THE SEMI-WEEKLY TRIBUNE. NORTH PLATTE, NEBRASKA.
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United States than ever
and they are cowing to rank
high as farmers:: Original
Americans fruit and vegetable
experts before White men came
OOR Lo Is no loiiEor poor. He 1h u
landholder nnd stock ralHer. Ho Imb
money In tho hunk, millions of It, or
will hnvo when tho government coin
plot oh tho distribution of pnymcnts re
cently authorized. For IiIh fnnn prod
ucts ho Is receiving wnr prosperity
prices. From his oil lnnds roynltles
fwV 1 1 nro flowing In with nn nhundnnco thnt
1 x, II would mnko n white man dizzy.
When pnymcnts out oi tmmi tunus
authorized by congress nt tho last session hnvo
been completed, Including an earlier distribution,
the Indians will have received from the govern
ment $1 0,085,088. In addition, during tho last
threo years about $4,000,000 has been advanced to
itock Lo'a ranges on vnrlous reservations and to
purchnso farm equipment. From this capital In
vestment ho Is now receiving returns In somo In
stances of more than 50 per cent.
Tho Indian olllco has Just completed tho pay
ment of $033,300 to the members of the Chicka
saw Nntlon, tho distribution of wlilch was au
thorized In 1014. Further payments authorized
this yenr began on August 15. Theso will amount
to $0,2.10,700 to tho Choctnws, $038,100 to tho
Bcmlnolcs, $1,200,800 more to tho Ghlcknsaws,
making In nil, Including the earlier distribution,
f0,071,000 which theso Indians have received in
cash.
To tho Chlppown Indians In Minnesota pay
ments will bo mndo under tho recent net amount
ing to $1,510,788. Tho adults competent to tnko
caro of their Interests will recolvo their share of
tho money. In tho caso of minors nnd others tho
money will bo deposited In banks to bo used for
their benefit under tho supervision of tho officers
of the Indian service.
Of greater Interest, however, Is tho fact that
tho American Indlnn Is not only tho holder, but
also tho producer of wealth. Ho Is beginning to
put money Into the bank himself ns well as having
tho government pitt It In for him.
This Is largely the result of a plan to ennblo
him to mnko uso of tho natural resources avail
able on tho vnrlous Indian reservations heretofore
utilized to a grent extent by white men for their
own benefit under the leasing system. Only last
week there were put on salo nt tho Chicago mar
ket 50 carloads of cattle from Indian herds. In
many plnces tho Indlnn has shown that ho can
not only rnlso cnttlo, but also obtnln tho top
market price.
During tho last threo yearn about $4,000,000 hnB
been expended In tho purchnso of cattle, sheep
and horses to stock tho Indian ranges. Tho ban
dllng of theso herds by the Indians bns tnoro than
Justified the Investment. For example, tho tribal
herd placed on tho Crow Indian reservation In
Montana In tlr spring of 1014, nt n cost of $405,
108, showed n net profit on December 81, 1015, of
$207,00t. The tribal herd of sheep on tho Pica
rllln reservation show.ed gross returns In tho first
year of $17,250 on an Investment of $23,477.
Tho Hvo stock on tho vnrlous Indian reserva
tions Is worth moro thnn $28,000,000, ns corapnred
with $22,777,075 In 1013. In addition to this In
crease of more than $5,000,000 In vnluo tho In
dians hnvo sold $5,408,200 worth of stock nnd
slaughtered $2,307,431 worth for their own needs.
As n herdsmnn tho Indian hns been particularly
successful. The highest prlco paid on the Chi
cago market for a grass-fed steer was recently re
ceived by nn Indlnn of tho Crow trlbo on a day
when tho general market vnluo of tho cuttlo was
lower than on other days of tho seasov.
Gradually tho original unhyphenated American
Is tnltlng possession of his own again. IIo Is man
aging his own farm nnd reaping bis own harvests.
