THE SEMI-WEEKLY TRIBUNE. NORTH PLATTE. NEBRASKA.
F
it
OF
LeaWers Declare Work Done Is
Most Remarkable in Par
liamentary History.
HARMONY MADE A FEATURE
Lack of Dissension Was Notlcenble
Administration Was Defeated on
Only One Important Bill Dur
Ing the 8lx Months.
B IMPORTANT BILLS $
PASSED IN SESSION &
P 4
J Hero are the most Important
tji measures passed by congress at
K the special war session: J
8 Declaration of war' against $
Germany on April 6.
VVar bond Issues aggregating ft
J $15,638,000,000.
! War appropriations and con- ft
tract authorizations totalling C1
i $14,390,000,000. $
War loans aggregating $7,. J
i 000,000,000 to the allies.
! The selective draft bill, mnk- ft
Ing 10,000,000 men liable to mill-
i tary service. ft
The espionage bill, Including ?
i the embargo provision.
The $2,235,000,000 war reve. ft
y nue bill.
K The food control bill. ft
Z The trading with the enemy ?
& The soldiers' and sailors' In-
K surance bill. ft
V 8
Washington. "The most remarkable
session In tho parliamentary history
of tho world," wns the wny Demo
cratlc and Republican lenders charac
terized the llrst war session of the
Sixty-fifth congress, which eume ton
closo at threo o'clock In tho afternoon
of October 0, exactly six months after
tho declaration of war agnlnst Ger
many. Tho record of legislation enacted
and money appropriated lins no paral
lel anywhero In the annuls of all lime.
Beginning with tho declaration of
war against Germany In April, con-p-ess
has passed bill after bill of tho
most revolutionary character, Includ
ing such measures as tho draft bill
and the food control bill. Appropria
tions and contract authorizations for
tho present fiscal year, totalling $21,
BOO.OOO.OOO, Including $7,000,000,000 In
loans to the allies, were voted with
out a slnglo dissenting voice, a record
equalled nowhere, not oven In the
knlser-do.-'nutcd Gorman relchstag.
How Money Is Expended.
Tho following table shows how the
money Is to bo spent:
Army li,9 11,000,000
Navy 1,875.000,000
Merchant shipping float I.xmi.uou.ouo
Loans to the allies 7,000,000,0)
Defense fund for
President 100,000,000
Pood and fuel control 173,000,000
Soldiers' and sailors' Insurance 170,000,000
Interest on bonds and certifi
cates 200.000,000
Civil establishment of govern
ment 03S.000.000
All other expenses 102,000,000
Ab a part of tho scheme of meeting
these enormous expenditures congress
passed tho $2,535,000,000 war revenue
bill, tho largest taxation hill In Amer
ican history, levying directly or In
directly upon every mnn, women nnd
child In tho United States. Something
more than a hllllou dollars of this
amount will bo taken from war profits.
All Incomes more thon $1,000 for sin
tie men and more than $2,000 for mar
ried mon are made subject to taxation.
Where New Taxes Fall.
Here are sumo things upon which
the averngo citizen will pay taxes un
der the new war tax bill :
Approximately 2 per cent Increase
on Incomes of $5,000 or less.
Letter postage, except local letters,
Increasud to 8 cents and postcards to
2 cent, beginning November It.
One cent for each 10 cents paid for
admissions' to amusements.
Five-cent shows nnd 10-cent outdoor
amusement parks exempted.
Ten per cent ou nil club duos of $12
a year or moro.
One cent for each 25 cents paid for
parcel post.
One cent on each 25 cents express
packngo charge.
Threo per cent of all freight charge.
Bight per cent of passongor faros by
rail or water, except trips of less than
SO miles.
Ten per cent of charges for seats,
berth and staterooms on parlor cars
or vessels.
Five cents on each telegraph, tele
phono or radio message costing 15
cents or more.
Threo per cent on Jewelry.
Eight cents on each $100 of life In
rurance. Tho tnx on whisky Is In
creased from $1.10 a gallon to $11.20.
The tax on beer Is Inerensod from $1
a barrel to $2.75.
Increased tax on cigar, cigarette
nd mnnufuctured tobacco and snuff.
