THE 8EMI-WEEKLY TRIBUNE, NORTH PUTtE, NEBRASKA SELECT BETTER DAIRY COWS Raising of Best Heifer Calves Will. Pro. Vide Means of Cutting Out Low Producers. OVepkred by tho United States Deport' mont of Agriculture.) Tho war has greatly' Increased tho demand for dairy products, and It Is Im portant that they he produced economi cally. In order that the quantity of dairy products may ho largo and the production economical, more and hot ter cows aro needed. Tho raising ol all the host heifer calves will provide cows enough to permit tho gulling out or an tow prouueers. Kvcry owner of dairy cows should es tablish a definite standard, nnd all cows that do not measure up to tho require ments should be disposed of for beef, Whether a dairy cow should bo rejected or retained should depend ordinarily on production, as shown by the milk scales nnd the Babcock test. Farmers who aro too busy to test their own cows may now have this work done for them nt nominal cost by jolntng a cow-testing association. Such an association ordinarily is an organl zatlon of about 20 dairy farmers who co-opcrntlvely employ a man to keep records of their cows. Tho tester Jersey Cow With All the Markings of a Good Milk Producer. spends one day each month with each member, tests and weighs tho milk for butterfat, weighs the feed, both conccn- tratcs and roughage, and advises tha farmer concerning the quantity and kind of feed to bo given each cow In tho herd. From the quantity of milk, tho butterfat test and tho cost of feed he helps the farmer to dctermlno which cow mould bo rejected. Ho also aids lu tho selection of calves, In Improving the sanitation of tho barn, milk houso and dairy utensils, and in many other ways assists in lifting tho dairy bust ness to a higher level. There are now 472 cow-testing asso ciations in tho United -States, and last year monthly records were kept for 201,831 cows, or about 1 per cent of all the dairy cows in this country, Tho cows In tho associations whose records have been tabulated averaged 247 pounds of butterfat, or about 50 per cent more than tho average pro duction of all tho dairy cows In the United States. If all the dairy cows In the country could be brought up to tho average of the cow-testing associations, production would be Increased CO per cent in quantity and the cost of pro duction would he considerably reduced TEMPERATURE FOR CHURNING Much Depends on Season of Year, but la Usually From 52 to 60 De- grees in Summer. (Prepared by tho United States Depart ment of Agriculture.) The desirable tempernturc nt which to churn Is that which muues tne uut iop trrnnulns firm Without being hard This 1r nstinllv obtained under normal conditions when the" churning occupies nn or 40 minutes. The necessary cnurn ing tempernturc depends upon the KMison of the year and certain other factors, but Is usually from r2 to CO degrees Fahrenheit lu tho summer anil from fi8 to 00 degrees' Fahrenheit In the winter. If tho creum Is churned nt 02 decrees Fahrenheit In winter, and tho butter comes In 35 minutes, with the granules firm, it will he no ticed, as .summer approaches nnd tho cows arc turned out to pnsture, tnni the crenm churns moro quickly and thn butter is softer. This is nn in dlcntlon that a lower churning temper ntnro should ho used, nnd thus from season to season the churning temper ature Is regulated so that the butter granules may have the proper urra T1PRS. . wimn tln tpmnornturo Is cither too low or too high, undesirable results; r& obtained. A low temperature pro longs tho churning period unnccessn rllv. nnd innv even mnko It Impossible to churn butter. It causes the gran- nina nsnorinllv when the cream is hin tn fnrm in thiv ncllcts. like fine shot, many of which run out with the iinttprmlllr. The working ot tno uui tcr and tho incorporation ci' the sail aro accomplished only with gronc una culty, nnd tho body of tho butter is ll niiio tn he brittle and tallowy. Add ini lint water to cream to wnnn it, and using wash water more than three degrees warmer than tho butter In or dor to softon It, are had practices since they Injure tho qunllty of the butter. If tho proper churning tern pernture is used, the butter granules will be of tho proper firmness. ...... capohize mm OR CHOKE FOOD One