THE SEMI "WEEKLY TRIBUNE, NORTH PLATTEj NEBRASKA.
HOWTHEWAR WAS
FOUGHT AND WON
Germany's Monstrous Conspir
acy and Its Defeat by Forces
of Civilization.
WORLD DOMINATION SOUGHT
America's Entrance the Decisive Fac
tor In the Mighty Struggle In
Which Democracy Triumphed
Over Irresponsible Auto
cratic Militarism.
Dy EDWARD W. PICKARD.
Autocratic militarism, Imbued with
an overpowering greed for world
domlnntlon, started tho Great War.
Democracy, Inspired with decency
urn! common sense, ended It.
"All wars nre commercial" 1h a flay
ing Hint is truo of all modern wars.
Tho greatest wnr of all time, Just end
ed, wbb no lesH so than others, for
though It was mado by tho military
class of Germany, it was for the bene
fit of commercial Germany, for the
conquest of tho trade of the world.
Ever since tho defeat of Franco In
1870 and tho formation of tho German
empire tho ruling classes of Germany
had been assiduously preparing for
tho mighty Htrugglo that began In
1014. Secretly nt times, with brazen
frankness at others, they laid their
plans', built up their mighty military
machine, extended their csplonago sys
tem to all lands with the nld of the
business houses and tho diplomats.
Though warned by moro than one stu
dent of affairs, tho world In general
ignored all this or looked on It ns
merely bonstfulncss and legitimate
trado competition,
Germany's plan was nothing less
than un enormous conspiracy to es
tablish what tho conspirators know as
"Mlttcl Europa," a dominion extend
ing from tho North sea to tho Persian
gulf. As preliminaries, German
princes wcro placed on thrones of
middle Kuropo wherever possible, and
financial relations wcro established
that gnvo Germany virtual control
Over tho coveted countries. Then the
Hun autocracy impatiently nwalted
"Tho Day."
J Excuse Was Ready-Made.
Merely an excuso was needed to
prcclpltnto tho conflict, and mis' was
afforded on Juno 28, 1014, by tho as
sassination of Archduke Ferdinand of
Austria and his wlfo in Surnjovo, Bos
nla, by n Serbian. Tlmt this crime
was Inspired to servo ns n pretext Is
evidenced by tho fact that everything
was prepared n few duys in advance
for putting tho German military inn
chlno in motion. Austria, under or
dcrs from' Berlin, mado demands on
Serbia to which no self-respecting na
tion could submit, and on July 28 de
clared wnr on Its neighbor. Kussla, as
ally of and sponsor for Sorbin, mo
bilised Its armies at once, despite the
protests of Germany, whereupon tho
kaiser declared war on ltussln.
Franco, being In offensive and defens
ive alliance with llussla, wus com
pelled to mobilize und tho kaiser's
urmed forces got into action nt onco.
Tho courso of events so far had been
foreseen by tho German high com
mnnd'and It. wns In accordance with
Its prearranged plan, which wns to
crush Franco by u swift ndvnnco on
Paris, and then to turn nbout nnd
unko nn end of Russia's military re
sistance. On August 2 German troops entered
Franco at Clrcy and begun moving
through Luxemburg, despite tho spir
ited protests of tho grand duchess,
and Berlin asked Belgium to permit
tho pnssage of troops through that
country. This was refused, the king
of Belgium appenllng to the powers
that had guurantccd tho neutrality or
his kingdom.
All this time 'Great Britain had
been striving to avert tho outbreak of
c general war, and" Gormany rcHted
complacently on tho Information of
her spies that tho British would not
enter Into tho conflict. But Berlin
reckoned without tho British spirit of
fair play and faithfulness to treaties,
and when tho kaiser toro up the
"scrap of iaper" nnd Invaded Belgium
Greats Britain Jumped to the rescue.