Leases of allotted Innd decreased In number from
28,847 In 1018 to 10.420 In 1015, n change In ncro
ugo of from 8,100.200 to 1,808,770. In 1015 tho
nreu of tribal lands leased wus 8,122,018 acres.
In 1018 wih 10,508,048.
The Indlnn Is becoming a competitor ut tho
agricultural fnlr with the white mnn. no Is rais
ing his own supplies, relieving tho government to
a considerable extent of the necessity of making
gratuitous Issues of food under treaties to Induco
him to remnln whero ho Is on tho reservation in
stead of reverting to tho nomadic habits of his
forefathers.
Nor Is ho nny longer a vanishing race. The
number of Indians Increased from 800.030 In 1013
to 300.011 In 1015. Gradually the tendency to
ward tuberculosis, trachoma nnd kindred diseases,
which prevailed among them to nn alarming ox
tent, Is being checked. This Is duo to n medical
campaign nnd tho Improvement of housing con
ditions. It appears, therefore, that tho turning point In
tho history of tho Indians has been reached. Ills
numbers nro Increasing, his wealth Is growing nnd
ho has taken n plnco among tho white men as tho
producer of wealth In n system of civilization with
which his own manner of living was In direct con
lUct. As fnrmers, the Indlnn hns shown tho whlto
mnn something worth while, particularly In the
growing of corn. It Is Interesting to note thnt ho
planted pumpkins or squash among the corn
hillocks, us docs the white man now, nnd also
Bowed beans where tho vines could twlno them
pelves about tho cornstalks.
0
D
In ono of tho pnssages from the description of
tho rnld mndo by General Sullivan on tho Flvo
Nations In his memorable punitive expedition dur
ing tho Revolutionary war, it Is set forth thnt
among tho rows of corn were found cucumbers
nnd watermelons so delicious thnt tho raiders sat
down to eat of them, even though tho hour was
two o'clock in tho morning. Tho Indians Intro
duced melons of nil kinds from southern climes,
nnd by extreme enre adapted them to northern
temperatures.
It was after tho advent of Columbus that tho
Indians of this continent beenmo proficient In the
cultlvntlon of tho "Irish" potnto. Tho tuber wns
brought from tho Andenn heights by Spanish ad
venturers nnd was Introduced In the Southern
part of tho United States. Rcforo tho American
Revolution, however, tho Indian experts were de
veloping many varieties of It nnd tho Iroquois
were especially proficient ns growers of the root,
of which there aro about 200 varieties. Potato
meal was orlglnnlly nn Indlnn product. Yams and
sweet pntntoes were raised In abundance.
Tho Indlnn farmer also raised many kinds of
vegetables nnd wns experimenting with many
others beforo tho advent of tho European races.
Tho tomnto, which Is of South
American origin, wns on his list.
Although he did not have onions,
he wns gntherlng many kinds of
flower bulbs, such ns lilies, nnd
using them In soups. Tho Indlnn
dietary Included tho greens
cooked with n piece of fnt meat.
SumnC, sorrel, milkweed, yellow
dock nnd dandelion were nlso on
his menu. He was gathering
mushroom nnd puffbnlls and oth
er fungi. In fact, tho Indlnn
was nblo nt nil times to give to
the strangers from beyond tho
great water n revised menu. Tho
peanut, which Is now so plenti
fully sold here, was considered
a valuable food product by tho
Indians.
Tho American apple owes
much to the caro of tho Indian farmers, for tho
Indian wns un able pomologlst. It was not un
usual 150" years ago for Indian orchards to have
1,500 trees, all of which had been duly pruned
nnd cultivated by the people wo aro prono to re
gard as nomadic savages. To the world tho Indian
Introduced such fruits as the persimmon, the paw
paw, the pineapple and tho Vlrglnlu strawberry.
Prlmltlvo as the' manual part of the farming of
the Indinns mny seem, their agriculture did very
well with the facilities which were available.
