jrwwvwvwmMwvMn
&11ANJ) ARMY JMILNION.
Tho Encmmpmont at St. Paul
Bo Woll Attondod.
to
fifomn f tlm Ociitlcmrn Who IJoaI to
Jlo ComnmiKliir In Chlof -Whiit lit
JSoliij; Doni) for tlm Comfort
of f.ho Vtittirunn.
IHjwclftl CIiIciibo Loiter.
Citizens of St. Paul are deeply Inter
estcd in tlie approaching cuciitiiptiiuiit
of the Grand Army of tlie Republic, o
bo hold in Hint city September 1-5 next,
unci lire exerting themselves in etVorttn
make I lie occasion a nieinornlile one, ho
far iih Hoh wltliin their power to do. so.
Members of the (J rami Army are look
ing' forward to the meeting with de
cided satisfaction, nnd they confidently
predict that it will be the largest giith-
commandkr-in-ciuhf walker.
tiring of that body since the memorable
gathering at Washington In 1S92, whin
strong desire to see tlie old ground
xonu over in the great review of 18153
and to visit the southern battlefields
nttraeted exceptionally large numbers
of soldiers and their wives.
St. Paul is capitally fitted for en
tertaining the encampment, as she ban
three excellent halls, any one of which
if- sufficiently large for the holding of
tlie body, while the hotel accommoda
tions of that city and Minneapolis are
ample for all comers. The vicinage of
fers many attractions, and during tlie
gathering excursions will be made to
the various points of interest within a
radius of 100 miles.
Tlie first day, Tuesday, will be given
to the council of administration, a body
composed of 4." members, one from
each department, whose duties consist
of it revision of tlie work of the several
nlllcors ot the body. From this council
is made up the executive committee of
seven, tlie ipinrtcrinnKter general and
iidjiituut general, witli tlie commander
in chief being cx-ofilclo members.
The grand parade, which will go over
n course nearly two miles in length,
will take place on Wednesday, com
mencing at ten o'clock, and will con
Mil me the greater part of the day.
There is confidence on the part of Com
mander Walker and of Quartermaster
Gnu. Hurhuuk that not less than 50,
OUft old soldiers will be in line, nnd tlm
Jatter thinks the number may swell to
75,000. lie declares that interest in the
grand army grows with the years; that
the veterans make new acquaintances
.at each gathering and are naturally de
.simttii of seeing Hum again, as well as
(house who fought, with them in the
iiimin' regiment and have been their
friends through inure Hum a genera
tion. The third and fourth days, Thursday
and Friday, will be given to the actual
work of tlie encampment, and during
this time advantage will be taken of
tlie opportunity to view the scenic
'beauties of the country around about
tlie. city.
During tlie encampment camp fire',
jve or .six in number, will be held In
I 'ill v.
MRS. LIX.AIJKTII A. TURNER.
'various portions of tiie c'ty every even
ing, beginning with Tuesday. The mali
ngers have been fortunate In securing
orators of note, ail of whom are verv
popular with the members of the
jjrand army. Among the number nv
teu. John C. Illnek, of Chicago; Wash
ington Turner, secretary of state of
.Michigan; (Jen, 11. 15. Heath, past com
mander in chief, of Pennsylvania; Com
rade O'Donuell, republican candidate
for governor of Michigan, and Hon.
AViHiam Warner, of Missouri, past com
juandcr in chief. These have all signi
fied their acceptance of invitations to
be. present and address their old coni
rart ts.
Simultaneous with this gathering
thpro will be two additional national
undies at St. Paul, both of these having
association with, or rather, growing jut
of the former organization. Tlie first
uiid older of these Is tlie Woman's Relief
t-tirps, compbsed. of wives, sisters,
auotuers ami daughters of the etera:i3,
JillK&r w- Taj'
f 'mi
and the name suggests the object of
the body, It being toall'ord succor to old
soldiers and their families whenever
they may be in need. The president of
the Woman's Belief corps Is Mrs. Lizn
betli A. Turner, of Huston.
Tlie other organization is tlie Lndlca
of the (Irand Army of tlie Republic,
Mrs. Catherine 15. Hirst, of Louisville,
president. Its scope Is the same as that
of the Woman's Belief corps, but any
loyal woman in eligible to membership,
whether or not her fat her, brot her, hus
band or son was a soldier In tlie late war.
