4
u
1
FARM AND GARDEN.
DRAINAGE OF ROADS.
II U of tliii turnout Importuned to tlio
I'roHorvittlmt of llltflivnyH.
"With wet or clayey roadways, surface
drainage iiloiu is not sufficient. With
out underdrnlnnge the crown of such
i roadways will dry only by hIow process
nf cvii:oratioii, during which time the
topping becomes more and more rutted
by the passing traffic A Hubdrain in
such noil will not prove ellloleiit for
more than about 12 feet on each Hide;
hence, two Much of longitudinal sub
itlraliiH arc needed on those, partH of our
country road that past through wet
places,' low -lying hindH or clayey soils.
They Hhoiild have an average fall of
about cue in one hundred; minimum
fall, one In one thousand. At abort In
tervals, Kay from HO to 100 feet apart, are
placed cross drains todlHchnrge the wa
ter Into the aide ditehcH. These cross
drains receive a greater fall, say up to
one in thirty. Gcneinlly two and one
half to three-inch pipes are Hiillicicnt.
It is advantageous to bed these tiles In
well-drained brick fragments and to
cover them with road metal. Jlc certain
.that the tiles are correctly laid and that
nothing interferes with their free dis
charge. As said before, ungla.ed round
tllcH, about three Inches in diameter
and, under certain conditions, Jointed
with loose collars, iir mo-d suitable for
HubdraliiH. The bottom of the tiles
should be laid both to the proper grade,
and below the frost line, after which the
tilts trench Is filled up to subgrade with
clean gravel, small Held stones, road
mutal. or broken bricks. The cross
drains are also made of ungla.ed tin's,
witli the exception of thilr outlet sec-
lions, which should consist of vi trilled
culvert, pipes. Jlegular branch pipes
should connect the longitudinal and
cross tiles. On level reaches the later al
roadway slopes for surface drainage
should not be less than one In twenty
lour, nnd side ditches should be pro
vided, if necssary, as previously in
dicated. Finally, a rapid discharge of
ihe side ditches, if required, through ad
jacent lands, is of the utmost im
portance to roadway pieservatlon.
'CJeii. Jty Stone.
NIIAKKSrilAlti: ANHWKUKI).
7SxOr r.u
ff5c
"What's In a name?" There Isn't much
Hat what the facts explode:
For Instance, some cull mud-holes micli
.As shown above, a "roa.il."
Hood Bonds.
THEY GO TOGETHER.
1 tot lor Itimd mill Wlilor Tiro Am Noeilo.il
Kvurywlmm.
Farmers have more reason to sgitate
for good toads than any other class, not
even excepting bicyclers, Good roads
to the former mean economy in reach
ing markets; often better markets, be
cause they could be reached at the
right, time; advantages of social life
in the winter and early spring; saving
in tunc and in the wear and breakage of
wheeled ehicles, and a general ad--vniico
in all that pertains to a higher
estate of civilization.
IJieycIcrs are doing much to pro--mote
good loads. Now is the time for
our fanners to make a positive move
in cooperation with them.
One improvement must go along with
that .of better construction and drain
age of the roads. The wheels of all
vehicles should have wider tires. In
Krnnce the width of tire is from three
to ten inches, with the bulk of four
wheeicra six inches, in Germany every
wagon for heavy loads must have, at
least a four-inch tire; Austria requires
a tire of ys inches wide; Switv.erlad
requires all draft wagons to have a
six-Inch tire. If we were to build good
.roads our wagons, as now constructed,
would speedily destroy them. They
lira road-destroyers as certainly as if
built for the purpose. Go on and build
the roads, and begin at once to reform'
ihc wagon wheels. Western Itnral.
lIoit on it D.tlry Farm.
The Indiana Farmer says: "A gentle-
7IUIU1 who grows and fattens 75 to 100
.hogs in connection with his creamery,
i says that in this way he utilizes all the
nroduct, except the butter, and makes
'the business pay him largely. He never
liastiny hog cholera, for he keep- every
vthing clean in connection with Ids pig
.-feeding, and the milk with bran and
meal makes a succulent ration that
Vla'cps the pigs very free from leverlsh
conditions, and therefore very healthy.
'The milk and buttermilk with the bran,
meal, etc., makes them grow iiipldly,
ai ml at eight mouths he inn 175-pnund
nigs to put on the niaiket. lie says by
combining the two branches of bust
.lies he finds it very profitable."
