THE SEMI.WEEKLY TRIBUNE. NORTH PLATTE, NEBRA8KA,
K TERR1E5
LE THREE YEARS IN WORLD HISTORY
WhdJb Well Dress
New York. Till? threo most nwful
renrs In flic World's history liavo come
to a close.
Three years ago, August 1, Germany
declared war on Russia, precipitating
it conlllct which has killed live million
soldiers and certainly over a million
civilians perhaps many more ; cost di
rectly between seventy-live and a hun
dred billion dollars, iMid plied ill) a
sum In human woe entirely Incalcula
ble and Incomprehensible.
Not n corner of tht earth has been
too remote to feel the effect of the
forty million or more men who have
gone forth to war. Not an Intelligent
being but hns been stirred to his
depths by tile dreadful, wasteful lire
that has scourged the globe.
From a petty Balkan quarrel, re
sulting In' the seizure of Bosnia and
Herzegovina by Austria and In the
assassination of the heir to the throne
of the dual monarchy and bis consort
by resentful.Jugo-Slavs, the conflagra
tion has spread to every continent and
every land. Most of the world Is di
rectly Involved In war, and ltr the non
belligerent countries questions stirred
up by the conlllct are the subject of In
tense nnd constant domestic differ
ences. Vast Human Changes.
What changes "on the map" the war
will make still await the great peace
conference to he told; but already hu
man society bus been altered with
such swiftness as can scarcely be par
alleled even In the era of the Trench
revolution.
Russia has changed from the great
est example of an absolute and bur
densome autocracy to the world's
freest and most liberal democracy,
with Its eyes set on Ideals as hlgl as
the stars.
The people rule In Itussla after cen
turies of oppression, and In many oth
er nations the bonds forged by birth
and privilege are giving way.
Germany has Its tlrst Imperial
chancellor without a "von" to his
name a small, uncertain step toward
democracy, yet u rny of hope. The
Junkers and the militarists are still
in the saddle, but their faithful, care
fully nourished slaves for the tlrst time
have them jvorrled.
In every country the Importance of
government has increased. The cen
tral authority lias had to take over
powers it never possessed or wished
before. The peoples are thinking moro
abotrt their government, selllsh
thoughts perhaps, for their leaders
mean more to them than formerly.
Governments. Moro Active.
The British government has taken
over thousands of great industrial
plants to run on war work, whilo
similar changes, of revolutionary char
acter havo taken placo In France,
Italy and Germany. Even the United
States has commandeered all the ship
yards for the purpose of speeding them
up, and will undoubtedly take over
moro and more lines of production as
tho conlllct wears on.
Through tho vnst pressuro of war
business, woman's placo in tho com
munity everywhere has Increased in
Importance. Tho wives and sweet
hearts must labor while their men aro
on tho field of battle. And tills promi
nence of tho fair sex has resulted In the
promise of equal suffrage to women In
Great Britain ahd will undoubtedly
give greater polltlcijl rights to women
In many other lands. .
The dignity of work hns received
recognition such as was never accord-
HEROINE NOW LIFE GUARD
aliw Hold Jinn nlu'iler, mneteen-ycars-old
high-school girl of IIollls,
L. I., now on duty as swimming In
structor and life guard ut Ocean
Beach, Fire Island, L. 1.
It Is said that Miss Wheeler Ib the
first young woman to be honored by
the government with the appointment
of Instructor of swimming In the fed
eral life-saving corps. About two years
ago sho was standing on Iter porch at
Ocean Benclj when she saw a nuin Who
bad been bathing In the surf carried
nwny by Jhe strong undertow, With
out kicking off her walking shoes, sho
dashed In, battling tho breakers,
reached him, and brought him ashore
unconscious. Only the usu of a pulmo
tor revived him. Ho rownrded her
with n costly watch, tho Ocean Beach
association gavo hVr u handsomo ring,
nnd New York's Benevoienf Life Suv
Ins iiBxoclntlon picented her with a
lued,l 'Hid r'ft Of t;oId.
Six Million Lives Lost Since Ger
many Declared War on Au
gust 1, 1914.