Roth of these organizations are entirely
independent of Hie (iraud Army of the
Jtcpuhlic, although they both meet at
the same time with it, for the reasons
that most of tlie members have relatives
who are members of the grand army
and It is a matter of convenience that
the meetings be held at the same time
and in the same city. Tlie Ladies of tho
(irand Army of tlie Republic are espe
cially strong in Pennsylvania, outnum
bering Hie Woman's Relief corps In that
Mil to, but the latter are much stronger
numerically throughout the United
States. Hot h organizations promise to
hold interesting meetings and to carry
out varied programmes.
The present ollleers of the (Irand
Army of the Republic are Ivan N.
Walker, commander In chief; Irwin
Robblns, adjutant, general, and A. .1.
Burbnnk, quartermaster general; and
these ollleers are kept busy arranging
for tlie coming gathering. Quartermas
ter Ci'Mieral Burhank, whose headquar
ters are In Chicago, is espcini!y active-
ill promoting the work and giving his
attention to its details.
Naturally enough, and as always la
the case in advance of the encamp
ment, greatest concern focusesabout
the select ion of a successor to Com
mander in Chief Walker. Three candi
dates are in the field ami nominations
would seem to have closed. Tne aspir
ants for Hie place are T. S. Clarksou. of
Omaha; Daniel K. I'.ellou, of Blie-do
Tsland, and John Liuchttu, of New
Hampshire. All of these men have ex
cellent war records, and are worthy and
good citizens.
Mr. Clarksou was originally from
Illinois, from which state he entered
Wv'
r
im
m w
-
ik : -r" -
fe.
."XT P
.-'
MAJ. TIIADDEUS CLARKSON.
the army in 18151. Going west after tho
war he has prospered in business, he
being a very successful and astute
broker of Omaha. lie would seem to
be the most formidable candidate for
the position. At last year's encamp
ment he was a candidal" tor command
er in chief, but tiie sentiment for Mr.
Walker was so strong that In the in
terest of harmony he withdrew. There
is a widespread feeling among Ills com
rades, especially in the west, that this
action, together with Mr. CinrUson's
recoid as a soldier and citizen, entitle
him to tlie distinction. All that mili
tates against the su"ccss of Mr. Clark
son is tlie fact that those of the past
five commanders in chief were western
men, but as an olVset to this the wes.".
is the great recruiting ground of the
grand army. In this portion of the
country is greater enthusiasm, and the
preponderance of acquisitions to tho
order is from the geographical region
which Mr. Clarksou represents, lie is
a man about 55 years of age, is all'ablo
in manner, makes friends, and holds
them, and possesses iu strong degree
those qualities which go to make up
the successful leader. He has courage,
tact, organizing qualities and knows
how to control himself as well as to
direct others. He has legions of friends
who are enthusiastic over his eandi
daey and who predict that he will be
elected by an oerwlielining majority.
Mr. Dollou's candidacy Is somewhat
interfered with in tlie fact that Mr.
Linchnn also hails from .New England,
that secjlon naturally dividing its
strength between the two. lie enlisted
as a private in the Twelfth Rhode Island
infantry and was afterwards promoted
to a lieuteiiantey. His war record Is
a clean one. and covers the four years of
strife. Since the war he has practiced
his profession, that of law, in which lie
has been very successful. Mr. Bellou
has long ben actively identified with
the grand army, he, like the other twi
candidates, having filled the position
of post and depart incut commander,
lie is a clear-cut, live and energetic
man, whose merit qualities him emi
nently for the position to which he
aspires.
Mr. Linchnn has long been active in
grand army circles iu New Hampshire,
and, iu fact, throughout New England.
lie is a man of about 50. held in high
lepute by his neighbors and most zeil
ous iu furthering all matters in which
ill" old soldiers are Interested,
WILLIAM HOSHieuconnK.
The dollar gold piece was authorized
by net of congress March .'I, I8l',t. and
its, coinage was begun iu tlie sanieyiuv,
V
H
i
F0UXD AMONG J1TJBBISH.
A Conffrooslonal Directory Is3Uod
In tho Your 1838.
ZtContnlnn Information Thut 1a of (Ircut
iuturuit In u Country Whtiro Half
a Century Jim ClmiiKud
Jlvory Condition.