The milking should nevur be hurried,
but the milk bs t:rawn' steadily and as
Jt flows.
-i-tv .-ijniji-T.
MARKETING BUTTER.
It 1'iiya to I'ul It I'p 1" Ni'iit Mini Atlrno
tlvo I'uukiiKOH.
Whether sales are made to stores or
regular customers, itpays fo send but
ter away in as good shape as possible.
Some customers prefer their butter In
rolls containing one pound. A deft
handler of the ladle will readily appor
tion and shape the proper amount,
after some experience, and oflix her
stamp, which should be uniform and as
simple as Is consistent with true ele
gance, as a fern leaf, for example. Jf
th' butter maker Is Inexperienced, or
has no scales (with which every hous
heeper should be provided), then pro
cure a "butter-cutter," which cuts the
butter into rolls or brick-shaped blocks
containing one pound, and also atllxes
a stamp. W'e believe these cutters can
be procured at most stores.
While the nice tact of most women
will discern what is proper, and so sup
ply dainty and nice surroundings for
their butter when sending away to inur
Ket. yet we have known some who were
careless In this respect, and sent a
it-ally Jim: article away wrapped in any
odds and cuds of muslin that cume to
hand. We have even known butler to
be hcnt to "stores" wrapped in pocket
handkerchiefs, and the lady who so ap
parelled it thought she was doing the
genteel thing, too. In these days of
cheapness there Is no cxeiw for any
housekeeper, no dilfcrc'ru Vow lim'tcfl
her circumstances may he, not prtniiS
ing herself with at least two or three
napkins or towels of linen, which should
be set apart for butter alone, and not
bo made to do duty as a bib for baby,
or to polish toble ware. Jf no better
can really be afforded, rather than dc-
pend upon "fragments" of apparel, savi
the sacks of thin muslin that dairy salt
la sold In; rip apart, hem, laundry nice
ly, and after wetting in brine, wrap one
around each roll. Never wrap butter in
paper, unless parchment paper is used.
If your butter Is to be sent to a dis
tant market, use wooden buckets or
tubs, which should be soaked in brine
belorc th" butter is packed In tlietn.
If you desire to pack your butter and
await a rise in tin: market use stone
jars. Have them perfectly clean, sweet
and cold; sprinkle salt lightly in the
bottom and on the sides. Ite sure that
all buttermilk is worked out. Place the
butter in the jar, and with the wooden
potato masher, previously scalded and
rinsed afterward, press evenly and firm
ly; have a cloth (an inch laiger in cir
cumference than the jar) wrung out
of cold water, lay it over the butter and
press out all the air, cover with an inch
of salt, spread evenly, iand press the
cloth close to the side of the jar. When
the next lot is ready to pack, take off
the cloth, salt and all, and lay it in a
dish to be used again. The cloth and
salt are to exclude the air. Proceed
in the same manner as before, until
the Jar is within an inch of being full;
then cut a cloth that will just cover
the butter, press so as to exclude all
air bubbles, then cover with brine,
strong as can be made. Jt does not mat
ter if it be thickened with salt. Tie
up with another cloth, three or four
thicknesses, and eowr all with a plate
or wooden cover. When wanted to use,
remove salt and brine; rinse, and work
out into rolls, llutter so prepared will
keep almost indefinitely anil preserve
its flavor. Mrs. A. C. McPhcrson, in
Ohio Farmer.
A DAIRY CONVENIENCE.
Slmplo Hut I'.M'ollont Dovlcofor Hunglnc
.Milk In WolU.
Where ice is not at hand, the custom
of hanging milk cans in the well, for
coolness, is often practiced. The il
lustration shows a device for holding
four cans securely within the well, with
a chance to draw up water between the
cans, the curved iron rods affording this
FOU HANGING MILK IN WKU.S,
chance. If the well is not large enough
f v a square frame, a stout hoop can be
used, thus economizing space. It is
surprising how nicely milk and many
other articles can thus be kept in a
deep well, even in extraordinary hot
weather. It is equally surprising how
many families fall to nse this simple
device, which is so easily made and so
very convenient. Orange J mid Farmer.
I'tiodliiK l'ou Alunl to IliK.