Her mighty fleet wns mobilized and
her army, pitifully small, begun mov
In across the channel. Then events
came with dazing rapidity, one nr-
tcr anotlier tho nntlqns fell Into lino
Bcalnst tho Germans and Austro-Iltm
Marians, but the Teutons were ready
and the others, except France, woro
not
The Invasion of Belgium.
On August B began one of tho most
shameful chapters In tho history of
the world Uio rape of Belgium. King
Albert and his heroic llttlo army re
sisted to their utomst, but tho suppos
edly Impregnnblo forts of Llego, Nu
mur and other Belgian towns were
speedily reduced by tho Hun cannon
ind tho land and Its people wcro mado
captive. The atrocities committed by
the Germans, officers and prlvntcs
alike, will remain a blot on tho name
f Germany to the end of all time,
Tho world hns been so well informed
concerning those brutal crimes that It
Is unnecessary to recapitulate them
Having overrun all hut u narrow
ttrlo of Belgium, tho Hun armies be
an what Berlin fondly bclloycd was
to be a tnumpnui inarcn to runs
England's llttlo regular army was
thr6wn across their puth and fought
and died utmost to a man, and side by
side with tin-IB the French Pollus con
tf8ti.(i - i-v foot They were pushed
back slowly but surely until the
Mnrne wns reached and crossed by
tho Invndlng hostB and the capital
seemed to be within the grasp of the
Huns. Then came forward the first'
heroic figure of the war, Marshal
Joffrc of Frnnoo. Comninndecrlng
every motor vehicle In Paris, ho rush
ed to the front tho entire force left to
defend tho cnpltnl and In n mighty
bnttio along the Murno 'the Germans
wcro defeated. They hud spread out
too much and permitted their right
flnnk to be turned nnd were driven
bnck to tho northeast. Beaching lines
prepnrcd With this possibility In view
they "dug in" nnd then begun n period
of trench warfare that lasted for three
years, In tho courso of which there
were no remarknblo gains of territory
by cither side.
Under the management of Lord
Kitchener Britain's mlillons wcro be
ing enlisted and trained and trans
ported to the bnttle grounds. Not
only from the homeland did they
come, but from Canndn, Austrniiu,
New Zealand, India, South Africa and
all of the fur-flung possessions of tho
empire, with nn ardor that settled for
all time the question of their loyalty
to that empire. Ireland alone held
back to a considerable extent, hoping
to gain Independence nnd making It
self the hatching ground for many n
German plot. Kitchener's great work
practically accomplished, ho went to
Ills death when a German submarine
sank tho cruiser on which he wus
going to Russia.
Germany's Submarine Warfare.
In the first months of the war tho
British fleets, aided by tho Japanese,
took away Germany's Island colonies,
and then, having almost full mnstery
of the sous, established a blockade of
Germany designed to sturvo her Into
submission. Tho reply to tills wns
quick In coming. Tho Germans start
ed out their submarines at once, and
began building inoro nnd bigger un
dersea vessels. Disregarding the rec
ognized laws of wurfarc, they declared
unrestricted war on all vessels of
their enemies, nnd n murderous career
that finally resulted in dragging tho
United States Into the conflict nnd
bringing defeat to themselves. Tho
first notable victim of this method of
warfaro was tho Lusltanla, moro than
u thousand of whoso passengers per
ished. On this nnd many another ves
sel that was sent down by the sub
marines were American citizens, and
there Mas a powerful demand on our
government to stop tho prncttco or to
enter the wnr.
For nearly two yeurs President Wil
son held buck, writing numerous notes
of protest to Berlin and receiving nn
equal number of fulse promises.
Early In 1017 Berlin' announced that
submarine warfaro thereafter would
bo unrestricted us It hnd been In
reality most of tho time and there
wns nothing left the United States but
to declaro n state of war with Ger
many. This wns done on April 0 and
from that fateful day tho doom of
Gcrmnny's grcut conspiracy was set
tled.
America's Wonderful Effort.