Special WastitiiBton Lottor.l
The congressional directory of the
Fifty-fourth congress contains a list of
?.:& members of tlie house, of repre
sentatives and 81) senators, making a
total of -145 members of both houses of
congress. The directory gives the auto
biographies of tlie statesmen, an:1 also
their addren.HC'H while resident of tlie
national capital.
How many years congressional di
rectories have been authorized and
printed is difficult now to ascertain.
It has recently been made apparent,
however, that a congressional directory
was published 50 years ago, and it is
presumed that it was by private enter
prise and not by congressional author
ity. When tlie total membership of
the senate was only 50 and there were
less than 200 members of the house of
representatives, the directory was .i
small pamphlet. It has gradually grown
into a volume of ISO!) pages.
The early directories did not give bi
ographies of tlie congressmen, but sim
ply noted their congressional districts,
ami the states which hud honored them.
Tlie directories of th-j present day give
condensed histories of tlie lives of the
statesmen, including the majorities re
ceived by them at tlie last cleoUons.
Brief biographies are also given of tiie
president, vice president and members
of the cabinet. There is also a list of
members admitted to tlie press gal
leries, and an alphabetical list of the
ambassadors, ministers, consul generals
and consuls sent by this country to
foreign nations. Several pages are de
voted to the ambassadors and other
representatives of foreign governments
at this capital, with their addresses in
this city. Every public man and every
newspaper man in Washington lias n
copy of the latest congressional direct
ory on his deslc, or within easy reach.
Tho directory of 50 years ago was
altogether different, although the
meager information contained between
its covers is of interest at this time.
Therefore it is valuable, and the story
of its discovery, with extracts from its
pages will prove to be more entertain
ing to some readers than an exciting
novel.
While picking over a pile of debris
from the cellar of the historic Van Ness
mansion a colored urchin found a small
volume, yellowed by age, which he ieck
lessly thrust into his bag with u varied
assortment of junk. The book was dis
posed of to a II street dealer in old
bones, iron, rags and what not, and
from him tlie soiled little volume was
obtained by a scribe.
The unique title page of the book
read as follows:
"Congressional directory of the third
session of the Twenty-fifth congress of
tlie United States of America. Decem
ber, is:ih.
"Washington: Printed by J. Elliot,
Jr., on Pennsylvania avenue. Price, 25
cents."
Tlie title page is printed in queer
nntique and Herman text letters.
The volume leads oil' with tlie state of
"Sggtegsig
TUB DISCOVERY.
Maine, which was represented at that
time by Senators John Ruggles and
Iteueul Williams, together with eight
representatives. As the boarding houses
and liostelries in Washington were not
numbered in 18!I8, Hie directory states
lhat John Ruggles resided at "Mrs.
Linu-ap's. Hie I'ennsyhania avenue,"
Mliile his colleague, Hon. Renuel Wil
liams, was a guest at "Mrs. Kennedy's,
Four-and-a-half street."
New Hampshire follows, and tho name
of Franklin Pierce appears as one of
its senators. His resilience is also given
as "Mrs. Kennedy's, Four-and-n-half
street," which was iu those days a fa
mous capital resort.
Delow New Hampshire comes Massa
chusetts, with Daniel Webster and
John Davis as her senators, while among
her list of 12 representatives there ap
pear the names of William It. Calhoun,
i'ohn Quincey Adams. Caleb Cushing and
Levi Lincoln.
Then comes P.hode island. Connecti
cut, Vermont and New York. The Em
pire state was represented by Senators
"Nat" P. Talmagc and Silas Wright.
Jr.. in addition to -10 representatives, ui-
eluding Millard Fillmore
New lersey is next., and in thu I)eln
ware, coin mil is found the mime of Kith-
nrd II. Bnyard, senator, who resided nt
"James Young's, on the Caplton Hill."
iNext is Pennsylvania, whoso list is
headed by James Buchanan. Ho was a
guest of "Mrs. Irondale's, 7 street." Tlie
Keystone state had n representation in
tlie lower house during the year 1833 of
28 members.
larylnnd nnd Virginia nre next in
order, and North Carolina was repre
sented in the senate by John C. Cal
houn and in the house by tiie famous
Francis W. Pickens, after whom tho
fort In Charleston harbor was named.
Georgia is followed in the directory
by Kentucky, with two celebrated
Americans as her senators Henry Clay
and .John J. Crittendon.