Little Dissension During Session,
Despite pacifist activities, the sea
s-Ion was marked with comparatively
little dissension, the lighting centering
about questions mainly affecting pol
icy. The most stubborn contests ver
staged over the revenue bill, the draft
M ISO
man
WAN
CONGRESS
bill mid the food control hill. In ev-
ry onse, oxcopt censorship of the
newspapers and speech, the adminis
tration hits received everything It asket
f congress for the conduct of the
war.
Congress was In session 183 dnys.
During that time more thnn 10.00C
army, navy and marine corps nomina
tions sent to the senate were con
tinued, among them the advancement
of Major General Pershing, comman
der In chief of the armies In France,
and Major General Iiilss, chief of staff,
to the rank of full general, held only
four times previously In American his
tory. Tho only Important appointment
held up was that of Col. Carl Reich
mann, to ho a brigadier general. Ac
tion was blocked until tho December
session because It was charged he ut
tered pro-German sentiments.
An unprecedented feature of the
session was the reception of the spe
cial missions sent to the United States
by tho allied governments, and the
special representatives of Great Brit
nln, France, Helgltim, Italy, Itussla nnd
Japan addressed both houses. Invi
tations of the British and French gov
ernments to have the United States
send n congressional mission across
the Atlantic to see war conditions and
co-operute with the Interparliamentary
congress were rejected.
Important Measures Passed.
Following Is a list of the most Im
portant measures passed by congress:
Resolution declaring a state of war
exists between tho imperial German
government and the government and
the peoplu of iho United Stntes and
making provision to prosecute the
same.
On April 2 the resolution for war
ngulnst Germuny was Introduced in
the house and on April 0, or four duys
after the assembling of congress, the
presiilent attached his signnturo to the
measure. No delay was Involved In
tho passage of this resolution, perhaps
the most Important ever offered either
In this or any other congress.
General dellclency appropriation act.
appropriating $103,841,-I00.52, of which
! 100,000,000 was for the national se
curity and defense and for each and
every purpose connected with the
war.
Act authorizing nn Issue of bonds to
meet expenditures for the national se
curity and defense and for the pur
post of assisting In the prosecution of
tho war and to extend credit to for
eign governments and for other pur
poses. This net appropriated $.'1,007,-
003,015,-lC for establishing credits In
tho United Stntes for foreign govern
ments by purchase of bonds of our al
lies anil expenses Incident to prepara
tion ami Issue of bonds, nnd certifi
cates; authorizes tho Issue of bonds
amounting to $5,003,9J5,-100, of which
$8,000,000,000 is for meeting tho loans
authorized to foreign governments,
$2,000,000,000 to meet domestic ex
penditures, und $03,045,400 to redeem
the three per cent loan nnd also au
thorizes $2,000,000,000 of ono year cer
tificates of an Indebtedness tempo
rarily to provide revenue.
Huge Military Expansion.
Act authorizing ono addltlonnl mid
shipman for each senator, representa
tive and delegate In congress.
Act appropriating $273,040,832.50
for the support of the army for the
tlscal year 1018.
Act authorizing the president to In
crease temporarily tho military estab
lishment of the United States. -This
act authorized a selective draft of
1,00,000,000 men nnd contains other Im
portant leglslntlvo features pertain
ing to tho nrmy.
Resolution authorizing the president
to take over for the United States any
vessel owned In whole or in part by
any corporation, citizen or subject of
any nation with which the United
States may be at war.
Act to Increase temporarily the com
missioned and warrant and enlisted
strength of the navy and Murine corps
from 87,000 to 150,000 men, In the
llrst instance, and from 17,400 to 30,
000, In the second.
Act appropriating $1,344,800.18 for
the support of the military academy
for tho fiscal year 1018 and for other
purposes.
Largest Single Grant In History.
Act to amend an act entitled "An
Act to Rcgulnto Commerce," us amend
ed, In respect of car service, and for
other purposes.
Act amending tho war risk Insur
ance act and appropriating $45,150,000
to Insure vessels and their cargoes and
expenses connected therewith.
Act appropriating $147,303,028.77 for
tho sundry civil expenses of the gov
ernment for the fiscal year 1018.
Act authorizing tho Issue to states
nnil territories nnd the District of Co
lumbia of r I lies and other property for
the equipment of organization of homo
gunrds.
Act appropriating $3,281,094,541.00
for the military and naval establish
ments on account of the war expenses.