With amazing energy and speed
America went at tho tremendous task
of making an army out of Its civilian
population. There wcro many mis
takes and many dclnys, but theso ure
almost forgotten In tho contemplation
of tho marvelous success with which
tho thing was accomplished. After a
long and heated debute, tho selective
draft system of raising nu uriny was
adopted, and young men by tho hun
drcd thousand were taken from their
civilian pursuits, put in Immense
training camps and mnde Into soldiers.
To command them, thousands of of
fleers wero trained In other camps. In
the Incredibly short time of one year
nearly two million lighting men, as
efficient as tho world has ever seen,
hud been transported across the At
lantic, with all the vast supplies re
quired; and at home tho Industries of
tho land had been reorganized for the
business of war. Knowing well tho
urduousness of the task of winning the
war, tho government bent every of
fort to It and the draft age limits were
extended to Include nil men between
the ages of eighteen and forty-six,
Many thousands of those thus drafted
were in training when tho war came
to a close.
America's arrival in Franco was
most timely. Though tho crown prince
hull failed miserably In his attempt to
force n wny to Paris by tho Vcrdiu
route In 1010, the Germans never gave
up their plans to tnko tho French cap
ltal, and In the spring of 1018, with
ro-enforcements released from tho
eastern front by tho collapse of Bus
nla, they began a powerful drive In
northe.i Frunce. In the first stage
of this they renchod the Somme, and
In the second they got to the Maruc
ngaln, only 55 miles from Paris
Yankees to the Rescue.
Tho lankecs, who were getting
their final training behind tho lines,
hnd not yet seen , very much action,
but In this crisis their commander,
General Pershing, offered their Imme
diate services to the British and
French. Brigaded with tho allies,
they went into bnttio with n rush that
Inspired tho tired Tommies and
Pollus, and the advunco of the Huns
was checked. General Foch, Franco's
master strategist, was mado supreme
commander of tho allies In tho west,
and ho nt once began delivering the
series of terrific strokes that ultimate
ly forced tho Germans back to their
own borders. Fighting with tho
French, tho Americans had n big part
In clearing out tho Murno salient:
fighting with tho British, they gave
great help In the allied victories fur
thcr north. Then the First American
field urmy wus organized, placed on the
extreme west of the line nnd there
wiped out tho St. Mlhlel sullcnt nnd
I started on tho operations thut In less
than two months cut the enemy's lines
of communication from Metz and
threatened the capture of all his
forces loft In France.
"When Russia's vnst man-power
gets Into action Germany win ue
crushed as under u steam roller" said
everyone In 1014, nnd for u time this
prediction bade fair to be realized.
Tho Russians Invaded East Prussia
and were making fine progress there
nnd In Polnnd, which was kepfup,
with - some reverses, until early In
1010, when Von Hlndenburg adminis
tered to them n succession of terrific
defents. These wero not duo so much
to tho military supremacy of the Ger
mans ns to the shameful betrayal of
tho Russian armies by corrupt olllcluls
who left them utmost destitute of
arms and supplies. From thnt time
on Russia's main successes wero won
ngalnst tho Austrlnns nnd wero tem
porary. Demoralization steadily
spread through the czar's dominion,
fostered by German agents, nnd the
outcome wns tho deposition of Nich
olas and his dynasty nnd tho estab
lishment of a confused semblance of
government by the Soviets of the sol
diers, workers nnd peasunts a condi
tion thnt remains to be cleared up,
though the power of tho bolshevik! Is
rapidly waning.
Italy, Once Defeated, Triumphs.
Italy, declaring that the terms of
the Triple Alliance had been violated
by Austria, entered the war on tho
side of tho allies on May 23, 1015.
Turkey hud gone In with Germnny be
fore the war was three months old,
nnd Bulgaria cast her lot with the
Teutons In October, 1015. Tho for
tunes of the Itallnns were spectnculur.