Science points strongly to tho theory thnt the
horse had Its origin In this Western world, but
tho nnlmnl disappeared many aeons beforo tho
aborigines nppeared. Tho Indian hnd neither
horses nor bullocks, nnd hnd he developed a plow
ho would have hnd no nnlmals to draw It. lie had
no wheels, rakes or such devices, for the wheel
had never been In use among prlmltlvo races of
tho Americans. The dog-drawn litter, or travols,
wns about as hear as tho Indian ever got to a
wagon. Ills agricultural Implements were few
nnd simple. What with his hoo nnd mattock, his
willow rake nnd his plnntlng stick, ho hnd run
the gamut of tools. What he lacked in equipment
ho mndo up in enthusiasm and skill.
Smithsonian Excavates Ruins in New Mexico
Washington, D. O. An expedition organized by
tho burenu of American ethnology of tho Smlth
sonlnn Institution nnd the Museum of tho Amer
ican Indlnn, Ileyo Foundation of Now York City,
under tho Immediate direction of Mr. F. W. Hodge,
ethnologist In charge of tho bureau mentioned,
has Just concluded Its first Benson of excavating
among tho ruins of Iluwlkuh In western New
Mexico. This pueblo was ono of tho famed
"Seven Cities of Cibola,," which was seen by Mnr
cos de Nlzn, n Frnnclscnn frlnr, in 1530, nnd was
tho scene of tho death of his negro guide nnd com
panion. In tho following yenr tho pueblo was
stormed by Francisco Vasquez Coronado, tho cele
brated Spnnlsh explorer, who nlmost lost his life
In tho nttnek. The Zunl occupants of Ilnwlkuh
fled to their stronghold n few miles nwny; tho
Spnnlsh took possession of their vtllngo, which
Coronado cnlled Grenada, and while there wrote
his report to tho viceroy of Mexico, giving nn
account of his expedition up to 'thnt tlmo nnd
sending various products of tho country and ex
amples of native nrt.
Tho excnvatlons wero commenced nt tho close
of Mny by Mr. ITodge, assisted by Mr. Alnnson
Skinner nnd Mr. E. F. Coflln of tho Museum of
the Amerlcnn Indian. Work was begun In n great
refuse heap forming tho western slopo of tho ele
vation on which Ilnwlkuh Is situated. This refuso
wns found to contain mnny burlnls of Zunl dead,
of which there wero threo types remains crc
mated and deposited In clnerery vessels accom
panied by food nnd wnter vessels; others burled
at length, or In nhnormnl postures without nccom
panlments; nnd usually dismembered; others
still deposited nt length with bend directed oust
ward nnd with them numerous vessels of earth
enware, great quantities of food, nnd the per
sonal tools nnd ornaments of the deceased. In
nil, 237 graves wero opened during the threo
months devoted to tho work In which quantities
of pottery vessels of vnrlous forniH nnd with n
grent rnngo of decorntlvo painting, wero uncov
ered. Among' burlnls of tho third typo mentioned
were several skeletons of members of the Zunl
Priesthood of tho Row, with their wnr pnrnpher
nnlln. Including bows nnd nrrows, snored paint,
war clubs, and their personal or ccremonlnl be
longings. A Frnnclscnn mission wns established at Iluwl
kuh In 1030 nnd continued In operation until 1070,
when the pueblo wns abandoned on nccount of
Apnche depredations. Considering the length of
time since the village was forsaken by Its Inhab
itants, the remnltiR were in n remarkably good
state of preservation. The deposit of gront quan
tities of food In the graves, especially boiled corn
on the cob, had the effect of decaying tho bonea
but of preserving the materials that usually moro
readily perish, such ns baskets, fabrics, and ob
jects of vvood. many of which were saved by Im
mediate treatment. Many very beuutlful things
found In nssociatlon with the remains Include
eight objects of turquoise mosaic, consisting of
ornnmcntnl hulr combs, ear pendants, nnd hair
ornaments, scuo of which aro so well executed
as to bo amQsg tho finest examples of encrusted
turquolso ever found in America, nnd far exceed
ing tho mosaic work of the Hopl Indians in Art
zona today. Of the fabrics, vnrlous examples
wero recovered, nnd Indeed In ono Instance the
clothing of a woman was so well preserved that
It was possible to study tho character of her
dress from neck to feet.