COST NEAR HUNDRED BILLION
Not a Corner of Earth Too Remote to
Feel Effect of Mighty Conflict
Great Changes Come to
Human Society.
ed before. Germany hns forced by law
perhaps a million persons Into In
dustry ; Franco would have put n simi
lar mensure Into effect had the en
trance of the United States Into the
war not made this unnecessary. The
state of West Virginia has passed a
statute tnnklng It a crime to be Idle
In war time, and the sentiment which
was behind this law is felt through
out the world.
Human Life's Worth.
For their working millions the gov
ernments are caring as never before.
Their health and their lives aro the
objects of solicitude. The value of a
human being, simply from the stand
point of productivity; Is realized. The
well-learned lesson, Unit It pays to con
servo human life and energy, will be re
membered nnd will undoubtedly, some
day, when this war" Is over, result in
making the world a better place to
live in.
Men's brains have been busy these
three years -of war. But, If we take
Thomas A. Edison's word for it, tho
results In new inventions have been
surprisingly small. And still smnller
have these results been from the point
of. view of human benefit. Most of
the new devices are meuns to slay and
malm. N
In two directions, however, tho
world hns progressed In ways to he
utilized In pence time. Tho conquest
of the air has gone forward rapidly;
alrphincN fly vast distances at enor
mous speeds In comparative snfety.
Second, In the enormous, melancholy
war hospitals, the surgeons have de
veloped now marvels In saving the
badly wounded, molding new faceB on
S
as-
Keen Competition in War Is Re
sponsible for Remark
able Advance.
HOPE TUNRS TO AMERICA
Thlo Country Expected to Help Win
the War With Germany by Con
struction of Great Fleet
of Airplanes.
New York. Aviation has made vast
progress In the third year of tho war.
The keen competition In tho great
strugglu has been responsible for this
remarkable advance. Various types of
airplanes have supplanted ciich other
In quick succession. No sooner has
a new type been lleslgned than a fast
er plane has been built.
The progress of aviation hns empha
sized moro sharply the absoluto need
of planes and dirigibles for tho army
iyid navy. Time after time battles
have been won and lost, concerted
drives held hack or pushed ahead, be
cause of the airplanes.
. Battles have been fought In alti
tudes ever rising to tho present rec
ord of some 10,000 feet above tho level
of the sen, and there hifs .developed a
dexterity n manipulating ' tho ma
chines In tho air such as but few men
dreamed of a fow years back.
Early In the fall of 1010 tho rnco
between tuo allies and Germany In
tho air tight became keener than ever.
Experts speeded up their efforts to
Improve existing types of planes, with
tho result that old machines wero
either sent back to the training camps
or to tho Junk-pllo; more and moro
men were garnered In for training, as
aviators, and factories were told to
hustle us they never did before.
So fast has been the race between
the contesting powers that neither
can get a commanding position In the
air. Superiority In numbers hns but
little connection with actual su
premacy, becnuso quality counts for
so much and the standard Is raised
so rapidly.
Look to United States.
This boom In aviation was further
augmented by tho entry of the United
States In the wnr. Factories capable
of producing airplanes, but keeping
aloof because tho United States was
not Involved, changed their position,
as might have been expected, and pre
pared to turn out planes by the hun
dred to aid In the defeat of Germany.
It wiih the virtually unanimous opin
ion among military authorities that
an Influx of thousands of American
airplanes with trn.ed aviators along
the western front would heat Ger
many without question. It wns ex
plained that they could raid the Ger
man depots and munition centers ami
cause such damage as to, force Ger
many to sue for pence.
Hope was entertained when Amer
ica first entered the wnr that aerial
nld from this country would sulllco
AVIATION MAKE
disfigured unfortunates, preventing the
suppuration of Injured tissues, curing
severe burns nnd doing many ether
marvels.
Widespread Destruction.
The world's possessions havo been
destroyed at a most alarming rate,
Scores of great cities', hundreds of
towns and thousauds of villages lay
In crumbling brick nnd mortar. Mil
lions of homes have been devastated.
