THE 9EMI.WEEKLY TRIBUNE, NORTH PLATTE, NEBRASKA.
WAi t(
WHITE RUNNER DUCKS AS EGG PRODUCERS
om Daniel Walters says no
feature of home architecture will
afford so much comfort and be
so conducive to health as abund
ant supply of pure water
THERE was n tlmo when the
farmer drank IiIh All from the
"old oaken bucket Hint hung In
the well," when his bathtub con
futed of nn nlmndoned wash bolter
placed out In the- summer kitchen or
town In tin? cellar, when the water
flo"H?t was n' four-foot by five-foot
Hhnnty planted behind the corncrlb,
nnd when on wash days the needed
Hoft water was obtained from an old
barrel that stood at the corner of the
front porch; but these primitive con
ditions are rnpldlyvanlHhlng they nro
almost n thing of the past. No one
argues jiow, as was the case then, Unit
one or two baths a month ought to be
sufficient for a healthy person, or that
a woll-llghtcd, well-warmed nnd well
furnished bathroom Is n luxury und
nn enfeebling detriment to the devel
opment of a robust constitution, jlhat n
water-closet In tho house Is unhy
gienic, and that labor-saving comforts,
in mi) Kitchen and laundry will make
tho cook lazy. Wo nil agree on these
points. The problem Is, rather, how
can we got good water In suillclent
quantity, cheaply and effectively,
whero It mny bo needed, I. e., Into tho
bathroom, tho kitchen, tho lnuudry, the
front yard, and tho feed lot.
The first question to ho answered In
any water-supply problem Is naturally,
How much water will be needed?
Tho nnswer must differ In accord
ance with the conditions Involved. In
the smaller towns It Is usual to placo
i 'Expansion
f
l Bath 7Vb '
Collar TUbe '
fforlronta Bailor
. I n
A Horizontal Dollar jataj floor space and
gives a stronger stream by aphonlna to tho
fhtvcea below.
-i'htotMtter Pipe
i'Doller feed Pipe
'77- Ubo Corh Tfim
cold roller, to the eft
aown ro jjpnon
&'orJm Halt Pump
II II J
j v " " ' . w . -r w
wont tattle . filthy siphoning from
hoi Act orpumpino hot or coif tvater
v ' M tVfl, Vy
laundry TVhs ' Vnjjpfll lfitcher,
rjuchoapipe 'pi' m." ' 7Ct S
to astern or Mill II VAy : IF Cl
TT " L4 LL I I
Water Supply to
tho minimum consumption, oxcluslvo
of the water needed for lawn sprink
ling, nt nbout 4,000 cubic feet per
year for tho nvorugo fnmlly of five.
This menus n minimum of 333 cubic
foot, or nbout 2.G00 gallons per month,
or about 83 gallons pur family per dny,
or nbout 10 gallons per person per day.
Whllo this dully allowance is suillclent
during the greater part of tho year. It
Is genernlly Insulllclcnt In tho four or
flvo summer months. Few homos can
get along In the summer with the mini
mum quantity named, so that 5,000
cubic foot Is probably n closer cstlmnto
of tho nctunl annual consumption of n
family of flvo members.
Mnny homes nro provided with hot
water cisterns from which the neces
sary laundry and bathroom water Is
' - II V V N
Pressure Tank With Pressure Gauge
and Hand Pump.
drawn. Tho nvontgo per capita con
sumption of soft water, like thnt of
hard water, differs very much. It de
pends on tho Blzo of tho cistern and
tho character of tho plumbing fixtures
quite as much as on tho eteu and
habits of tho family, Moat homos
would use larger quanti
ties of cistern water If
they had a more edequnto
supply or more modern
pumping contrivances'. The
average home cistern holds
nominally nbout 420 cubic
feet, which lfl 100 bnrrels
of water, but n pnrt of this
cistern Is not nvnllnblo,
since tho wnter nt the bot
tom contains sediment thnt has washed
from the roof, and cannot, or should
not, be used. This leaves nbout 305
cubic foot or 8.7 barrels, for nctunl use.