Pen-meal is rich in protein, which,
when pens arc fed to hogs, goes to build
up the muscles or red meat. The petn
should be ground with oats or corn, tid
ing two parts of the former to three of
the latter for pigs and shouts, and oum
part peas and four of eorn-mcal for
older animals. To build up the lean meat
of the hog to give strong bones,
shorts should be fetl. Jlran, mixed with
corn-meal, shorts or sonic other siniilu.'
feed, will prove excellent for breedla
or stock hogs, but it is too coarse ami
chatV-like for use in large quantities in
hivr feeding. Dakota Field and 1 arm.
AGRICULTURALHINTS.
FOR BERRY GROWERS.
IIIhIm on tlio rropiiKiitlon of Striitvborrlni
mill llliick KinplM'rrliM.
It is not nlways best to invest too
much money in new things. Nowadays,
hundreds of new varieties of fruits are
iK'ing propagated and introduced
through the catalogues, describing the
characteristics ami good qualities of
each in such a way that would excite
one's curiosity and tempt them to in
vest. No doubt, though, sonic of the
newer varieties are better than the old
ones, lint if you desire to try some
thing new, don't "go in too steep;" buy
just a few and tiy them, and If they
piove satisfactory, you can make more
of the same by propagating them your
self, just the same as the nurserymen.
It is possible to produce 500 to 1,000
strawberry plants from one healthy
FIG. 1.
plant in one senson. The plant Is put
in n very rich bed, deeply trenched and
enriched the year previously with all
the manure that can be mixed thereon.
The plant then set, work the soil about
it frequently, but not deep. J'cmove
all the runners that appear at first. As
the plant gains strength, permit the
yuuners to remain, and draw them out
in ail directions from the parent plant,
laying a small stone over each where
the leaves appear. (See Fig. 1.) When
looted, separate, them, set them from
four to six feet apart each way, and
treat them in the same manner as just
described above for the parent plant.
Continue this course, watering in time
of drought with diluted liquid manure.
Soli so rich as that is not desirable for
producing fruit, but is just the thing
lor growing more plants.
Propagating the black raspberry is
also easy to perform. If we observe
closely the plants In the woods and
h'arn the nature of self-propngation we
would be more benefited therefrom. We
observe the blackcap, with Its longcaues
drooping the tips to the rich loose,
ground, where they coil and assume a
Snakish appearance rind send out root
lets into the rich soil, thus forming a
new plant. The natural mode of self
propngation is almost unknown in a
great many places nowadays, since the
woods arc being cleared out, as the
winds have full sway, swinging the
plants to and fro, forbidding them fix
ing their tips in the ground. Natural
conditions have been changed to some
extent, and now nature has to be as-
sisted somewhat to fill the deficiency,
dust after the fruit has been gathered is
the time to commence "tipping" your
plants. Cultivate the soil very finely
and dig little holes two to three inches
deep, and bend the tip ends of the canes
into them perpendicularly, not slant
ingly, and cover with dirt to hold them
in place. (See Fig. 2.) Jly following
this method attentively it is possible
to make above a hundred plants from a
vigorous plant in a reason.
The red raspberry and blackberry
are propagated from the roots sprout
ing tip. It is quite an item to the fanner
and fruit grower to understand propa
gation; they may just have only one
plant of a rat" variety and increase it
to many the same season, thus getting
a start very cheaply, even if they do
pay a big price for the first one. S. C.
nuglin, in Farm and Fireside.
DAIRY SUGGESTIONS.
Always strain the milk as soon as it
1b drawn.
Churning at too high a temperature,
or too long, will produce greasy butter,
in which the grain is injured.
It is the attention paid to seemingly
insignificant things in dairying that
make or mar the profits.
barge cows need more feed than
smaller ones, and a cow in the flush of
milk needs more than when dry.
U yon fear mottles in butter never
ship it until it has been tested. Work
out the streaks if any are in it.
It is essential in dairying that the
food of the cows be uniform, and the
supply should be arranged to have it
so. l'ural World.
A riun Worth L'onslilrrlng.
The North Carolina experiment sta
tion advocates a plan for buying and
selling cows at prices based upon their
milk yield. The rule is to pay $12 per
gallon for the milk given per day when
rich enough to show :i3 per tent, of
fat. To this price add or subtract a
dollar for every one-fourth of one per
cent, of fat, which the test shows the
xuilk to bu above or below tJ'a percent.
Ij jf j J
mmmmm
FIG. 2.
THE ROMAN ROADS.
Sonm of Thorn Arc Htlll In Use unit Cull
for No Jtupitlrit.