Way of Answering Call for Greatly Increased Supply of Poultry and Meats. HAS CONTENTED DISPOSITION Breeds Best Adapted for Purpose Aro Plymouth Rock, Brahma, Cochin, Cornish, Langshan and Wyan dotte Leghorn Too Small. (Proparod by tho United States Depart ment of Agriculture.) Caponlzlng tho surplus cockerels is ono way of nnswcrlag tho call mndo by tho United States department of agri culture for a greatly increased produc tion of poultry and meat Capons the name npplled to unsexed male birds, are to tho poultry dealer what fat steers are to tho beef packer tho source of the choicest food product of their kind. Like tho steer the capon has a contented disposition. It devel ops more uniformly than the cockerels, nnd, as It fattens moro readily, Is larger at the same age. Tills coupled with the fact that tho flesh of capons retains tho softness and tenderness of young birds and is, therefore, of superior qunllty, causes them to command a better price on the market. Since capons must be held nnd grown until winter they take up some room which might bo used to better advnntngo for laying hens. In such cases It may be ndvlsablo to fatten tho surplus cockerels nnd sell them as broilers. Anothur consideration is the local market, which must show tho demand for capons. Best Breeds to Caponlze. Large capons bring Uio best prices, nnd ljt seldom pays to caponlze males of the small breeds, such as Leghorns. Breeds best adapted for this purpose aro the Plymouth Rock, Brahma, Co chin, Cornish, Langshan, nnd Wyan dotte. Cockerels should ho caponlzcd ns soon as they aro largo enough for the operation, to be performed easily, usu ally when they weigh from lMt to 2 pounds, or when they nro from two to four months old. Cockerels can be caponlzcd when larger and older than this, but at such time there is moro danger of loss of blood, and extreme care must be exercised to prevent the birds from bleeding to death. Cnpoa Izlng is usually done in June, July and August. Cockerels to bo opernted upon must be confined and given no feed or wa ter for 24 to 80 hours. This serves to empty the Intestines nnd enables the Performing the Operation. testicles to bo located and removed more easily. The bird is laid upon Its side on a box, head of a barrel or a table of convenient height, aud held In n strotched-out position by means of cards passed about the wings and the legs and weighted with weights equiv alent to Unit of half bricks. Tho op eration must bo performed out of doors in a sunllghted space, or else ar tificial light must bo reflected Into the body cavity in order to allow tho op orator to locate and remove tho testi cles. Use Sharp Knife. Make tho Incision with a shnrp polntcd knife between Inst two ribs, but before making the incision pull tho skin down toward the leg. Then when tho operation Is over and tho bird is released, tho skin slips over iho wound and closes it. Insert tho spreader and enlargo the cut suffi ciently to allow tho Introduction of tho testicle remover, but do not cut too far toward tho backbone, or Into tho fleshy part of the body wall, as that will cause profuse bleeding. A thin membrane will he observed cover ing tho intestines. This must bo torn with tho sharp-pointed hook. Tho In testines are then exposed and theso nro pushed aside, two small, white, yel low (sometimes dark colored) bodies will bo observed, ono on each side of tho backbone, nnd close to it. These nro tho testicles. Remove these with tho tcstlclo remover, taking tho lower ono first. Persons not expert nt cn ponlzlng find it Impossible to locate tho lower tesUcle. In this case, tho upper can be removed, tho bird turned over, nnd the other testicle removed through nn incision on ho other side, care must bo observed in removing tho testicles not to prick or rupturo tho ar teries which run close to them. Should this occur, the bird will bleed to death. Bo sure that the entlro tcstlclo Is re moved. If a plcco is left, the bird will act and look like a cockerel in stead of a capon, nnd will sell for less than capon prices; Such a bird is known as a slip. It is advlsablo for n beginner to pactlco this opera tion upon a dead fowl. Tho place to make the incision, tho location of tho testicles, etc., can bo definitely learned In