Up to time tills was the largest ap
propriation act known to this or any
other country. Among other things It
appropriated $105,000,000 for nn emer
gency shipping fund with which to be
gin construction of the greatest mer
chant lleet the world has ever known.
Act to punish acts of Interference
with foreign relations, tho neutrality
and tho foreign commerce of the Unit
ed States, to punish espionage anil
belter enforce the criminal laws of
tho United States.
Conservation Bills Passed.
Act authorizing condemnation pro
ceedings of lands for military pur
poses. Act appropriating 5040,000.000 to In
crease temporarily the signal corps of
the army and to purchuse, mnnufne
niro, muintaln, repair and operate ulr
ships. Act authorising the United States to
take possession of u site for use for
permanent aviation station- of the ar
ny and navy for school purposes.
Acts enlarging the membership of
'he Interstate commerce commission
and amending the net to regulate com
merce by authorizing priority ship
ments by nny common carrier, ect.
Act appropriating $11,840,000 to pro
vide further for the national security
ind defence by stimulating ngrlcul
Hire mid facilitating the distribution
f agricultural products.
Act appropriating $102,500,000 to
provide further for the national secur
ity and defence by encouraging the
iroiliiftlon, conserving the supply and
controlling the distribution of food
products and fuel.
Act to nuthorlze an additional issua
of bonds to meet expenditures for the
national security and defense nnd, for
the purpose of authorizing In tho
prosecution of the war, to extend ad
ditional credit to foreign governments,
mid for other purposes. This act makes
mi addltlonnl appropriation of $4,021,
377.800.92 to extend credit In the Unit
ed States for foreign governments by
purchase of bonds of our allies and ex
penses Incident to preparation of mi
Issue of bonds nnd certificates; au
thorizes nn additional Issue of $4,0qo,
000,000 of bonds to meet loans to for
eign governments; authorizes an addi
tional Issue of one year certificates of
Indebtedness amounting to $2,000,000,
000 and an Issue of live year war snv
Ing certificates amounting to $2,000,
000.000. New Mark Again Set.
Act appropriating $5,350,000,010.03
to supply deficiencies In appropriations
for the flscnl year 1018 and prior years
on account of war expenses nnd for
other purposes, nnd authorizes con
tract obligations to be met by futuro
congresses amounting to $2,401,458,
393.50. This Is the largest appropria
tion act passed by tills or any other
country. Tills act makes further ap
propriations of $035,000,000 for tho
emergency shipping fund nnd raises
the limit of cost to carry out tho pur
poses of the shipping net to $1,784.-
000,000.
Act to define, regulute and punish
trading with the enemy nnd for other
purposes, nnd appropriates $450,000 to
enforce the provisions thereof.
Act to provide revenue to defray war
expenses. This measure provides ap
proximately $2,500,000,000 of revenuo
with which to pay the expenses of tho
government.
Act to provide a military and naval
family allowance, compensation and
Insurance fund for the benefit of sol
diers nnd sailors and their families,
and mnkes nn appropriation therefor
of $170,250,000.
50,000 BELGIAN HOUSES GONE
Germans' Record of Destruction Is
Shown by New Gray Book Is
sued by Government.
Hnvre, Oct. 8. The Belgium govern
ment hns Issued n gray book to refute
allegations against Belgium civilians
contained In the German white book
of May, 1015, In which It wns said
Belgian civilians savagely attacked
German troops In the enrly dnys of the
war and that the measures ndopted by
tho Germans were necessnry In the in
terest of preservation of the German
army. According to the gray book, be
tween 40,000 nnd 50,000 houses wero
destroyed by the Germans.
JACKIE KILLS FRIEND; IS HELD
Queenstown Magistrate Says Fatal
Blow Constitutes Manslaughter
To Get Ball.
London, pet. 8. Machinists Mate
Reroute of an Araerlcnn naval vessel
will bo libcrnted on bail on a churgo
of manslaughter In connection with
tho death of a dock yard luborer unmed
Plummcr, who died from tho effect of
a blow on tho Jnw inflicted by the
snllor on September 8. lie was held
by a Queenstown magistrate. I'crento
pleaded not guilty und udded: "1 did
not mean to Injure my friend."
PERU BREAKS WITH KAISER
German Minister Handed Passports b)
Government Uruguay to Take
Similar Action.
