacle, also of goat
shin, in which the milk is dumped.
Then it is rocked gently by hand until
the separation of the fat from the milk
la complete, when the resultant oily
CirURNlNQ IN PERSIA.
mass, unsalted, as is all oriental butter,
is ready for the consumer.
There are few more interesting people,
In these days of Tupld progress, than the
Persian nomad. His home Is where
night overtakes bim, and he sleeps when
weariness suggests that ho fall. Ordina
rily his roof Is heaven's starry dome,
3ut in case of storms ho crawls into the
nheltcr of his little goatskin tent, where
a surprisingly largo family can bo made
comfortable.
The Persian, like tho Moor, docs not
encourage the establishment of prisons,
death being a quicker and less expensive
method of punishing criminals. Torture
in countless forms is so common a sight
as to attract little attention, and when
death supervenes tho body lies where it
falls until taken 'away by relatives.
Chicago Journal.
APPLES FOR THE COWS.
Jfo Other fircpn Knot! Produce aw
Much .Mlllf or C.vpiilrr fSaln
In Healthy K1c.mIi.
There is no better green food than ap
ples for cows, but, of course, It won't do
1o let them have all they -will eat at first,
as such a course will bo sure to make
them sick; I have known It to kill them.
Years ago I had a friend who owned a
cider mill and kept a large number of
cows. He was careful at first in letting
cows have but little pomace, but after
once accustomed to it be let them run in
a field where nil tho pomace was drawn,
and the cows ate all they desired. They
gave a large quantity of milk and gained
much in flesh during tho season. To feed
apples or potatoes safely to cattle the
same may'be fed by placing the cow in a
stanchion, having a bar across over her
neck so as not to allow her to raise her
head up quite level with her body. What
causes them to choko is, when tho
mouth is full they raise the head so high
that tho round apples or potatoes roll
down their throat without being masti
cated. If to be fed out of doors two
stakes or posts may bo set into tho
ground and holes bored through them
for a rod or pole, and feed placed in
a box so the cow can reach it when
placed with neck between stakes. This
is very much easier than to take pains
to cut or mash the apples. J. S. Wood
ward, in Rural New Yorker.
Oleo Mahcrs Are Active.
Tho dairyman who thinks that tho
oleo makers are going to stop coloring
oleo without making a vigorous at
tempt to find a method that tho law
will not forbid is very much mistaken,
says Hoard's Dairyman. Ever since the
law was passed all tho skill of some
of the best chemists In tho country has
been at work on the question of find
ing a natural color for oleo. At ono
time palm oil seemed to furnish what
was wanted and a color that tho analyst
could nt)t identify. But what ono chem
ist puts together another one can usu
ally pull apart, and a method of identi
fying the palm oil color bus been found,
and tho successful manufacture of col
ored untaxed oleo is still in the dis
tance. "War on Canada Thistles.
Canadian thistles can bo effectually
destroyed by covering several inches
deep with a heavy mulch where they
grow in small clusters only. Any kind
of mulch will do, but it should be applied
liberally in order to smother out tho
weeds effectually, say from six to ten
inches deep. But when iargo areas are
covered with thistle, mulching is not
practical, and in all such coses we find
that clean culture is the most effective
method of destroying same. Farm
Journal.
" 2- "
Mr. Samuel B. Woods, president of
tho Virginia Horticultural society,
writing to the Rural Now-Yorker, sayn:
I gave the matter of planting orchards
in new ground much study some years
since. The result was that we planted
IM.OOO trees and will set 20,000 more
this spring, among the stumps. We
cut the trees down, saw up what will
do for lumber and burn the rest on tho
ground. Then wo plant the trees in
rows very regularly laid off, and hoe
and bush them thoroughly, going over
the ground about four times a season.
Wo are planting rough mountain land
from 1,000 to 1,800 feet ahove the sea
level. We bush with blades and mat
tocks, and we are very anxious to learn
what cheap chemical will kill a stump,
and the best way and time to apply it,
as tho cost of work would bo much re
duced if we did not have to take off so
many sprouts from tho big stumps. As
wo kill out the growth we use a colter,
putting tho land into corn or peas, and
will thus eventually give nil the or
chard cultivation with a plow. I am sat
isfied that It is a positive advantage
to leave tho stumps; they carry the
moisture deep into tho ground, help the
drainage and enrich tho soil by decay.