this way and confidonco gained In cnponlzlng llvo birds. HOME-GROWN PROTEIN FEEDS Stockmen Should Plan to Produce an Adequate Supply of Leguminous Crops This Year. (Prepared by tho United Sintrs Depart-5 mont or Agriculture.) Clovers, alfalfa, soy-beans, cowpens and vetches can ho profitably produced ou every llvo Btock farm In tho country nnd it is of great Importance that an adequnto supply bo grown this year, to furnish feed for llvo stock. Theso leguminous Crops nro comparatively rich la protein. The recent prices of feeds which are rich lu protein hnvo been so high ns to prey vitally on tho net profits which otherwise would have accrued to the producers of live stock. Varieties of seed of tho crops men tioned hnvo been acclimated and ren dered practical for production lu near ly every section. Tho man who is un ablo to raise clovers, vetch or alfalfa on his farm, can resort to soy benns and cowpens. 'Che latter crops can bo grown for either concentrates or rough- ngc use and as such enable the stock mnn to prepare a well-balanced ration of home-grown feeds which contain u sufllclent supply of protein. They en able him to reduce- his deeding cost very materially and do away to a large ex tent, with hlgh-prlccd cottonseed, lln- A Good Field of Alfalfa In Kentucky. seed nnd peanut menls, which rango In protein content from 30 to 50 per cent and cost ut the present time from ?G0 to $85 n ton. Tho crop of soy beans and cowpcas can be utilized in a number of ways. They can bo used for grazing or soil ing purposes, bo converted iuto hay or sljage, or harvested nnd thrashed and used for feeding or Beedlng purposes. Every farm equipped with a gasollno engino and a small power grinding mill can readily convert any Burplus cow pcas of soy benns into meal. It is cs scntinl that theso grains bo ground in combination with corn, usually one part of beans or peas to three or four parts of corn. When ground alone the ex cesslvo oil in tho leguminous grains will cause tho mill to gum up. Solve tho problem of hlgh-prlccd feeds by growing crops rich in protein on your own farm. CONSUMPTION OF CORN CROP Urgent Reason for Increasing Produc tion Is Absolute Need of More Grain for Food. (Prepared by the Unltod States Depart ment of Agriculture.) Approximately 85 per cent of tho corn 'crop of tho United States is con sumed upon tho furm. Ono and one half to 2 per cent is exported and tho remainder Is used In manufacture or otherwise consumed. During tho last ton years the demand for corn has increased and at times the supply has been inadequate to meet it. This has led to tho importation of corn from Argentina. While- tho amount import ed has reached in some years a total of something moro thun 7,000,000 bushels, it is so small In comparison with tho production In this country that com Imports nru not tin Important factor in tho corn trade. However, this Importation does call attention to tho need of Increasing tho corn production In this country. But n much moro urgent reason for In creasing production Is the absolute need of moro food grains in tho pres ent world crisis. In 1917 the ncreago planted to corn wns tho lurgest in the history of tho country, nearly 120,000, 000 acres, and exceeding tho 1910 plant ing by about 15 per cent. Tho produc tion Is estimated at 3,159,'101,000 bush els, tho lnrgest crop ever harvested. There seems to bo every reason to be Heve that our own welfare nnd that of tho allies In tho world's war, as well as of neutral nations, will make de sirable an even grenter production of corn In 1018 on an acrcugo approxi mately equal to that planted in 1917. NEED SELF-DEPENDENCE I l (Prepared by tho United States ! Department of Agriculture.) ' Wo will not win this war un- ! Y less states and communities J rlfin tn iin ornorf-nnnw rf anltr- 3c. Ing local problems without do- pondenco upon Washington. T This Is truo state sovcrelcnty nnd local self-government nnd i: Is cffcctlvo loyalty to tho nntlnn. Assistant Secretary qf ArgI- ! , culture Clarenco Ousloy. Alfalfa as Honey Crop. In somo of tho western states al falfa is tho principal honoy crop, and like the clovor It produces a clear lionoy of flno quality and llavor. , SELECTION OF ORCHARD SITE Great Importance Is Attached to Fa vorable