Tennessee numbered among its 13
representatives James K. Polk, who was
then speaker, in the Twenty-fifth con
gress. His 'ost office was given as
"Columbia, Mauray and lledford coun
ties," nnd his Washington residence as
"ElliotV, Hie Pennsylvania avenue."
Tn the Ohio list of members is found
the name of Thomns Corwin, while
Louisiniin had only three members in
addition to her senators. The Washing-
IN TI1K HANDS OP THE SCRIDE.
ton city address Is given of one of the
representatives ns "tlie 5 IJuiidings."
These ure now the dilapidated old
structures which stand on the southeast
corner of New Jersey avenue and 15
streetsoutheast.then a most fashionable
and aristocratic locality.
John Tipton appears as one of the
senators from Indiann, while in the Mis
sissippi column it is announced the two
members of Hie house, S. S. Prentiss and
T. J. Word, were "elected by general
ticket," meaning a vote of the people,
as tlie state had not then been divided
into congressional districts.
Illinois had but three representatives,
Alabama live, Missouri two, Arkansas
one and Michigan one. The delegales
were George W. Jones, Wisconsin ter
ritory; Charles Downing, Florida, and
W. W. Chapman, Iowa.
Following the congressional lists are
several pages under tlie caption:
"Hoard houses and members' messes,
arranged in alphabetic order. Among
the larger liostelries mentioned were
"Hrown's hotel, built of best brick."
"Heer's Native American hotel;" "Mc
Gunnngel's, Knowles, on Mechanic's
road, near Pennsylvania avenue;"
"Onion hotel, Georgetown, with busses
leaving from city of Washington every
hour," and "Upperman's."
Next in order is an alphabetic list of
senator:) nnd representatives in the com
mittees of the senate and house. Homy
Clay was chhiwnnn of tlie militia com
mittee, and James Buchanan of foreign
relations. Mr. Calhoun was a member
of the house committee on Oregon ter
ritory. Tom Corwin, of Ohio, was n
member of the judiciary committee nr.d
John Quincey Adams chairman of Uio
"select committee, on duelling."
The directory toward the close of the
quaint little vplume announces that
"Martin Van Huren, of New York, is
president of tlie United States, at the
executive mansion; IMchnrd M. John
son, of Kentucky, is vice president o(
the United States and president of tho
senate, Capitol Hill; John Foresight,
secretary of state, residence, the Penn
sylvania avenue; F. Grundy, United
States' attorney, at Mrs. Crane's, the G
street; Levi Woodbury, secretary of tlie
treasury, President's square; Lovell It.
Pourtett, the secretary of war; Maj.
Gen. Alexander Macomb, general of tho
army; James K. Paulding, secretary of
the navy; Amos Kendall, postmaster
general."
Then follows the bureau chiefs, offi
cers of the senate and house of repre
sentatives and the members of tho su
premo court.
The latter are given as lloger B.
Taney, chief justice, Baltimore, Md.;
associate justices: James Story, Salem,
Mass.; SniithThoinson.New York; John
McLean, Cincinnati, O.; Henry Baldwin,
Pittsburgh, Pa.; John W. Wayne, Savau
i.ah, On.; Philip P. Barker, Gordonsville,
Va.; John Katron, Nashville, Tenn., and
John McKinley, Florence, Ala.
The list following is that of "foreign
ministers near tho United States and
ministers and consuls of the United
States abroad," and it is not nearly so
formidable numerically as the list in
tlie modern directories. We had no am
bassadars In those days, very few min
isters and a little bit of a llst of consuls.
Wo were not ambitious in international
affairs, but our government was devoted
wholly to the welfare of our own people.
President Monroe had told tho world
that wo as a nation should attend
strictly to our own business, and had
warned all nations of Hie old world to
- Kjp their liumls oft of this contliittiii.
I HM1TH D. FRY
EARTH'S GIANT VALLEY.
fierce Natives indulo In Strungo and
DtagustliiK CmtoniH.
The greatest valley in tlie world, ac
cording to Dr. J. W. Gregory, an Eng
lish explorer, is the Great ttift val
ley, which is an immense depression or
trough which runs through eastern
Africa 4,000 miles "from tlie Lebanons
almost to the cape." "The Great Itift
Valley" is the title of Dr. Gregory's
book, which has just appeared in Lou
don, which is the newest, most compre
hensive and important of the works
that have appeared on this region.