Tho pottery of the Ilnwlkuh people, as men
tioned, possesses n wido range of decoration and
coloring. Most of tho designs nro geometric, but
numerous highly conventionalized figures of birds,
ns well as many lifelike forms of quadrupeds,
tho eagle, tho butterfly, the tndpolo, nnd tho corn
plant were found. Many of tho vessels nro deco
rated with a distinct glaze, black and green pre
dominating. Tho vessels consist chiefly of bowls,
ranging In size from tiny toy nffalrs to somo as
large as 15 Inches In diameter; but thero aro also
largo nnd small water Jugs, and black, undeco
rnted cooking pots, duck-shaped vessels, and the
like.
The finds Include, nmong others, the cere
monial paraphernnlln of a medicine mnn, compris
ing his medicines; a turkey's egg containing tho
bones of tho embryo nnd accompanied by n food
bowl ; several skeletons of eagles, turkeys, and
dogs thnt hnd been ceremonlnlly hurled, nnd de
posits of pottery thnt had been broken In sacri
fice nnd deposited -In tho cemetery not ns burlnl
accompaniments. It was the custom of tho Zunls
of Ilnwlkuh to "kill" nil tho vessels deposited
with tholr dead by throwing them Into tho graves,
nnd this was likewise tho case with other house
. hold utensils, such ns nictates and mnnos used
In grinding corn. Some of tho vessels escaped In
Jury, while nil of the fragments of tho broken
ones were cnrefully gathered and will bo repaired.
The site of Ilnwlkuh covers nn urea of about
750 by 850 feet, so thnt only n comparatively
6mall part of the slto was excavnted during this
senson. Tho refuso wns found to nttnln n depth
of 14 feet In tho western slopo, nnd It will
probnbly be found to reach n depth of nt least
18 feet before the walls of the summit of tho ele
vntlon are reached.
An Interesting discovery consists of the remains
of many walls entirely beneath this grent deposit
of refuse, showing that tho site was occupied In
prehistoric times long beforo Iluwlkuh Itself was
built.
Diplomacy and the Muse.
"This Isn't worth the paper It's written on." said
tho' editor, with chilly calm.
"That, sir," replied the poet, with hauteur of
his own. "Is what they sny of the compositions of
somo of Germany's most prominent statesmen."
Gen. Luigl Cudornu, chief of staff
of tho Itollun army, which, under his
lpadershlp, is making its triumphant
wny toward Trieste, passed through
the first three years of the war nlmost
unnoticed. Rut the cnmpnlgn ho was
quietly planulng during that period
Jipw Is reaching fruition, nnd In conse
quence he stnnds out today as oho of
tho grent figures of the war.
Tho following excerpts from n
personality sketch published In tho
Roston Evening Transcript reveal to
somo extent tho secret of his growing
fnmo nnd populnrity. Says tho writer,
Amy A. Rcrnnrdy:
"Not enslly clnted by success, fully
nnd calmly confident In his strength
nnd in thnt of his men, devoted to
Itnly with thc.dcep devotion thnt needs
no words to be expressed ; built, mind
nnd body, on generous lines; radiat
ing power and energy from his whole
countenance ; nnd above all simple, un
assuming, optimistic, with n slight touch of humor, nnd n grent reserve fuud
of goodness nnd strength, ho deserves fully the love of his soldiers, the grati
tude of Italy nnd tho admiration of the world.