Location Peaches Favor Light Soils. ' (Prepared by tho United Sttites Depart, mont ot Agrlculturo.) V . . . too mucii cmpnuRis cannot we placed upon a suitable location and site of tho peach orchard, hecauso a faulty choice of cither may he fatal to future financial success. Somo mistakes In planning nn orchard may ho overcome as tho trees develop, i but a poor location or slto can not ho changed. It Is the current opinion that tho peach should be planted on snndy or some of tho lighter types of soil. Ex cellent results may follow the" plant ing of orchards on such soils, but peaches do well also on a wide rango of soil types, including even somo of Hie moderately heavy clay loams and olnys. But whatever tho type, n soil must ho thoroughly well drained. Peaches will not succeed on poorly drained polls. The heavy clny ts'pes which are so hard and Impervious that water does not percolate through them readily aro to bo avoided. Moreover, the soli should ho moderately fertile. One very rich In nitrogen Is not desir able ns a general rule, since it may nduco an excessive growth of foliage. Where nlkull soils occur, they should be avoided. While the peach trco ran ho grown where there Is n limited imount of- tho nlknll salts, they cnuso Jlsrtstcr If present in largo quantities. It Is safer, therefore, to nvold them Is far as possible. Generally n site that is elovatcd iionsldernbly , ubovo tho surrounding krens Is to bo preferred for n peach orchard. Cold nlr settles to tho low er levels. For this reason It Is often jolder nt tho lower elevations than it Is at higher points. The occurrcnco Df frost In low places when there is oono on elevated areas Is thus cx plnlned. During tho past few years the Importance of selecting relative ly high sites for poach orchards in arder to avoid tho effects of unfavor sblo temperatures has been cm phatlcally demonstrated In many dif ferent parts of tho country. When nn orchard hus a slto adjacent to a body of water of sufficient slzo find depth to have an appreciable in fluence on the locnl cllmute, tho im portance of a relatively high elevation largely disappears. Bccauso water warms up In the spring moro slowly than tho atmosphere, it acts in effect ns n refrigerator, making tho tcm- Typical Peach Orchard Site In Moun talnous District Ridges Which Aro Well-Dralned Are Usually Admirably Adapted for Peaches. peralure In Its Imrncdlnto vicinity colder than at points somewhat dls tnnt from It. Vegetation within tho zone of this Influence ndvnnces mora slowly In the spring than It does out side of that zone. The tendency Is for the blossoming of peach trees within tho zono to bo delayed until after the season of spring frosts Is past. In tho fall, frosts are delayed. The water, having absorbed much heat during tho summer, cools off In tho fnll moro slowly than tho atmosphere and tends to keep the temperature within its zono of infliicnco warmer than it would otherwise he. Tho slopo factor Is largely ono of de gree. Peach trees on a slto having a very steep southern slope will usually blossom and the fruit will ripen somo- whnt earlier than on a corresponding northern slope, but where the differ ences In slopo nro only moderate their relatlvo Influence on tho tlmo of blos soming nnd ripening Is not very marked. Asldo from economic fnctors, tem perature probably li the most declslvo limiting factor In tho distribution of commercial peach growing. Usunlly tho fruit buds nro tho first to suffer Injury. No absolute minimum temper nturo which tho peach Is ablo to with stand without Injury can bo given. Tho condition of the buds with regard to their strength, vitality, nnd perfect dormancy, tho duration of tho critical temperature, tho climatic conditions following tho cold period, perhaps tho amount of moisture in tho nlr during the period, and other factors all huvo an Influence. The KITCHEN Tho chlof reason that everybody la not successful la tho fact that they liavo not enough persistency. Do ono thing well, throwing all your energies Into It. Tho successful man, unlike tho poet, Is made, not born. John Wana maker. CHEESE DISHES. As we produce such largo quantities of cheeso in this country and ns Just now wo nro asked to uso cheese, par ticularly c o 1 1 a g o cheese, a