If wo assume thnt tho cistern Is com
pletely emptied three times a year, It
gives a dally consumption of Just 3
cubic feet, or 22 gallons, per family
of flvo members. Some families un
doubtedly uso twice as much or sev
eral times as much soft water us tho
quantity stated, and more would ho
used In many homes If the supply was
more ndequate and easier to obtain.
Tho wnter reports of large cities
show much greater consumption fig
ures, because enormous quantities of
water are being used In factories and
packing houses nnd for street sprink
ling nnd building purposes. Tho farm
er should not of courso bo inlBled by
theso cltv fitntlstlcs. When cumulat
ing the consumption of water In tho
average farm home tho following con
servative tablo Is genernlly usod:
To fill a bathtub requires from. 8 to
20, gallons.
To flush a closet, each time, from 3
to 5 gallons.
To till lavatory, from 1 to 1 gal
lons. Kor sprinkling lnwn, per 100 square
feet, from 7 to 8 gallons.
For sonklng lnwn, per 100 squaro
feet, from in to 20 gallons.
The consumption of water by farm'
animals depends upon tho ccason, tho
feed, the age, nnd tho Individual hnb-
PpeSG13
The Bath 7bb can oa
any distance from tho
Aitchen Jbppino on the
pipe will signal the oper
ator at tho pump for hat
or cola! inciter The pipe
wi drain completely when
tho faucet at the jink fs
opened
i' flow Pipe
J' Pet urn Pipe.
v-wwi. , .
for txt water and
water
Various Flxturos.
Its of tho nnlmnl nnd Its surrounding
locnl conditions. Tho following tables
will glvo a good Idcoj howover:
Horses, 0 to 12 gallons n day ench.
Cattle, 0 to 12 gallons u day ench.
Hogs, 1 to 2 gnllons a dny ench.
Sheep, 1 to 2 gallons a day each.
When estimating the consumption
of wnter for largo herds of cattle nnd
horses, old and young, as they nro
found on tho average furm, It Is safo
to reckon It per "head" nt a minimum
of one cubic foot a day ; that is, about
half of tho minimum amount needed
for each person.
Every ono who Intends to study
wutcr-suppjy problems should know
the following relations:
1. 1 gallon equals .131 cubic feet.
2. 1 cubic foot equals 1,728 cubic
inches.
3. 1 cubic foot equals 7.48 gallons.
4. 1 cubic foot of water weighs ap
proximately 02 pounds.
5. 1 gallon of water weighs 8 1-3
pounds.
0. 1 gallon contains 231 cubic Inches.
7. 31 gallons make ono barrel,
Chemlcully pure water Is never
found In nature. It can bo obtained
only by distillation. When left In con
tact with common air, or with earthy
or organic substances, water rapidly
absorbs pnrts of them and becomes
Impure. Evcu tho ruin wuter that falls
from tho clouds Is not entlroly pure,
but contains dust particles, nnnnonla,
mid traces or numerous other Ingred
ients, However, as most of theso nil
mixtures nro hurmless, tho problem Is,
therefore, not how nn entirely puro
water can be obtnlucd, but rather how
to obtain n wnter with nn admixture
which Is not harmful for the purpose
for which It Is Intended.
Mnny spring or well wntcrn contain
large quantities of lime In solution.
This lime prevents soap from dissolv
ing nnd lathering; It makes the wnter
hnrd nnd almost unsultcd for Inundry
purposes. The chemist hns menus to
extract the lime from the water, but
it Is n process thnt could not be cheap
ly Introduced Into tho household.
However, for drinking purposes, such
spring or well wnter Is not harmful.
Other substances that are frequent
ly held in solution by Wnter from tho
earth, or from rock, nre common snlt,
Attach
HOSt HERE IM CASE OF FIRE v3f
Combination Hcatcit
amd ooilcr
Section of House, Showing Complete
magnesia, and alkali. When any of
theso nro present In large quantities
tho water tustcs bad and Is unfit to
drink. Only tho proctlcnl chemist, by
means of carefully conducted experi
ments, can positively determine
whether or not such wntqr can snfely
bo used. Other frequent admixtures
of water aro sand or cluy. Theso mny
bndly discolor tho wnter, but they are
usually harmless.