The liomnu road was built for eter
nity. When the roadbed had been pre
pared by excavation it was carefully
refilled, regardless of expense, with
layers of sand, stones and cement. The
surface was so solidly dressed that the
wear and tear was reduced to a mini
mum. Investigations with regard to
the preparation of the roadbeds were
math years ago by IScrgier on J'onuin
roads that arc still in use in France, and
with the following results: In one road
the excavation down to hardpan was
three feet deep. This trench was tilled
tp first with a layer of sand and cement
an inch thick; then came a foot layer of
tlattish stones ami cement; then afoot
layer of small traveled stones and
cement. These last two layers were so
hard and firmly knit together that tools
could break off fragments only with
great difficulty. The next layer con
sisted of a foot of cement and sand,
covered with a top-dressing of gravel.
In another road in France the foot layer
of cement nnd sand changed places
with thu layer of cement and traveled
stones. A third road in France was ex
amined at a point where it had been
raised 20 feet above the level of the sur
rounding country, and a vertical section-revealed
a structure of live layers,
First came the great fill of 10ia feet;
on top of this fill they placed first a
foot layer of llattish stones and cement,
then a foot layer of llattish stones w ith
out mortar of any kind, then a half-foot
layer of firmly-packed dirt, then a
half-foot layer of small grnvel in hard
temeiit, and, lastly, a half-foot layer
of cement and large gravel.
Paved roads were exceptional. An
example of paved roads is the Via Ap-
pia, whose pavement consists of a hard
kind of stone, such as is used for mill
stones. The stones of this pavement
are carefully hewn and fitted together
so precisely that t he road often appears
to be solid rock, and has proved to be
so indestructible thnt after 2,000 years
of continuous use it is still u magnifi
cent road. Ordinarily, however, the top
dressing of the road consisted of gravel
and hard cement, and when, in the
countless inscriptions such nnd such
a governor is saitl to have restored a
given road, reference is made to this top
dressintr of travel and cement. The
width of the military road was usually
00 feet; the raised center being 20 feel
wide, with side tracks cacli of the width
of 20 feet. In some roads the raised
center was paved, while the side tracks
were dressed with gravel and cement.
The viae privatae and the feeders of
the military roads were usually dirt
roads. They were much narrower than
the military roads; sometimes they had
a width of only ten feet, and, indeed,
the feeders of the Via Appia were only
two feet wide, but paved. The width of
the l.onian roads, all told, varied, there
fore, from two to 120 feet. N. Y. In
dependent. MAKE IT AN ISSUE.
Tlio Hud UoiuIh yuostloii InTownihlpnntl
County Politics.
Discussing the bad roads question in
the light of a local campaign issue, the
Los Angeles (Cal.) Times makes the
pertinent question:
"JJy way of a starter in this mnttcr,
how would it do this fall to make can
didates for supervisors take a cast-iron
pledge to favor a comprehensive system
of road Improvement that will put an
end to the present extravagant method
of tinkering roads, and give us the be
ginning of a first-class system of pub
lic highways? Our present method, or
rather lack of method, of constructing
roads is extravagant and ridiculous, and
would have excited the derision of those
early road builders 2,000 years or more
ago, whose work still remains in good
preservation on the continent of Eu
rope. The American idea of a country
road appears to be to level olf the soil,
and wherever there is a hole filling it
with loose dirt nnd then filling it
again. It needs as much science to con
struct a Jlrst-class road that will last as
it does to put up a building, yet it is
tr.l.cn for granted that the Jirst.inanyou
meet on the street can build n road.
Consequently it is no wonder that the
roads of this country cost every live
years almost as much as the courthouse,
and then we have nothing to show for
it."
Tin-: rAiuii:us iucmkst tax.
rmSpM?.
We provo by soRt;y, sorry facts,
The truth of what wo say:
Tho nuul on tlio wheel Is the biggest wx
That thu farmer bus to pay.
U. A. W. Bulletin.
There is a great difference in dairy
salt; test samples before buying
in
' large quantities.
SANCTUARY FOR ELEPHAf
Soinitllliinil Would aiitldt u (loot! OiiS
Wot Apart lit Onrit.
A correspondent writes urging tin
need of immediate action, if the Africa!
elephant is to be saved from speedy exl
tinction. "I desire to call attention,'!
he says, "to the opportunity which ourl
protectorate over Somalilaud gives us!
for constituting a portion of that coun
try a sanctuary for the remaining herds
of tlio.se animals an opportunity so
favorable in all respect that it seems
only necessary to state the case to in
sure the adoption qf this measure.