They won over tho Austrlnns for n
long tlmo und Invaded the regions of
Italia Irrldcntn along the Adriatic,
threatening Trieste. Then subtle
Teuton propngundu, coupled with de
fentlst work nt home, brought disaster
on them. Helped by German divisions,
the Austrlnns mnde a tremendous
drive and forced the Italians back to
tho Plavo river line. There the con
test stood for many months, until the
middle of June, 1018, when under Gen
eral Diaz, tho Italians not only stop
ped another offensive, but turned It
Into a great defeat aud rout which
culmlnnted In tho surrender of Aus
tria. - This was hastened by the fall
Ing to pieces of the Austro-IIuugurlan
empire, tho states of which were es
tabllshlng their Independence, follow
lng the lead of the Czeeho-Slovaks."
Turkey, with the uld of Germans,
administered to Great Britain two set
backs that were rather humiliating,
Tho first wns nt tho Dardanelles,
which tho British tried to force, first
With nnvy alone, then with land nnd
sen forces. Both attempts wero dlsas
trous failures. Tho other defeat by
the Turks wus In Mesopotamia, where
Goneral Townshcnd and his army
wero captured nt Kut-el-Amara. Both
these reverses were moro than com
pensnted for by tho later conquest of
Mesopotamia and tho Holy Land nnd
tho consequent surrender of Turkey,
As for Bulgnrin, she was beaten
largely by tho regenerated Serbian I
nrmy, which had groat assistance from
tho French, Greeks und British, ber
bla had been wholly overrun In tho
first few months of the war, but her
spirit never died out nnd In tho late
summer of 1018 she not only regained
her own, but forced Bulgaria to her
knees.
Roumantn kept out of thq conflict
for some time nnd then Joined the al
lies, though they would hnvo prefer
red that she remain neutral. She In
vaded Transylvania and at first
threatened to glvo Austrln a great
deul of trouble, but Germany camo to
Its ally's aid, Russia collapsed und
Roumanlu was forced to give up.
Warfare In the Air.
Tho most picturesque side of tho
great conflict hns been the wur In tho
nlr. It wus quickly seen thnt the nlr-
piano would play n big part In the
war, and every belligerent nation soon
had powerful air fleets. Tho machines
wero enlarged und Improved beyond
nil Imagining, and from mere obser
vation planes became fighting nnd
bombing machines of vast Importance.
Except for observation purposes, the
lighter- than air craft wero utilized
only by Germany. She pinned her
faith to tho great dirigible Zeppelins,
but theso on the wholo proved u dis
mal fnllure. Truo to her snvugo pol
icy, Germany wnged unrestricted wnr
from the nlr ns on land and sen. tier
Zeppelins nnd planes repeatedly at
tacked London, Paris and Innumerable
other unfortified cities nnd towns, and
her airmen made n practice of bomb
ing Red Cross hospitals.
Long before tho wnr closed the
nllles hnd established their supremacy
In tho nlr, nnd equal to tho best of
their flyers wero tho gallant Ameri
cans who entered that branch of the
service.
Another qovelty of the war was the
tank. This machine, based on an
American Invention and first develop
ed by the British, camo ns a complete
surprise to the Germans and they fled
in terror from Its bristling guns nnd
Its crushing weight. They tried mak
lng tanks for themselves, but never
caught up with the Improvements
brought out by tho nllles.
Tho net results of the Great War
cannot bo stuted yet. But they In
elude, first nnd foremost, tho down
fall of Irresponsible autocracy and
militarism nnd the beginning of a
spread of democratic rulo that will
embrace tho world. The fallen mon
urchs Include tho kaiser, the czar of
Russia, tho kings of Bulgaria, Bava
rln, Wuerttemberg. Saxony and Mon
tenegro and King Constantino of
Greece, and probnbly tho emperor of
Austria. The people are In the sad
die nnd If they keep their heads nnd
submit to Intelligent leadership, they
will rcir-nla there Indefinitely.
TERMSAR
G
AMENDMENTS MADE BY FOCH
BEFORE ARMISTICE SIGNED.
CONDITIONS WE MORE RIGID
Entire German Subsea Fleet to Be
Taken Over By Allies Eighteen
Original Articles Altered.