One of the most fascinating portions
of this record of travel is thut relating
to the Masai, the most ferocious of tho
Africun races. You never can be sure
of jour Masai, even vthen you have
spat upon him and lie upon you. That
is how they swear eternal friendship,
Dr. Gregory says tlie harder one spits
tlie more the other feels flattered. How
it is done and what the Masai equivalent
for handshaking is tho traveler explains
in this wise:
"The chief came up, and for the first
time held out a 'knobkerry' cut from a
rhinoceros horn for me to shake. I, of
course, shook it, glad of this expression
of friendliness, though quite aware that
if it stopped at this it meant nothing.
Hut as 1 walked down the slope from
tlie. camp after the men lie came up
again, and this time not only held out
his knobkerry, but as I shook one end
lie shook the other. After walking a
fw yards lie repeated this more vig
orously. Then at last he held out his
hand; we shook hands, at first coldly,
and then more cordially. Finally, after
we had walked a couple of hundred
yards, he repeated the process and the
chief spat upon me, a salutation which
I returned with perhaps unnecessary
vigor. 1 had been warned that when
ever Masai retire from a conference
without spitting the spit of peace
squalls may be expected. I was, there
fore, much relieved when the friendly
rite had been performed."
But all this meant nothing, for that
very night a band of Masai warriors,
led by this same chief, came crawling
snakily through tin; grass, bent upon
massacring the camp. But the traveler
was ready for them and they crawled
back, leaving several of their dead upon
the field.
Dr. Gregory's botanical nnd zoolog
ical observations are full of interest.
He seems to have solved one of the prob
lems that have vexed African explorers
for a long time: Why there should be
in some places vast heaps of bones of
animals all mixed together. Some
writers have attributed this to the ac
tion of a deluge, but Dr. Gregory says
Hie bones are the remains of animals
that in season of drought have fought
around the water holes for their last
drop. N. Y. Journal.
HOW GUNPOWDER IS MADE.
Tho l'tipt Thut Kuril of tho Throo Insrc
(IlfiitM l'lnys.
Gunpowder then steadily developed
as mechanical skill constructed better
nnd better weapons in which to use it,
until to-day it has reached a perfection
of manufacture for various purposes
which allows its eil'ect.s to be foretold
in any weapon, even to the time it
takes a grain to burn, and to the dis
tance it will drive a shot.
Itoger Bacon's gunpowder was made
of saltpeter, sulphur and charcoal. Salt
peter is chemically called niter, and is
a natural product found bedded in the
earth in different parts of the world,
chiefly iu India and China. Sulphur,
too, is found in a natural state in many
volcanic countries, like Sicily, while, as
is well known, charcoal is made from
wood or woody substances by heating
them almost to a burning heat in uu
airtight vessel, thus driving off every
thing in them but carbon.
Saltpeter, sulphur and charcoal are
still the only ingredients of tlie gun
powder in common use, ulthough anew
gunpowder made of different materials,
is undergoing successful experiment. A
mixture of saltpeter and charcoal aiono
would form an explosive, and sulphur
is added chiefly to make it plastic, or
capable of being pressed into cakes and
shapes. All three ingredients have to be
purified by the most careful chemical
skill before they are combined. Then
an exact proportion of each has to be
measured out according to the kind of
powder to be made.
For tlie gunpowder generally used
you would find in every 100 pounds, if
you could separate tlie ingredients, 75
pounds of saltpeter, 15 pounds of char
coal and ten pounds of sulphur; but it
would be almost impossible to separate
the ingredients, for the' are not merely
mixed together as you might mix pep
per and salt, but they are ground and
rolled and stirred and pressed together
by special machines until they are al
most sufficiently united to form a single
new substance.
This mixing process is called "tritu
ration," and tlie powder is thus made
into tho form of big cakes, called press
cake, .mil then broken up, and screened
into grains of special sizes, or ground
to the fine powder used for shotguns
and revolvers. Tlie large-grained pow
ders are still further stirred together
until the grains become highly glazed
md these are called cannon powders. A,
lighted match may be held to a grain of
:-annon powder and it will lie found al
most impossible to set it on fire, but,
once ignited it flushes off v'ery suddenly
and iolently. Lieut. John M. Ellioott,.
hi St, Nicholas. .
.1