You may have noticed that a young
tree planted by an ohl oak, hickory or
chestnut stump Is the best tree in tho
orchard. I have. At tho samo time I
believe that tho more cultivation given
to the new ground tho better for the
trees. Some people fear that the worms
always found In decayed wood will at
tack the growing trees, but there is no
danger from that source, as tho worm
which lives on decayed wood is of a
different kind entirely from the worm
which attacks growing trees. You
might as well expect a dovo to eat a
hawk's food.
Wo have In Albemarle county some
orchards now in flno bearing raised on
above plan. I have been told of a
peach orchard, tho returns from which
have In recent years run up to $25,000
per annum, which was grown among
the stumps. I was talking lost year
to a man who has ono of tho largest
orchards In tho state, and who hnd
spent a good deal of money in pulling
up stumps and getting the land abso
lutely cleared, and ho stated to mo
that if he had to do it over again he
would leave the stumps, as ho regarded
their advantages as outweighing their
disadvantages, and In addition tho cost
of the work was tremendous. He told
me that it cost as much to fill up tho
hole as it did to pull tho stump, which
I had not thought of.
REMOVING VINE ROOTS.
A Ilnndy Tool Which IIocn the "Work
of Several Men and Hoes It
Xcatly, Too.
It is sometimes desirable to pull out
a vineyard and use tho land for other
purposes. I send a sketch of a simple
tool which ! effective in tearing out
SIMPLE VINE nOOTEIt.
the roots. A wlro (b), live feet long,
Is fastened about threo feet from tho
end of a nine-foot polo (a a), or hard
wood sapling, and to a single tree. Tho
larger end of tho pole should bo
slightly bent at the bottom so it will
scoop under a vine. If vineyard rows
are long, begin tearing out vines at
center, dump in a pile at each end and
burn. J. B. McDonald, in Farm and
Home.
The Variation In Milk.
It is difficult to educate dairymen into
tho fact that both milk and cream vary
widely in fat contents, and that for no
reasons that can bo given as satisfac
tory, says Hoard's Dairyman. No cow
can be kept in such regular conditions
as to food, drink and surroundings that
the composition of the milk will not
change from day to day and from hour
to hour. Tho action of tho nervous syc
tem of tho cow is beyond measurement
by any instrument possessed by tho ex
periment station, and until such instru
ment Is invented the reason why a cow
gives 4.G per cent, milk Monday and 3.5
per cent, milk Tuesday will be beyond
explanation. Tho men who buy sugar
beets trust nothing to tho theory of av
erages; they sample and analyze every
load of beets; tho man who mines gold
also samples and analyzes, but the man
who produces milk trusts to averages,
and only kicks when ho finds his returns
sometimes below the poUit that ho con
siders proper.
Nervous cows, like the Jerseys, are
sensitive to rough handling. Tho
amount of butter produce:! is materially
affected by the treatment they recfllvi,
y
!fc.
TYPEWRITING EXPERTS.
Find New Field for Their Abilities In
Vw citihlnir Testimony lu
Lawsuit.
It will come as a surprise to many
people to know that thcro Is a great
deal of character in typewriting.
Were half a dozen operators to use the
same machine, paper and actual words,
each printing off a dozen sheets, and
were all these to be mixed up indis
criminately, a practiced eye could dis
tinguish each operator's work instant
ly, says the Chicago Tribune.
In a recent law case, where a
lengthy typewritten document of
muny sheets was in question, it was
alleged that one of the pages included
had been substituted for another
sheet. Although to a casunl eye all
the sheets seemed to bo the work of
one hand, experts (mowed that the
spacing was quite different, especially
between the end of one sentence and
the beginning of another, and on the
substitute sheet the Hew paragraphs
began in quite n different position on
the lines, and the letters were shaky
instead of upright and firm. And the
punctuation the crucial test was
wholly different.
The exports were unable to trace the
person who had done the bogus type
writing, but they agreed that it. was
a woman, young, audi only a beginner
at typewriting; that she wns nervous,
not strong, and that her education
was only moderately good.
The writer of the other sheets com
prising the document was defined from
the evenness, correctness and firmness
of the typewriting to be an experi
enced "typist."
WONDERFUL MACHINE.
Blow OlaxH Better Than Men, and
"Will Drive Many Workmen
Out of Their Jobs.
The accompanying photograph Is Hie
first over taken of machine-made win
dow glass in the world. These three
rollers were produced a few days ago
at the Alexandria (Ind,) branch of the
American Window Glass company's
plant, and where the Lubbersmaohine,
the first successful of many made, was
completed and experimented with un
til perfected.