Washington. Germnny loses her
entire fleet of submarines under the
nrmlstlco terms ns amended by Mur
shnl Foch before he signed them with
the Oermuu envoys on Nov. 11.
Insteud of 100 vessels, every one of
the undersea plrutc craft must be
surrendered to tho nlllcs und the
United States within fourteen days.
Eighteen of the articles as orig
inally prepared by the supremo war
council wero changed under the lim
ited authority for nlteratlon given tho
supreme commander in dealing with
the enemy envoys.
Reduction is made In the amount
of certain military equipment to be
delivered by the Germans to tho as
sociated governments, Including 25,000
Instead of 30,000 machine guns and
1,700 airplanes Instead of 2,000.
One amendment specifies tho
"countries on the left bank of the
Rhino evacunted by tho Germans shall
be administered by tho local troops of
occupation," Instead of by tho local
authorities under the control of the
armies of occupation.
Instend of the Immediate with
drawal of German troop3 from Rus
sia, as originally provided, the amend
ed terms specify that they shall be
withdrawn "ns soon as tho allies
taking into consideration the internal
situation of these territories (of Rus
sia) shall decide that tho tlmo for
this has come."
Another amendment provides thnt
"the nllles nnd tho United States
should give consideration to tho pro
vlslonlng of Germany during the nr
mlstlcc to tho exteut recognized ns
necessary." The number of railway
cars to be delivered Is increased
three-fold from 50,000 to 150,000.
To assure tho execution of the
armistice convention "under the best
conditions tho principle of a permn
ncnt International armistice commls
slnn Is admitted." This commission
will "act under the authority of the
allied military and naval commanders."
Other amendments include:
'"Renunciation" instead of "aban
donment" of treaties of Bucharest
and Brest-Lltovsk and of supplement
ary treaties.
Evacuation by nil Germnn forces
operating In East Afrlcn within
period to be fixed by tho allies instead
of within ono month. Germnn troops
nre required to withdraw immediately
from Austria-Hungary us well as from
Rumnnln and Turkey
Evacuation by the enemy of the
Rhlnelnnds (left nnd right bank;
hnll bo so ordered ns to be com
pleted within 30 days after tho signing
of the nrmlstlco, Instead of 10 days.
Following Is the complete text of
tho nrmlstlco provisions ns prepared
by tho supremo allied war council nt
Versailles, France:
One Cessntlon of operations by
land nnd in tho nlr six hours after
the signature of the nrmlstlco.
Two Immedlnto evacuation -of In
aded countries: Belgium, France.
Alsace-Lorraine, Luxemburg, so or
dered ns to be completed within four
teen days from the signature of tho
armistice. Germnn troops which have
not left tho above mentioned territo
ries within the period . fixed will be
come prisoners of wur. Occupation
Jv the allied nnd United States forces
olntly will keep imco with evacuation
In these ureas. All movements of
evacuation and occupation will be
regulated In nccordnnco with a jiote
annexed to tho stated terms.
Throe Repatriation beginning nt
onco and to bo completed within four
teen days of all Inhabitants of tho
countries above mentioned, Including
hostages and persons under trlnl or
convicted.
Four Surrender In good condi
tion by the German nrmles of the fol
lowing equipment: Five thousand
guns (2.500 heavy. 2.500 Held). 30.00U
machine guns, 3,000 mlnnenwerfers.
2,000 neroplanes (lighters, bombers
firstly D-73s nnd night bombing mn
chlnes). Tho nbove to be delivered
In Situ to the nllles and tho United
Stntes troops In accordance with tho
detailed conditions laid down In tho
nnnexed note.
Five Kvaeuntlon ny tno uermnn
nrmles of tho countries on tho left
hank of the Rhine. These countries
nn tho Joft bnnk of the Rhine shnll
be administered by the local authori
ties under the control of tho allied
nnd United Stntes nrmles of occupa
tion. The occupation of theso territo
ries will be determined by nllled and
United Stntes gnrrlsouR holding the
principal crossings of the Rhine, Mny
enco. Coblcnz. Cologne, together with
Taxes Bound to Be Hlch.