Limn, I'eru, Oct. 8. Peru formally
broke relations with Germany. In ac
cordance with nn overwhelming vote
In congress for such u rupture the gov
ernment handed passports to the Gor
man minister.
Buenos Aires, Oct. 8. From Monte
video, Uruguay, camo word that con
gress was momentarily expected to
vote an overwhelming majority In fa
vor of an Immediate rupture In dip
lomatic relations with Germany.
C. P. TAFT WEDS MISS CHASE
Son of Former President Marrlei
Daughter of Irving H. Chase of
Waterbury, Conn.
Wntcrbury, Conn., Oct. 8. .Miss
Eleanor, tho daughter of Irving II.
Chase, was married hero to Sergt. MitJ.
Charles Phelps Tuft II. U. S. A., son
of William II. Tuft and Mrs. Tuft of
New Haven. The ceremony was at
Hose Hill, tho homo of tho Chase fam
ily. Flags predominated In tho decora
tions. Rev. Robert H. Brown, pasto
of the Second church, outdated. The
bride was given away by her father,
living II. Chase.
Urges Federation Oust I. W. W.
Sacramento, Cal, Oct. 8. The Cali
fornia Stato Federation of Labor went
on record here against the I. W, XV.,
adopting a resolution recommending
expulsion of nil members of that or
ganization from unions of the Ameri
can Fcderntlon of Lnho
1 Columbia university war hospital Just formally taken over by the government as a receiving and evacuat
ing medlcnl center. 2 MaJ. Gen. Sir J. E. Capper, director general of tho British tank corps which Is doing such
efficient work on the battlefields. 3 G. T. K. Glrugossinn, n Boston Armenian, who has offered the government a
"free energy generator," which will be tested by authority of congress. 4 Ruins of a French manufactory, typical
of the wny In which tho Germans destroy everything In the districts from which they retrent.
NEWS REVIEW OF
THE PAST WEEK
German Peace Offered by the
Kaiser Slowly Losing Its
German Features.
MICHAELIS PROVES A FAILURE
Lloyd George Says England Will Fight
Until France Regains Alsace-Lorraine
Allies Make Another Suc
cessful Drive In Flanders More
of Bernstorff's Perfidy Is Re
vealed by Lansing.
By EDWARD W. PICKARD.
Kaiser Wilhelm reminds one of tlio
old-fnshloned peddler of notions who
would keep adding packages of
needles, watches, mid even sliver coins,
to his little bundles of bargains until
a sale was effected. With northern
Franco and no Indemnities already in
his bargain offering, the emperor has
utlUed Belgium with conditions und
now It Is reported he und Emperor
Charles of Austrla-llungary are pre
pared to throw In Alsace, the price
being peace and the return of Ger
many's colonies. In u word, the Ger
mun peace for which the kaiser shows
so consuming u desire is becoming less
German every day, and if the allies
Just suy nothing and saw wood as
they probably will It muy finally tuko
on au appearance that will warruut
their consideration.
To be sure, Chancellor Mlchuells
says that peace Is Impossible so long
as Germany's enemies demand any
German soil or try to drive a wedge
between the German emperor nnd ills
people, but the chancellor Is hard
pressed to save his political fortunes,
lie and Vice Chancellor HcllTerich are
being bitterly attacked because of tho
policy of fostering pan-Germanism in
the country and tho army ami ut the
Bamu time making promises of mild
ness In return for peace. Mlchnlls
wus compelled to tell the relchstag
that he did not stand for the extreme
demands of the pan-Germanlsts, and
for the time being his opponents werq
satlstled; hut his failure us chancellor
Is pronounced.
Foreign Secretary von Kuehlmann Is
tnoru yielding than the chancellor, for
he told the relchstag that there now
exists "no Impediment to peace, no
questions that could not be settled by
negotiations, except for the French
demand for Alsace-Lorraine." Ho
added that Germany could make no
concessions with regard to those prov
inces. Premier Lloyd George was quick to
take up this challenge of Von Jxuehl
maiin's. "I do not think that nny
statement Is more calculated to pro
long the war," he said. "However
long the war may last, Englund In
tends to stand by France until she has
redeemed her oppressed children from
their foreign yoke."
Reasons Many and Plain.