Tho most dangerous contamination
of water Is produced by organic poi
sons nnd tho bncterln or germs
microscopically small plunts. These
orgnnlsms, Invisible to the naked eye,
enter tho Intestines of man with the
wnter which he drinks, multiply there
at an enormous rate when tho condi
tions nro favorable, nnd may produce
disorders, diseases or death. They are
the more dangerous because they can
not be seen In tho wnter. Even If
they exist thero by tho million, when
exnmlned by tho cyo atone the liquid
mny appear entirely or nearly clear.
It Is a fact, however, that these
germs cannot Hvo long In wnter which
does not contain organic substances.
In so-called surface water, 1. e., drain
ago wnter from fields, meadows or
barnyards, In wnter from roofs or
rouds, or In wnter from forests and
cemeteries, they nro nlwnys present.
It Is for this rcuson thnt cistern wnter
Is not nlwnys so hnrmless ns Is often
nssumed, nnd thnt wnter from ponds,
creeks nnd rivers or from tho old
stylo open well Is positively dnngerous.
Tho question Is often asked, "If
such surface wnter Is generally pollut
ed by germs, why Is It thnt tho farm-
Pump and Alr-Pressure Tank.
era nnd their animals who drink It
freely nre not promptly killed?" Thg
nnswer la that most germs cannot live
In the perfectly healthy body of man
or nnlmnl. Only certain kinds of
germs hnvo tho power to live nnd
multiply within tho Inrger anlmnls.
Most of them die when they nro de
posited in tho stomnch; others nro
harmless, and still others nro necos
sury for tho purpose of digestion. A
comparatively small number of spe
cies produce Blckness and death, nnd
tho only way of avoiding tho effects of
their nttneks Is to uso only puro wuter,
of to boll nil drinking water that
comes frojn contaminated sources.
Tho refreshing tnsto of springs or
well wuter Is duo to several cause
. t5rop Cock 11
SECOND FLOOR
- l.Q rn I
Wfa ft Cold JjHJj
k teSJs .s III
FIRST I
-FL00R t 8 OSi y II
, j I" c lj u lis
If j Basement j j
i First, the wnter coming from n low
stratum In the ground Is nearly al
ways quite cold; second, It contains
much common nlr nnd considerable
quantities of the dioxide of carbon
Theso qualities make tho wnter palat
able. They can bo lmpt.rtcd to tepid
water artificially, but not rendily oi
cheaply. Wnter enn be boiled to rid
It of dnngerous' germs; It can bt
cooled by Ice, or by means of nn am
monln cooling apparatus, tho so-called
lco machine. Air nnd carbon dioxide
can bo forced through water to fresh
en It.
There are many different kinds of
pumps or contrivances for lifting wn
ATTIC
Water Supply and Plumbing System.
ter from wells or cisterns into the
kitchen, tho laundry, the bathroom,
the fnrmynrd, or Into tho storage tnnk.
According to the mechanical principle
Involved In their construction or oper
ntlon, they mny be divided Into several
classes, as follows:
1. Water hoists, 1. e., contrivances
which raise wnter by means of buckets
fastened to belts, wheels or levers.
Tho old-fashioned cistern "pump" be-
longs to this class. Another form Is
tho tread wheel employed In Oriental
8ectlon of House, .Showing. Location
of Compressed-AIr Tank, Electric
Pump and Plumbing Fixtures.
countries to raise water u few feet for
Irrigation. Still another form Is tho
"worm hoist," of which n short de
scription may bo found In almost any
dictionary. Another farm Is tho "old
onken bucket."
2. Compressed-nlr lifts, or steam
lifts, I. e., contrivances thnt hoist wn
ter by menus of nlr or steam blown
into tho lower end of tho outflow pipe,
or Into closed tanks filled with wnter.