Wnshlngton, D. O. Government
Inanclnl needs for many years are nl
nost certain to run above $4,000,000,
XX) annually, treasury experts estl
aiato, and most of the money will be
raised hy tnxntlon. Consequently stu
dents of government finances think
the taxes Imposed last year and paid
In Juno probnbly will not be light
ened nmterlally hy tho advent of
?ence.
Secretary McAdoo warns that
.axes necessarily would bo high for
brldgehcnds at theso points In 80
kilometer radius on tho right bnnk
nnd by garrisons similarly holding the
strategic points of the reglous. A
neutral zone shall' bo reserved on tho
right of tho Rhino between tho stream
nnd a line drawn parallel to It for 40
kilometers to the cast from tho fron
ties of Holland to tho parallel of
Oe'rnsholm and as far as practicable n
distance of 30 kilometers from the
enst of the stream from this parallel
upon the Swiss frontier. Evncuntlon
by tho enemy of tho Rhlnelands shall
bo so ordered as to be completed
within n further period, of eleven
days after the slgnnture of the armis
tice. All movements of evacuation
and occupation will be regulated ac
cording to the note annexed.
Six In nil territory evacuated by
the enemy there shall bo no evacua
tion of Inhabitants; no damage or
hnrm shall bo done to tho persons or
property of the Inhabitants. No de
struction of any kind to be committed.
Military establishments of all kinds
shnll be delivered Intact, as well ns
military stores of food, munitions,
equipment not removed during tho pe
riods fixed for evacuation. Stores of
food of all kinds for tho civil popuhf
tlon, cattle, etc., shall be left In Situ
Industrial establishments shall not be
Impaired In any wny and their per
sonnel shnll not bo moved. Ronds
nnd means of communication of every
kind, railroad, waterway, main ronds,
bridge?, telegraphs, telephones, shnll
In no manner be Impaired.
Seven All civil nnd military per
sonnel at present employed on them
shall remain. Five thousand loco
motives, 50,000 wagons nnd 10.000
motor lorries in good working order
with nil necessary spare pnrts nnd
fittings shall be delivered to the ns
sociotcd powers within tho period
fixed for the ovneuation of Belgium
nnd Luxemburg. Tho railways of Al
sace-T.orraine shall be handed over
within the same period, together with
nil pre-war personnel and mnterlnl
Further mnterlnl necessary for tho
working of railways In the country on
the left bank of the Rhino shall he
left In Situ. All stores of coal nnd
mnterlnl for the upkeep of permnncnt
wnys, signals nnd repnlrshops left In
tire in Situ and kept in nn efficient
stnte by Germnny during tho whole
period of nrmlstlco. All barges taken
from tho allies shall be restored to
them. A note appended regulates tho
details of these measures.
Eight Tho German command shall
be responsible for revealing all mines
or lelny acting fuses disposed on ter
ritory evacuated by the Germnn troops
nnd shnll assist In their discovery
nnd destruction. The Germnn com
mnnd shnll also reveal nil destructive
measures that may have been taken
(such ns poisoning or polluting of
springs, wells, etc.) under penalty of
reprisals. .
Nine The right of requisition shall
be exercised by the allies and tho
United Stntes armies In nil occupied
territory. Tho upkeep of the troops
of occupntion In the Rhinolalia (ex
eluding Alsnce-Lorrnlne), shall be
charged to thp German government.
Ten An Immedlnto repatriation
without reciprocity according to de
tailed conditions which shall bo fixed
of all allied nnd United Stntes pris
oners of wnr. Tho nllled powers nnd
tho United Stntes shnll be nblo, to dls
pose of these prisoners as they wish.
Eleven Sick nnd wounded who
cannot be removed from evacunted
territory will be cared for by Germnn
personnel, who will be left on tho
snot with the medical material re
quired.