New enterprises, new railroads,
bridges, schoolscollcges, and a myrlnd
other works of peace have filled to hi
built as they would have been In the
normal development of nations. In
stead, the old equipment has uifWi
wearing out. Uallroads In the warring
nations have steadily deteriorated for
lack of men to ' repair and replaco
them. Everything that does not servo
the Immediate purpose of war has
been neglected. ,
Somewhere between seven and ten
million tons of ocean shipping lies at
the bottom of the ocean, the prey of
the submarine, the mine and the raid
ing cruiser. It will take many years
of peace for mankind to catch up In
material things. '
Education Halts.
In the things of the mind the world
has halted, too. Schools and colleges
are nearly empty. The usual quota of
doctors, lawyers and trained tech
nicians Is not being turned out. Even
elementnry education Is undoubtedly
suffering.
Against this Is to be wt Inspiration
to the human brain of extensive travel.
The wnr has rttirrcd up many sluggish
brains. Probably fifteen million Bus
nlan peasnnts, who otherwise would
never have strayed fifty miles from
their native villages, have gone thou
sands of miles away from home to
tight and sfen strange Innds and peo
ples nnd Imbibed new Ideas. They
have been learning many things.
The war has now gone the threo
years allotted by the late Lord Kitch
ener. Ills famous prediction was con
sidered pessimistic nt the time it was
made. Few believed the war could
Inst so long. Mnny were ready to provo
by pencil nnd pnper that exhaustion
would end the struggle within twelve
months of Its stnrt. Still It rages,
each day more fearful, and the end Is
not yet.
GREAT PR06RES!
to place such a large number of
planes on tho front as to enable the
long thought of raids on Interior Gcr
mnny to tnke place. ,
Steps were, taken to rush nn impro
priation through congress for more
than $000,000,000. Factories were sur
veyed for their ability to turn out fly
ing machines and other somewhnt hur
ried preparations were mnde. But tho
work seemed distressingly slow.
Tho situation now appears gradu
ally changing, and with aeronautical
experts assisting the government nnd
with all tho money necessnry to de
velop our air resources for a year at
least, most observers believe tho
United States will In a few months
or n year be a big factor In air war
fare. Zeppelin raids on England con
tinued for part of tho last year;
then the Germnus seem to have sud
denly glventtthem up on acount of
tho heavy losses Involved.
Instead of dirigibles, tho Gcrmnns
begnn to uso against London nnd other
English centers large squadrons of
their newest airplanes.
Superior to the Germans.
On May 20 German bombers killed
70 persons In Dover and Folkstone.
On June 13 the greatest air raid Lon
don had experienced took plnce. A
squadron of Teuton filers killed ICS
persons nnd wounded 430, largely
women and children.
Germnny sent over a new type air
plane of giant size called the Gotha
to raid London July 7. Each of these
enormous mechanical birds mounted
four guns. They were so lnrge that
flying over the metropolis at 13.000
feet altitude, the populace thought
them unusually low and daring. Tho
result of the raid was 43 killed, 107
Injured.
Tho principal object of these latter
raids seems to hnvo been to draw Brit
ish air forces from tho west front,
where they are superior to the Ger
mans, for tho defenso of the cnpltnl.
Tho Germans 'figured rightly thnt
there would he a storm of demand on
the part of Londoners for better air
defenses.
Every great battle on land now sees
a second battle In the air above. The
British ofljclally announced that an
engagement between .air forces July
12 on the west front wns "tho most
severe experienced since tho com
inencement of the war." As n result
30 German and t) British machines
were brought down.
No Miss In Twelve Years.
Madison, Wis. For 12 years Lillian
ltussellng has attended school without
once being tardy or absent. Her roc
ord has been called to the attention of
Stato Superintendent Cary. Miss ltus
sellng completed the four-year term
In Mondovl High school this year,
making a total of 12 years of perfect
attendance. Sho completed every
year's study with high marks, ller
fatl t" Is a miller In Mondovl. She
may utteiTd the university at Madison
this full.