3. Centrlfugnl pumps, or pumps thnt
drivo up tho wnter by means of rap
idly revolving fnn wheels n pump
form which Is used much In brldgo
buildings to ralso wnter from founda
tion pits, and In Irrigation work.
4. Suction pumps and force pumps,
or pumps Unit hoist wnter by menns
of piston action the usual form of
hutid pump and windmill pump. Tho
smaller kinds nro single-acting pumps
and the largo nre double-nctlng
pumps.
5. nydraullc rams pumps which
work automatically by tho energy of
n stream of water which flows through
them.
Her Sense of Humor.
Even gentki woman Is capable, when
dcall"? "with tramps, of pcrpotratlng
a type- "f humor of which ono would
llttto suspect her.
"I told dat lady," Cinder Smith re
lates, "dat I wanted Just a little sonip
In' to keep soul nn' body together."
"An whnt did sho glvo you?" In
quired Wily Trucks feelingly.
Cinder Smith exhibited tho handout
"Sho glvo me uls snfety pin."
WT
-if I, i
In these dnys of practical utility It
Is Interesting to noto tho headway
mado by the lighter breeds of essen
tially egg-lnylng ducks; more especl
nlly the white runner. The runner,
misnamed Indian becnuso it originated
in the Island of the Netherlands, East
Indies, now Includes various colors
tho fawn and white, puro white, black,
blue and penciled; nnd though It might
bo Inferred that tho white would be
subject to weakness when line bred
for heavy egg yield, such is not the
caso so far, and there need be little
fear of inherent weakness and conse
quent deterioration occurring.
Tho specimens shown herewith to
gethev with a whole flock have never
been housed since they wero hatched,
successfully weathering tho severe
spring of 1010 nnd winter of 1010-17
with no other shelter than that afford
ed by a walled kitchen garden In tho
TYPICAL SPECIMENS OF
LEGHORN IN FAVOR
Than
Produce Eggs Cheaper
Fowls of So-Called General
Purpose Breeds.
MOST PROFITABLE TO KEEP
Fact Established In Rather Extensive
Feeding Test Conducted by Poul
trymen of the Department
of Agriculture.
(From the United States Department of
Agriculture.)
Leghorns produce eggs cheaper than
hens of the general-purpose breeds
Plymouth Itocks, Wyandottes, Rhode
Island Ileds, and Orpingtons. This
fact, which confirms the belief and ex
perience of commercial poultry farm
ers, was one of tho results obtained
In a rather extensive feeding test re
cently reported by pmiltrymen of the
United States department of agricul
ture. Ilecuuse they lay as many or
more eggs, cat only about flfty-flve
pounds of feed per head as compared
with seventy to eighty-five pounds cat
en by the general-purpose breeds, and
becnuso their egg yield very material
ly exceeds that of general-purposjj
breeds during their second and third
laying years, Leghorns, the specialists
say, undoubtedly are more profitable to
keep for the production of eggs only.
Result of Feed Test.
' In this test tho feed cost of a dozen
eggs for ouo of tho Leghorn pens was
7.34 cents in 1013, while tho average
cost of all the pens of the general
purpose breeds wns 10.0 cents. In
1014 tho feed cost of a dozen eggs for
tho same pen of Leghorns was 3.7
cents us against an average cost of
15.1 cents for tho second laying year
of the genernl-purposo pens. During
their third laying year the cost of u
dozen eggs was 8.8 cents compared to
18.0 cents for tho general-purpose
fowls. Tho total value of eggs per
hen over feed cost In tho Leghorn pen
for three years was $0.84 against $4.30
for tho general-purpose hens. The
highest egg production obtained In any
of tho feeding experiments up to 1015
wns by n pen of Leghorns which laid
157.0 eggs per hen, ut a feed cost of
0.7 cents a dozen.