Twelve All Germnn troops nt
present In nny territory which before
the wnr belonged to ltussln, Roumn
nln or Turkey shall withdraw within
tho frontiers of Germnny as they ex
Isted on August 1, 1014.
Thirteen Evacuation by German
troops to begin nt once nnd nil Ger
man Instructors, prisoners and civil
Inns, ns well ns military agents, now
in tho territory of Russia (ns defined
before 1014), to bo withdrawn.
Fourteen Germnn troops to const!
at onco all requisitions and seizures
and anv other undertaking with
view to obtaining supplies in Roumn
n!n and Russia (as defined on August
1. 1014).
Fifteen Abandonment of the
treaties of Bucharest and Brest
Lltovsk and of tho supplementary
treaties.
Sixteen Tho nllles shnll havo freo
ncoess to the territories evneunted by
the Germans on their eastern fron
tles, either through Dantzlg or by the
Vistula in order to convoy supplies to
tho population of those territories
or for any other purpose.
Seventeen Unconditional cnpituln
tlon of nil Germnn forces operating
In East Afrlcn within ono month.
Eighteen Repatriation, without re
ciprocity, within n mnxlnuim period
of ono month, in nccordnnco with
detailed conditions herenfter to bo
fixed, of nil civilians Interned or de
ported who mny be citizens of other
nllled or associated states than those
mentioned In clause three, paragraph
10, with the reservation thnt nny
further clnlms nnd demnnds of the
nllles nnd tho United Stntes remain
unaffected.
Nineteen The following finnncinl
conditions nre required:
Reparation for damage done. While
such nrmlstlce lnsts no. public securi
ties shnll be removed by the enemy
whldt can serve as n pledge to the al
lies for the recovery or reparation
for wnr losses. Immediate restitutio
of the cash deposit In tho National
Bank of Belgium, nnd In general, Im
mediate return of nil decuments.
many years to pay oft war debts, and
that additional government loans
would ho required.
Roughly, treasury officials nnd con
gresslonnl lenders In charge of rove
nuo legislation figure this way:
Government Expenses Doubled.
Ordlnnry government expenses,
which ran around $1,000,000,000 a year
before the war, will now amount to nt
least $2,000,000,000 nnnunlly for many
years, and for two or three years'
after the war may bo double that
figure.
specie, stocks, shnres, paper money,
together with plnnt for the Issue
thereof touching public or private In
terests In tho Invaded countries.
Restitution of tho Russian nnd Rou-
mnnlnn gold yielded to Germnny or
taken by tlmt power. This gold to bo
delivered In, trust to the allies until
the slgnnture of pence.
Twenty Immedlnto cessation or
nil hostilities nt sea and deflnito hv
formntlon to be given ns to tho loca
tion nnd movements of nil Gernran
ships.' Notification to bo given to
neutrals that freedom of navigation
in all territorial waters is given to
the nnvnl and mercantile marines of
the nllled and associated powers, all
questions of neutrality being waived.
Twenty-one All naval and mercan
tile mnrlno prisoners of wnr of tho
nllled and associated powers In Ger
mnn hnnds to bo returned vlthout
reciprocity.
Twenty-two Surrender to tho nine
nnd the United Stntes of America of
100 submarines (including nil subma
rine cruisers and mine laying sub
marines), with their completo equip
ment in ports which will bo speclflea
by the nllles nnd the United Stntes of
Americn. All other submarines to
be paid off and completely disarmed
and plnced under tho supervision of
tho nllled powers nnd tho United
Stntes of Americn.
Twenty-third The following Ger
mnn surface warships, which shall be
designated by the nllles and tho
United States, shall forthwith bo dis
armed and thereafter interned in neu
tral ports, or for the want of them,
nllled ports, to be designated by tho
nllles nnd tho United Stntes and
placed under surveillance of the al
lies and. the United Stntes of Americn,
only enro takers being left on bonrd,
nnmely :
Six battle cruisers, ten battle
ships, eight light cruisers, including
two mine lnyers, fifty destroyers of
tho most modern type.