Tin reasons for the kaiser's In
creasing moderation In demands aru
not far to seek. They are found In
the dally dispatches recording the re
peated successful thrusts of the allies
l,n Flanders; tho advances of the Brit
ish In Mesopotamia and Africa; the
shortage of Gorman shells; the grow
ing unrest In tho armed forces of Ger
many, reaching the stage of mutiny
In the lleet; the scarcity of food In
the central nations, and, perhaps most
potent of nil, the steady. Irresistible
progress of the United States toward
full preparation for war to a victori
ous conclusion.
Then, too, the kulser sees added to
the list of his enemies more of tho
fast dwindling number of those not
hitherto on that roll of honor. Though
President Irlgoyeu munuged to stave
off warlike action by Argentina, Peru
and Uruguay last week broke off dip
lomatic relntlons with Germany und
sent tiwny Its ministers.
Tho European nations that remain
neutral are suffering more and more.
Holland pleads with America for feed
especially, with the open threut that If
It Is not sent, she will have Jo slaugh
ter at least half her cattlo and, huv
',.. ii i.i'miiw nf nresorvlnc the meat,
must sell It to Germnny. Already
Holland hns been put on tea nnd coffee
rations. Switzerland Is In bettor case
for the allies seem willing that she
shall continue her trude with the cen
tral powers In order to obtain coal and
Iron. For Sweden and Denmark and
even for Norway there Is no great
symputby In the allied countries. Their
neutrality lias been mostly a sham.
, Mutiny on German Fleet.
The revolt on the Germun high sens
fleet ut Wilhehnshuven, took pluce sev
eral weeks ago, but the facts have Just
come out. At least four battleships
we're Involved and the crew of one
threw their captain overboard, drown
ing him. The mutineers landed, but
were forced to surrender to soldiers.
The crew of the Nurnberg seized the
vessel und started for Norway, but
were taken by destroyers. The kaiser
went to Wllhelmshuven himself and
ordered one out of every seven muti
neers shot, but the chancellor pro
tested and only three were executed.
Minister of Marino von Capelle, In
forming the relchstag of tho occur
rence, accused three Independent so
cialist deputies of foreknowledge and
approval of the plot of the rebels, and
said the plan of the lutter was to re
fuse to obey orders, paralyze the lleet
and force peace upon the country. The
accused deputies denied any guilt, but
Von Capelle said he had documentary
proof.
The fuct that Von Capelle did not
ask the relchstag to authorize tho
prosecution of the deputies he named
leads to the suspicion that he wus try
ing to use the1 Incident to weuken tho
political power of the Independent so
cialists, but the affair had the oppo
site effect and some of the majority
socialists joined the Independents.
The mutiny on the fleet explains
the delay in the long expected naval
movement against Petrograd.
In the allied countries the story of
the revolt was hailed as one of tho
most encouraging signs of the year
und It was held that if such dissatis
faction exists In the German naval
forces, which have not been subjected
to very severe hammering, the morale
of the army must be breaking down.
New Government For Russia.
Premier Kerensky, having virtually
delicti the democratic, congress, ap
pointed 11 now coalition cabinet
pledged to restore order In the repub
lic und suppress annrchy and to re
new the lighting power of the army.
Kerensky and several of his colleagues
went to the front to lay their plans be
fore the soldiers, and seemed hopeful
of gaining their stipport despite the
opposition of the council of soldiers
and workmen. The rail workers went
on strike, but promised not to tie up
the operation of the military railroads,
and later were partly appeased Ij-y an
offer of Increased wages.
The new government Is determined
to work hurd for a universal peace,
but shows 110 intention of abandon
ing Its alliances with the foes of Ger
muny. It Issued a declaration to that
effect on Wednesday, saying It "will
extend Its whole strength In support
of the common cause of the allies, to
defend the country, to oppose every
attempt ut the compiest of territory of
other nations and every attempt to
Impose the will of others on Itussla."
Allies' New Drive In Flanders.
Another sledge hammer blow ut the
Germans In Belgium was struck on
Tuesday by tho British and French
acting in conjunction. In the midst of
a furious' rainstorm Hnig's men ad
vanced on a wide front east and north
east of Vpros, capturing Poelcapello
and the Gravenstafel rldgo and other
elevations that command tho generally
Hat country und are invaluable as ob
servation ground. Crown Prince Rup
precht counter-attacked In desperate
attempts to regain these dominating
heights, hut only south of tho Yprcs
Holders road wus he able to push buck
the British for a slight distance, and
that nt greut cost.