fow ways of preparing cheese dishes will bo ap preciated. Take tho bits of dried cheese, grate them, not wasting n hit; this mny bo used ns a flavor for milk toast, nnd n crenm of cheeso soup, In escnlloped dishes, as sandwich linings nnd in numerous ways which hill occur to any thinking cook. Cottage cheese with chopped cher ries makes n most delicious sandwich rilling nt lenst tho col lego girls never find half enough to go round. An omelet sprinkled with a generous spoonful or two of grated cheese will make a much more nourishing dish. Put tho cheeso on Just ns It is folded. Cheese canapes may bo served as first course at dinner or luncheon. Spread tho well-seasoned cottngo or cream cheese on well-buttered brend, cut In rounds or shaped In any form desired, finish, with n border of finely chopped olives and a ploco of pimento cut In fancy shupo for the center. Cottngo cheeso with boiled dressing served on lettuco Is a most delicious salad combination. Cheese Sandwiches, .Mix grated cheeso with cream, season with chopped chives, a dash of paprika and snlt to tnsto; spread on bread cut In rounds, put together in sandwich fash- ton, then brown In n bit of sweet fat until brown on both sides. Servo hot with n plain lettuco snhul. Cheese Croquettes. Melt tlirco tn blcspoonfuls of sweet fat, add u fourth of a cupful of corn flour or barley flour, mix well and when well blended add two-thirds of e cupful of milk; cool slowly, add two well-beaten egg yolks nnd half a cupful of good flavored cheeso grated. As soon as the cheeso Is melted take from tho fire, season with salt and pepper and sprend out to cool. Mako into bnlls, dip In egg white nnd crumbs and fry In fat. Crenm cheeso with chopped Maras chino cherries or with canned or can dled cherries is n good combination. Cheese Salad. Ornto half a pound of cheeso nnd mix It with n boiled sal ad dressing, or a mnyonnnlse, enough to mako It creamy. Put It through a potato rlcer on head lettuce and servo with hits of chopped olives for a gar nish. Grated maplo sugar, chopped nl monds nnd cream mako delicious sandwich filling and quite In season. Well to BiilTor Is illvlnfi; Pass tho countersign. "Enduro." Not to iilm who rashly dares, nut to him who nobly bears, Is tho victor's garland auro. LET US REMEMBER. A woman's hands should hnvo as much caro as her face, for they nro fully as much In evi dence Do not uso a stove-lid lifter or a stick of wood for a hammer; have a tool box In tho kitchen whore such things may bo quickly founH. Bruised nails nnd gouged finders arc painful anil often stay with us for months. Thoro Is no economy In using old or worn-out utensils; lenrn to keep up-to-date equipment In tho kitchen. A workman Is known by his tools. Uso small wooden spoons for stir ring nnd avoid hums, ns they never get hot In tho dish over tho heat. Have a soap shn -er, In which gather all pieces of unsrented soap to use In the dMipun; this will ho a saving of both soap anil the hands. Snvo steps by using a tray or a wlro dish drainer In removing dishes from (he dining tnhle. One trip saved Is worth the mental effort and many times tho trips mny ho divided by ten. When standing for tiny purpose, such as Ironing, If a stool Is not con venient to use, fold a heavy rug to stand upon. The spring under tho feet will mnko n great difference, taking tho pivsHiire off Iho tired feet. Good sharp knives, n reliable can opener nnd a good knife shnrpener will snve tho temper which Is often ruffled by poor tools. A bottle of keroscuo should he kept nonr the sink, which mny bo rubbed after each washing With n cloth dninp encd lu tho coal oil; this will tnko off poll and clenn the sink much quicker than any powdor or soap will do. A roll of soft absorbent paper Is Invnlunhlo in tho kitchen. It mny bo used to wipe up spots on tnblo or floor, or to removo wnsto from dishes, thus snvlng In tho dishwash ing. When food burns on, In a dish, do not scrapo It, hut put a teaspoon of soda and enough cold wntor to cover the bottom and let It simmer for nn hour or two; then If thoro are any obstinate spots, nib with n piece of pumice Rtoiii', which will not lenvo mid HfT.itclns In roughen tho surfa'". 