"Of late years Somalilaud has been
traversed by numerous parties of
sportsmen, nnd the herds of elephants
which a few yeniM ago inhabited the
mountain range behind lierbera hnu
been driven out. This took place in tho
belt of country, the hunting in which is
now reserved for the use of oillcers of
the Aden gnrrison. These herds, or tho
remnants of them, have taken refugo
more than a hundred miles further to
the we-t, in the country of the Gndn
bursi, to the south of Zella.
"This large tract has been recently
added to the Aden reserve, which there
fore now again contains elephants. My
suggestion is that the shooting of ele
phants should be prohibited within tho
whole of the reserve. Great advantages
arc granted to the officers of the Aden
garrison, which I should be the last to
grudge them, and It is n small conces
sion to ask them to make in return
that, within certain specified limits,
they should abstain altogether from
killing elephants. I do not for a mo
ment believe that these gentlemen, who
ure good sportsmen, would oppose this
measure. Kvcn if the privilege were
nominally retained for them, it would
not be of long duration. The experi
ence of the past would be repeated. It
is not thnt the animals are extermi
nated; the essential fact to be remem
bered is that a single shot fired at onu
member of the herd is enough to mako
a wholi' bund abandon that part of the
country.
"This belt of country is particularly
favorable for the constitution of such
a sanctuary. It is comparatively near
home, and therefore likely to be under
constant observation- I saw tracks of
elephants on the 15th day from leav
ing London. The close supervision by
the assistant residents, who are able
nnd experienced administrators, sta
tioned on the const, would be compara
tively easy, owing to the fact that nu
merous parties of sportsmen traverse
the region in question every year, antl
would, of course, report. They are
nlso kept informed by native caravans,
who visitthe coast for purposes of trade,
and who, owing to the wise and just
treatment which they have received,
are our fast friends. ' The Somalis are
unarmed, exeept with spears, and there
fore have not the power, even if they
had the will, to go behind the restric
tion. They decline to eat the fiesh of
elephants; therefore an elephant killed
is a ton of meat wasted, which is a thing
abhorrent to us all. The region in ques
tion, which is mountainous, with fairly
abundant forests ami river beds bor
dered with dense jungle, is peculiarly
attractive to elephants.
"Let me deal with possible objec
tions. T have heard it urged that the
oillcers at Aden would make so little
use of the right that there is no pur
pose in restricting them. I do not
think they would make this claim for
themselves. On the contrary, I have
leason to expect the heartiest coopera
tion from the authorities at Aden. It is
obvious that a sanctuary in which the
favored few are allowed to go on killing
elephants is no sanctuary at all. It has
been said that restriction for this area
would be useless, as the Abyssinian.s,
who have guns, raid it in search of
ivory; but to this 1 reply first, that
such raids should be prevented, and,
secondly , if the elephants were thus har
rassed, they would Jlnd a refuge in the
eastern part of the reserve, which they
frequented less than ten years ago, antl
which i." out of reach of the Abyssiniun
frontier.
"A memorandum embodying these
considerations has been forwarded to
the India ofllee. It has, I believe, been
favorably entertained by the secretary
of state, and forwarded to the govern
ment of llombay, under whose political
supervision Soniaiiland lies, jly pur
pose in writing to you is to invite an
expression of opinion from naturalists,
sportsmen, and, not least, from thoso
interested in the future of Africa. The
question of once more utilizing tlio
African elephant, as was certainly done
in Ptolemaic times, may be one for sub
sequent consideration. The preserva
tion of the race from extinction is
urgent. Two or three years hones it
may be too late so far as Somalilaud ia
concerned." London Times.
Two Tliousiinil mi Hour.
"Standing on the boulevard the other
night at Kigbty-sixth street, New York,
watching a throng of bicyclists," said a
west sitler, "I counted those going
north between the hours of 8:40 and
0:10. There were 51? men and 78 wom
en, 023 altogether. 1 did not undertakei
to count those going south ut the sail
time, but I should say that at a nioderaJ
calculation there were at least half
many more, making the total numlj
passing that point in .10 minutes ab'l
1,000. The currents vary In strengtj
later there would be fewer going!
and more going down; but in the bul
part of the pleasant evenings a totj
2,000 an hour would be a rensona'jl
-(
;
v,
timate." N. Y. Sua.
i
n