So perfect has this machine been
made that the company is risking mil
lions of dollars in the proposition to in
stall it in its 41 plants distributed over
the country, and dispense with hand
blowers entirely, lhe men were at
first skeptical when told that "the ma
chine would destroy their trade, which
has yielded many of them $150 to $G00
per month; but they have at last been
forced to admit that it has been but too
true, and as a result many of the best
BLOWN BY MACHINEUY.
double-ring Belgian blowers are going
back to the old country, and others
are sacking other pursuits.
The machine is the patent of Jolyn
If. Lubbers., of Allegheny, Pa., a prac
tical ghiKhblowcr, who has also made
several other lubor-saving invetWions.
Lubber; will reap millions as his share
of the proceeds of t lie invention.
Skilled mechanics from the Westing
house works, I'ittsburg, I'a., have been
working behind high walls and barred
pates f'ir months in the erection and
installation of the machines, which no
man other than old and skilled em
ployes of Hie company was allowed to
6oc. The gates are yet dosed to out
siders, and the photos were mode at
the request of the compnnj", but that
of the machine; was denied, as the
latest improyetneivts to them have nol
been patented. When nil have been
allowed the oompany will let the pub
lie see the machines work, but not
until then. These rollers are respec
tively 10 and 10 feet in length and 30
Inches in diameter larger than nny
hand blower could poksibly make. The
glass is perfect in temper and free
from blisters. Cincinnati Enquirer.
An inventor in Germany has pro
posed a novel method of supplying
electricity to light a harbor buoy at
night. He dispenses with a cable from
a power-house on land and generates
his own current by the rocking of the
buoy. The audible signals given by
bell' buoys in a fog are produced In the
same ninnner. The motion of tho
waves tilts the apparatus first in one
direction and then in tho other and
makes the dapper strike at short in
tervals.. A full description of the mechanism
employed in the new buoy is not yet at
hand, but vuc can easily fancy how it
,-J
BUOY LIGHTED MY WAVES.
i arranged. A small dynamo Is. oper
ated by the motion of the apparatus,
and the current is first fed into a stor
age battery, so that tho supply to the
lamp may be kept uniform, if the
brilliancy of this light varied with the
condition of the tea the system would
be unsatisfactory. Hence it would not
do to lead the electricity directly to the
lamp. It is. said that experiments with
tho invention are already in progress
on the German coast.
HISTORY OF GUNPOWDER.
evidence That It Wan lined I.onir He
fore the ChrlHtlan "m In Direct
and Irrefutable.
With reference to the early use of
gunpowder and firearms, long before
the popularly accepted, but erroneous,
date of gunpowder discovery, Gen. .Jo
seph Wheeler, United States army,
in a lecture a short time ago before the
Franklin institute, ronlarked that in
many localities in China and India the
soil is impregnated with niter, and
the probable discovery of gunpowder
there, many centimes before the
'Christian era, mnj be explained in this
way:
All cooking at that time was by wood
fires and the people lived in tents and
huts with earth for their floors.
.Countless fires made of wood upon
ground strongly impregnated wilh ni
ter must have existed every day, and
when such fires, were extinguished n
portion of the wood must have been
converted into charcoal, some of which
would, of necessity, become mixed
with the niter in the soil. By this
means- two of the most active ingredi
ents of gunpowder were brought to
gether, and it isery natural that when
another fire was kindled on the nunc
spot a Hash might follow. This would
lead to investigation, and then the
manufacture of gunpowder was con
ceived. Whether this be true or not,
there is. abundant evidence that the
origin of gunjHJwdcr and artillery goes
far back in the dim ages of -the past.
The Hindoo code, compiled long he
fore the Christian era, prohibited the
making of war with cannon and guns
or any kind of firearms. Quintus Cur
tius informs, us that Alexander the
Great met with fire weapons in Asia,
and IMiilcistratus says tlui't Alexander's,
conquests were arrested by the use of
gunpowder. It was also written that
those wise men who lived in tho citic.
of the Ganges "overthrew their ene
mies! with tempests and thunderbolts
shot from the walls." Julius African
us mentions powder In the year 275.
It was used in the siege of Constan
tinople in (')S; by the Arabs in 01)0; at
Thessalonica in 904; at the siege of Bel
grade, 1078; by the Greeks in naval bat
tles in 1098; by the Arabs against llie
Iberians in 1147, nnd at Toulouse in
1218. It appears to have been gener
ally known throughout civilized En
rope as early as HJUO, and soon there
after it made its way into England,
where it was manufactured during the
reign of Elizabeth, and we learn 411(11
a few arms wore possessed by the Eng
lish in KilO, and that they were used at
the brittle of Crecy in 1340. Cassier'u
.Magazine.