1 Thoro nre nettles everywhere. Uut smooth, green grasses aro moro common still; Tho bluo of heaven Is larger than tho cloud. E. D. Drowning. FOODS WITH MIXED FLOURS. As ryo flour is now on tho "don't uso" list, wo must not uso it an a substitute for flour. In mnny homes whoro ryo is still found In quanti ties It should be used spnrlngly, as it will not ho plentiful ns long ns It is used ns food for tho nrmlcs. In many of our war reclncs wo find whole wheat flour used nB n wheat sub stitute, which It Is not. Whole wheat flour used with hnrley flour to lessen' tho uso of wheat is Justified, but tho uso of whole wheat flour ns n wheat substitute is not conforming to tho rules of conservation. Honey Drop Cakes. Mix a hnlC cupful qf any sweet fat with a cupful of honey; add a half cup ful ot sour milk, a tenspoonful oC soda, a teaispoonful of cinnamon, a half tenspoonful of cloves, n hnlf cup ful of ratslns, nnd three-fourths of a cupful each of barley and wheat flour, ono benten egg, alt well mixed nnd baked in n modernto oven. Corn Flour Chopolato Cake Tnko two ounces of grated chocolate, one fourth of a cupful of shortening, one half a cupful of boiling water poured over tho chocolate, n cupful of sugar, ono egg, well beaten, a half cupful each, ot corn flour and wheat flour, a halt tcaspoonful of soda, mixed with ono fourth of a cupful of sour milk. Rico Dread. Cook a cupful of rlcd In boiling water until tender, using llvo to six cupfuls of boiling wnter. Tho. ngo of tho rlco will mako n dlffcrcnco In tho tlmo of cooking; rlco that Is two or thrco years old taking a longer time to cook. Add two tahlcspoon fuls of sweet fat, n tnblcspoonful of sirup and n tcaspoonful of salt to tho hot rice, stir and cool; add n halt cupful of home-mndo yenst or n yeast cako softened In three-fourths of a cup ful of tho rlco water ; ndd four cupfuls of flour, kneading It In gradually until It makes n very stiff dough, but tho molsturo In tha rlco will soften it so' that when it rises it wKl bp quite soft. Ilnndlo tho dough quickly, shaping It into loaves nnd when risen bako (la threo loaves) for about three-quarters of an hour. Ho Is happiest who hath powor To gathor wisdom from every flower, And wnko his heart In ovory hour To pleasant gratitude. Wordsworth. WHAT TO HAVE FOR DINNER. With the food problems of tho pres ent day, a housekeeper must not only, bo a good manager but a mathemati cian. It Is neces sary to hnvo no wnsto, thnt careful preparation for each meal bo made. Surprlsn Biscuit, Prepare baking powder tlscult ns usual with the exception ot wheat flour; substitute com flour, potato or barley. Boll tho biscuit rather thin and place a spoonful of chopped sea soned meat on ono, cover with another, bake until well done and servo with a brown gravy poured over each. This makes a good main dish, which will uso up leftover moats. Add a cupful of stoned chopped dates to a loaf of bread when rendy for tho pun. Date Taplcoa. Cook In n doublo boiler, stirring frequently, threo tnble spoonfnls of tapioca, threo pints ot milk nnd three-fourths of a cupful of maple syrup. When cool stir In n cup ful of chopped dates, n tenspoonful of lemon Juice, then bake In n well but tered baking dish. East Indian Meat. Put n pound nnd a half of round steak through a meat grinder, nlso ono green pepper and onion, n cupful of bread crumbs and salt nnd pepper to taste. Mix well nnd make Into a loaf. Lay In tho baking pan wlfh slices of bacon over tho top, pour over a can of tomttoes nnd bnko ono and one-quarter hours. Removo the ment and thicken tho sauce. Servo either hot or cold. Did She Resign? When Bret Harto wroto "The Luck of Boarlng Camp" tho young womnn who read proof for tho Overland Monthly, the paper for which It wns written, sent word to him that If any thing so indecent was to appear in tho paper sho would resign. The wifo of tho owner of tho mngazlno nlso felt that It wns somewhat risque. Ilnrto was utterly unablo to find anything Improper In tho story and dollvercd his ultimatum In opposition to thnt of tho proofreader. If tho story was not published ho would resign. Tho story appeared, hut did not moot with fa vor on tho part of Callfornlnns, now ever, It was n groat success In tho Knst and a Boston publishing houso offered to accept anything tho author J ml lit M-nd at his own terms.