All other surface warships (In
cluding river craft) are to be con
centrated In Germnn naval bases to
bo deslgnntod by tho allies and the
United Stntes nnd are to be paid
off and completely -disarmed, under
the supervision of the allies and the
United States of America. All vessels
of the auxiliary fleet (trawlers, motor
vessels, etc.) are to bo disarmed.
Twenty-four Tho allies nnd tho
United States shnll have tho right to
sweep up nil mine Holds nnd obstruc
tions laid by Germany outside Germnn
territorial waters, and the positions
of these nre to be Indicated.
Twenty-five Freedom of access to
and from tho Baltic to be given to the
nuvai aim mercantile marines or tno
nllles nnd associated powers. To se
cure -this the nlllcs nnd the United
States of Americn shnll be empowered
to occupy nil German forts, fortifica
tions, bntterles nnd defense works of
all kinds in the entrances from tho
Cnttegat into tho Bnltlc, and ito sweep
up nil mines nnd obstructions within
nnd without German territorial waters
without nny question of neutrality
being raised, and tho positions of all
such mines and obstructions nre to be
Indicated.
Twenty-six Tho existing blockade
conditions set up by tho, nllles nnd as
sociated powers are to remain un
changed nnd nil Germnn merchant
ships found at sea are liable to cap
ture. Twenty-seven All nnvnl aircraft
are to be concentrated and immobil
ized In Germnn bases to bo specified
by tho nllles nnd the United Stntes.
Twenty-eighth In evacuating tho
Belgian const nnd ports, Germnny
shall ahandon all merchant ships,
tugs, lighters, cranes nnd nil other
harhor materials, all materials for
inland nnvlgntlon, nil aircraft nnd
all materials and stores, nil nrras
nnd armaments, and all stores and
apparatus of nil kinds. ,
Twenty-ninth All BInck sea ports
nre to be evacuated by Germany;
all Russian war vessels of nil descrip
tion seized by Germany In the Rlack
sea are to be handed over to the
nllles nnd the United Stntes of
America ; all neutral merchant vessels
seized and other mnterlals of all
kinds seized In those ports nre to bo
returned nnd Germnn materlnls as
specified In clause 28, arc to be aban
doned. ,
Thirtieth All merchant vessels In
German hands belonging to the nllled
and nstioclated powers are to ho re
stored In pnrts to bo specified by tho
nllles nnd tho United Stntes of
Americn. without reciprocity.
Thirty-first No destruction of ships
or of mnterlals to be permitted be
fore evacuation, surrender or restora
tion,. Thirty-second The Germnn govern
ment shall formally notify tho neu
tral governments of tho world, and
particularly the governments of Nor
way, Sweden. Denmark and Holland,
that all restrictions placed on the
trading of their vessels with the nllles.
nnd associated countries, whether by
tho German government or by private
German Intere-.fs. and whether in re
turn for specific concessions such as
tho export of shlp-lmildlng mnterlals
or not, are immediately cancelled.
Thirty-third No transfers of Ger
man merchant shipping of any de
scription to nny neutral flng nro to
take place after signature of the ar
mistice. Thirty-fourth Duration of tho
nrmlstlco Is to he thirty days with
option to extend. During this period,
on failure of execution of nny of
tho above clauses, the nrmlstlco may
bo denounced by one of the contracting
pnrflos, on forty-eight hours' previous
notice.
May Issue More Bonds.
If the $10,850,000,000 of Liberty
bonds already Issued nro Increased la
volume by later loans to $25,000,000,
000, tho Interest on this sum would
amount to nbout $1,000,000,000 a year.
In addition, It probably" would be tho
government's policy to establish a
sinking fund to pny off the bonds at
maturity, and this would require
nbout $1,250,000,000 a year. Theso
threo items would make an aggregate
of $4,250,000,000.