He Saved the Cow and Cmv Saved Hint,
, Belonging to a family in North To
peka was a cow which had been made
much of a pet by the children. When
the ilood came, relates the Kansas City
Journal, the nine-year-old boy of tlit
family ran to the barn to liberate ,thli
cow. The next moment the agonized
father and mother saw the boy swept
away holding to the rope around the
neck of the cow. For four days the
family were marooned in the house
All this time they mourned their boj
us lost. But he was not lost. He man
aged to mount the cow and she car
ried him four miles to the bluffs, sim
miug and uadlug. ,
MMAW
HOW TO WEED ONIONS.
Unless One linn the ltlwht Port of
Tool It Is n Tiink That Trie
One's Patience.
"Working, onions" is a little harder
than talking about it. I found it dif
ficult to find tho tools needed, or rather
I needed in this section. All hoes had"
too wido handles, too short and not of
proper shape, onions being two to six
Inches apart. I mado what 1 needed
from an old bingo, cut nnd bent round,
as at (a), sharpened from lnsldo and
nailed on suitablo handle. Another wna
uiado from a narrow plow fitted on an
ONION WEEDING HOES.
old handle, curved and sharpened from
Insido also; It is shown at (b). A third
was mado from an old hoo (c), cut two
Inchon wide.
All these wcro kept sharpened by fil
ing. They aro not for deep or rough
booing. They aro used moro an scrnpeH,.
to bo drawn gently across rows. They
cut grass and weeds and break tho
crust. Without th'cso simple tools I
do not seo how I could have cleaned
my crop out, as our llttlo winter weeds
sot close to tho ground were tho great
est trouble. Have- plowed and hood
threo times nnd feel with one more
thorough working my crop will bo
made. -J. J. Carmichacl, in Farm and
Homo.
THE QUIET FARM LIFE.
There Are lint Kew Kallurcs, Moral,
or Kliiiuiclul, Anionic the TfllerN
of the .Soli.
I would not try to make every boy a
farmer, or every girl n farmer's wife,
but it docs seem to mo that wo should
Impress upon tho children that, while
tho opportunities to mako great for
tunes will not often open to them on
tho farm, thcro aro lees failures among
those engaged in our business than any
other. When wo read eulogies on the,
captains of industry, who have accumu
lated fortunes In mining, commerce and
manufacturing, wo do not hear of the
poor, miserable privates who have
fallen by tho wayside, financial, moral
and physical wrecks.
Do not teach tho children that life's
pathway is strewn witn thorns and
brambles in all directions. Too much
leaching has already gone forth, and
tho masses aro pushing, crushing, surg
ing and jostling against eacli other,
oven to madness and destruction. Still,
In all this wild rush, wo occasionally
seo individuals who aro quietly and
gently, with a pleasant word and smile
making their way through tho seething
mass of humanity, almost w'ithout dis
turbing it, and reaching tho desired
goal. "Ah sorrow and weeping may en
dure for tho night, but joy comcth in
tho morning," eo will peuco come with
earnest, conscientious effort, accompa
nied with consideration for others.
Carrie L. Dawley, before the New York.
State Grange.
P0TAT0MAT0 PLANT.
It IlearM Tomntocx Ahove and I'ota
tocM ISclow and In a Triumph of
(ruftiiiK Art.
An anomaly in grafting, being a plant
which is growing first-class potatoes at
tho roots and hearing fully developed'
tomatoes at tho stalk, was brought
about by Prof. Green, of tho Minnesota
state school of agriculture, when he cut
off the young Bhoots of a potato vino,
making a V-shaped silt in the top, Into
which he inserted a freshly clipped
young tomato plant, hound the joint
with straw and supported it by long
rods. Nature did tho rest.
The tomato drew sustenance from tho
earth through tho roots of the potato,
nnd In return furnished what wps re
quired in tho way of tho action of light
and air upon its own leaves to its adopt
ed roots.
Tho plant is now threo months old.
On pushing aside tho earth several fair
ly developed potatoes aro shown, caol
a trifle larger than n largo hen's cpg.
From tho vines a half-dozen tomatorj?
are hanging, In different stages of ma
turity. Several have ripened nnd tho
others promise to do go, as wrll.
The tomato vine loses Its Identity at
tho place: where tho graft was made.
There aro no leaves at all suggestive
of the potato. The vine in fully three
feet high. N. Y. Herald.
Common ferns may bo gathered Jn
tho woods, and packed away In a cool
place. They will keep a long time.
inf
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