BOOMED SALE OF LIBERTY BONDS
Mrs. William Glbbs McAdoo, wife
of tho secretary of the trensury, and
youngest daughter of President Wil
son, boomed tho Liberty Rond salo to
such good advantage that It Is said
her personal efforts udded $10,000,000
to the total. She confined her work
principally to women, addressing clubs
nnd forums and urging her sisters to
show their patriotism by letting go
of a little of the coin of the renlm
thnt was being saved up for a rainy
day.
Her stepson, young William G. Mc
Adoo, Jr., enlisted as a seaman. He
Is cruising nround looking for such
submarines ns may como this wny. IIo
wears tho same clothes, sleeps In the
same sort of n hammock, and messes
along at the same table and answers
the same buglo call that brings the
enlisted youth from tho slums to the
deck.
Miss Margaret Wilson, the eldest
daughter of tho president, has a beautiful voice, which she is using In con
certs for the benefit of the Red Cross. She recently toured the country
making onc-nlght stands and conducting concerts for the benefit of different
charities and tho Red Cross.
HE KNOWS BUTTER AND EGGS
Perhaps it will bo possible for
,most of us to go back to the super
luxury of having butter on our bread
at least once in a while In the near
future.
Still more glowing doth Old Time
promise us an egg for breakfast as tho
weeks roll around, and there nro ru
mors that eggless or one-egg cake, so
much vaunted In the wartime offerings,
of women's magazines, will soon bo
ruled from tho pantry shelves to make
room for richer products.
Mr. George E. Haskell of" Chicago
has been assigned by tho government
to act as the butter and egg adviser of
Mr. Herbert C. Hoover, food adminis
trator. Anyone who Is nt all ac
quainted with this country's business
In dnlry and poultry products will in
stnntly appreciate what this appoint
ment means. It Is considered that In
culling Mr. Haskell to take up this
work the government has placed on
Its staff tho man who Is better fitted than any other person In tho United
States to help Mr. Hoover bring the dairymen nnd poultry dealers of tho
country Into line to help win the war.
IN
FOOTSTEPS OF FAMOUS FATHER j
Georgo R. McClcllan, former
mayor of Now York city, who left a
professorship at Princeton to study
ordnnnco nt Frankford arsenal, Phila
delphia, whero ho has been for tho last
threo months, has been appointed a
major In the ordnance department of
the nrmy, assigned to service ut the
port of embarkation at New York.
With him are Captain Colton of tho
regular urmy acting ns his nssistnnt,
nnd, It Is understood, n number of
Princeton students nnd graduates, who
are taking courses similar to that
which their teacher pursued, will bo'
named to aid htm.
McClellan shortly after college
closed In June quietly disappeared
from tho campus and It was thought
by bis associates ho was spending his
vacation as usual at an exclusive re
sort near Gloucester. Unknown except
to a few of his ltitlmntest ho donned
ninchlnlst's overalls nnd worked stend-
lly nt Frnnkford nrsennl. Reports coming here show he wns most proficient
nnd mastered tho technical side of tho manufacture of guns quickly In tho
opinion of tho ordnnnco depnrtmeiit chiefs ho Is especially qualified to super
vise tho embarkation of ammunition for use abroad.
General Crozlcr, chief of ordnance, said that McClellan had dono whnt
few men of 1.1s age nnd Inclination would do. IIo went through the tntlro
ordnnnco depnrt. iect nt the Frnnkford arsenal as an ordinary mechanic and
few knew him other thnn Georgo McClellan while ha wns there
McClellan, it Is said, was most anxious to get Into this wnr! ne comes
from n lighting fnmlly nnd, while too old to do strenuous military duty he
Insisted ho should bo allowed to do something for his country. President
Wilson nnd tho war officials wero very sympathetic with his ambition and. to
tholr surprise, ho worked harder than most of tho young men at tho student
camps.
MoJ. Georgo R. McClellan will go down In history nlong with his fnther
Gen. Georgo R. MrClcllan of tho Civil war. Ho Is enlisted In tho ordnance
Oopurtmcnt us a reserve, nnd us such ho will serve until the end of this wa
and obtain a leave from Princeton university to do so ,
f