At the same time the French on tho
left flank of the British line made a
most remarkable dash forward across
the Hooded bog land south of the for
est of lioutholst, piercing the German
line to 11 deptli of one nnd one-quurtor
miles und regaining land which tho
foe had held for three years. While
tho French guns set up n terrltle bar
rage lire, the engineers rupldly spread
great Islands of cork over the water,
nnd erected miles of trestle work and
Innumerable bridges, nnd over these
tho troons rushed with such Irresist
ible spirit that they swept everytldng:
before them. So swift wns the attack
that an entire German division which,
was just relieving another nt the front
wns caught by surprise nnd decimated.
The entire ground over which the Brit
ish nnd French advanced wns thickly
littered with dead Germans nnd henps
of equipment.
A few more such drives In Flanders
and the Germans will be compelled to
retire to the east and south, abandon
ing the submarines on the ' Belgian,
const. This would mean the almost,
utter collapse of the U-boat campaign,,
which already has been greatly weak
ened. There are strong indications that
the allies nro preparing for vigorous
offensive movements In the near fu
ture In both !toumunln nnd Macedonia..
The positions of the central powers on,
both those fronts hnve been subjectedi
of late to heavy bombardments, it
was announced last week that the ar
mies of Greece were about ready to
take an active part In the warfare.
More of Bernstorff's Perfidy.
Secretary Lansing reached Into tho
upper left-hand pigeon-hole of bis desk
lust week and pulled out another neat
little expose of German methods. This
one lilt Von Bernstorff again, rounding;
out tlio rovelatlous of the count's per
fidy while this country and Germany
were still technically on friendly
terms. Three telegrams were made
public, two from the German foreign,
office to Von Bernstorff Instructing,
him to start a big program of sabotage
In American munitions factories and.
to finance plans for the destruction
of tho Canadian Pacific railway, and.
the third from the t-hen ambassador
to the foreign office at Berlin lust:
September stntlng that the American,
embargo conference needed 'the fur
ther support of the German govern
ment for the purpose of conducting a.
cnmpalgn to win a majority of con
gress favorable to Germany In the ap
proaching congressional and presiden
tial elections.
The heavy hand of the federal gov
ernment fell on Daniel. II. Wallace,,
blatant organizer and head of a paci
fist society, last Thursday when a
judge in Iowa sentenced him to 20
years in prison for seditious speaking.
The committee named to Investigate
the charges of disloyalty against Sen
ator La Follette and puss on the' de
mands for his expulsion from the sen
ate had no time to perform Its duties,
before congress adjourned nnd so will
report nt the next session. It will not
go heyond or outside of the senntor
speech in St. Paul before tho Non
Partisan league and there are pre
dictions that the Inquiry will be a.
fizzle.
Food Control Extended.
In order to prevent the taking of
excessive profits nnd to stop honrdlng,
the government's control of foodstuffs
will be extended on November 1 to
Include about all the essential nrtlcles
of diet. By order of the president,
the manufacture, Importation, storage
und distribution of some twenty prime- '
commodities will bo licensed by tho
food administration. Farmers, garden
ers and many of the smaller dealer
anil manufacturers will bo exempt.
The baking Industry wns left put of
this arrangement, but Mr. Hoover will
be ready to regulnto It as soon as ho
lms standardized baking Hour, baking
ingredients and either the size or the
price of the loaf.
Secretary Baker Issued a stntement
praising highly the work of tho many
manufacturing plants that are making
clothing find other supplies for tho
cantonment camps. Since the con
struction of those enmps begnn nearly
tljlrteen million articles have been,
shipped to them. In other quarters
there Is much talk of the great short
age of workers in such war plants as
alrplnne and munition fnctorles, steel
mills, navy yards and mines, nnd It Is
said that conscription of millions of
workmen Is being seriously considered
by the administration. Industrial ex
pansion and the withdrawal of about
1.500.000 men from their occupations
for tho armed services are held re
sponsible for the conditions. In the
aircraft factories thousands of womcn
are to be given employment.
Owing to tho presont demand for
gasoline, tho Standard Oil company
lias decided to permit unrestricted use
of Its Burton process of refining, by
which almost twice as much gasoline
Is obtained from crude oil as by other
processes.