Tho Leghorns pruuuco smaller eggs
than tho genexal-purposo breeds. Tho
average welgnt of rjie sggs of a pen
of Leghorns during tho first laying
year wns 1.42 pounds per dozen as
against 1.53 to 1.58 pounds for tho
other pens, nowever, Leghorns lay
ing eggs weighing 1.50 pounds per doz
en or oven more, t-w specialists say,
have been fcdc'M .nil bred by mnny
poultrymeh. n eramlnntlon in Muy,
1Q15, of 500 eggs from three Leghorn
pens showed that 81 per cent weighed
more than two ounces apiece, or 1.50
pounds to the dozen.
Value of Eggs.
The valuo per dozen of tho eggs pro
duced by tho LegUorns was from 1 to
U cents less each year than tho eggs of
wesc of England. Such n scvero test
naturally weeded out tho weaklings
right from tho first severe frost and
snows, nnd the remnlnder showed no
III effects since. In fact the eggs are
fertilized on land without swimming
wnter. Tho percentage of Infcrtllcs
has never exceeded G per cent, when
three ducks nro mnted to one drake,
hatching January to June nnd Sep
tember to November. Theso results
nre excellent when the great number
of eggs are produced is considered,
nnd shows the advantage of maintain
ing highly bred stock under natural
hardening conditions.
Doubtless muny of the diseases
fowls are subject to, more especially
roup and complaints of that class, are
contracted by being too closely con
fined, or through draughty houses.
Ducks appear Immune from most of
the diseases hens are Heir to.
WHITE RUNNER DUCKS.
gcneral-purposo hens. This dlfferenci
Is due to the fact that the general
purposo breeds aro better winter lay
ers than the Leghorns, while the lnttei
give a higher production in the spclnj
and summer. Very few Leghorns bo
come broody, which probably material
ly affects their egg yield as comparet
with the genernl-purposo breeds. Bet
ter fertility In the eggs, especially
with stock confined to the yards, Ii
more often secured with Leghorn!
tliuu with the general-purpose or anj
of tho heavier breeds.
SPOTS FOUND ON EGG YOLKS
If Flock Is Healthy Specks Need
Cause No Special Uneasiness
See to Green Feed.
It Is not unusual to find spots on the
yolks of eggs. Sometimes these spots
look like mold; again thero will be
blood clots, blood streaks, small
worms, and even bits of fecal mat
ter. When a flock is laying occasional
eggs with spots, every egg should be
candled. Candling every egg to be
marketed Is the better way, but this
Is tho exception rather than the rule,
a perfectly normal flock will lay some
eggs with blood spots during tho heavy
laying season.
If the flock Is healthy, these spots
need cause no special uneasiness. If
the hens nre suffering from llvei
trouble and dlarrhcn, try to locate tho
trouble and remedy the conditions.
It seems unnecessary at this sea
son to recommend more green food,
and yet some chickens In the country
nre ynrded on bare ground, nnd given
senrcely a spenr of grass. But onion
tops, clover, nlfalfa, and even dande
lions in the pen If the chickens do not
huve range on good, tender grass.
COLD BROODER MADE USEFUL
Device Can Be Put Together at Hom
With Aid of Some Box and
Flannel Strips. ,
"Cold brooders nro used as well as
artificially heated ones. Theso brood
ers can be purchused ready made, or
they can bo mude at home. A shallow
box can be used. It should bo tight ex
cept nt one end, which is sometimes
left entirely open, or a good-sized holo
can be left at one end. It is a good
play to put a woolen cloth on tho
floor so as to keep the feet of the
chicks warm. A paper can be laid
over the floor dally so It will uot get
dirty. Strips of flannel should be sus
pended from the top In which tho
chicks may bo hovered.
FEEDING THE AUGUST CHICKS
Give Young Fowls to Hen at Edge of
Corn Field Whern They Will
Have Shade and Range.
Feed these August chicks to them
selves; give them to hens nt the edge
of a corn field, whero they will hnve
slinde nnd mellow ground. Let them
linye the range of a stubble field, nnd
they will grow Ilka weeds, and bo
ready to lay In the spring when tho
hens are sitting.