Women Will
MODES ADAPTLU
Designers of apparel for stout wom
en are confronted with two problems;
one, to make accepted styles becoming
to full figures and" the other to create
styles exclusively for them. The tlrst
problem takes most of their time and
thought, for nil women like to dress In
the mode, nnd the perverse modes con
tinue to be designed for tho sllmness
of youth. But specialists are doing
more thun their bit toward making life
hnppy for women whose figures have
rounded out to tho fullness of matron
hood. .lust how successfully they enn de
sign becoming clothes is set forth In
the costume of wool nnd sntln shown
In tho picture. The underskirt and up
per part of the sleeves are of sntln, the
overdrnpery of serge, and it might be
of nny of the more substantial woolen
fubrlcs. Every line In this model
The American Bed Cross Is organ
izing 30 base hospitals and preparing
tho equipment, supplies nnd personnel
for them. The magnitude of this un
dertaking can be glimpsed when we
consider that each unit has 23 sur
geons, two dentists, 50 graduate
nurses with assistants and attendants
making up 200 persons; for the 30
units, 7,500 persons, trained to care
for tho wounded.
Besides the permanent equipment of
these hospitals with the most modern
appliances for the enro of the sick
and for"surglcnl cases, It is necessary
to provide great numbers of articles
that are quickly consumed by a hos
pital In service, such us bandages,
splints, pads, drains, garments worn
by the wounded and nil sorts of surg
ical dressings. These nro called con
sumable hospital supplies and these
aro tho things thnt women are mak
ing and will continue to make while
war lasts. Every woman can help In
this work In somo way. Not to do
something Is u confession of Indlf
forenco or of cold-hearted lack of
sympathy or of selfishness n betrayal
of cheap character that dishonors
womanhood.
But Indifference often springs from
lnck of knowledge and not from cold
ness of heart. Bed Cross bendquur
tors have been deluged with letters
from women nil over the country, of
fering to help In any way they cun.
For their benefit one of the Important
chapters of the Bed Cross has Issued
n circular of Information concerntni;
tho work of base hospitals and In It
a vivid picture Is painted of tho ex
periences of the wounded soldier from
tho tlmo he fulls until he reaches a
bnso hospital. Here he irust be ghtn
Wee
10 FULL FIGURES.
shows enreful thought on the part ot
Its creator. The straight hanging sntlm
skirt adds nothing to the size of the'
hips. A little carefully disposed full
ness In the oversklrt straightens the
line from bust to hips and the pockets
are. placed where they will not widen
tho figure. By extending the over
dress into points at the sides an al-t
most straight lino Is achieved from
neck to hem. The point on the deep
cuffs makes the sleeves shapely and
the narrow collar and short shoulder
seum lessen the width of the shoul
ders.
Rows of small buttons on the sleeves
and on the' front of the overdrnpery
center the eyes on straight lines. Sou
tache braid makes a dignified finish
and with the pockets proclaims tne
designer's alleglnnce to prevailing
modes.
every available assistance to recovery.
Brlctly, this circular tells us that,
when n wounded soldier Is too bndly
Injured to drug himself to shelter, he
lies on the Held or in the trenches,
until army litter hearers can reach
him. They carry him back to a first
aid station, locuted In any available
shelter In a wood behind a hill or
In a trench, or dugout or tent, Hero
surgeons stnneh the flow of blood, put
splints on shattered bones and dress
wounds, so thnt the soldier may be
moved to a placo back of the danger
zone.
He Is carried by the nmbulunco col
iiiiin to one of the small Held hospitals
set up to tho rear of the fighting line,
The Hold hospltnls are usually housed
In tents, with cnpaclty for tempornry
care of 125 wounded, who Ho on
blankets or tarpaulins on the ground
inrtner nncK or tne line mere nro
evacuation hospltnls each designed to
receive the wounded from three field
hospitals. But none of these nro
permanent resting places or equipped
with appliances of a real hospital. The
wounded man must be sent still fur
ther away from the danger zone, to
some placo where he will not havo to
be moved even If the army Is forced
to retreat. He Is finally taken to a
base hospital, with all the equipment
of a regular military hosplfal. Hero
he has the best of care and may re
main until the base hospital Is filled
when ho Is again transferred to n
permanent Interior hospital to com
plote his recovery. It Is the base hos
pltal that gives him his chance for
life.
MILK BREEDS ARE COMPARED
Average Percentage of Fat in Guern
sey Milk Is 5.16 and That of
Holsteln Is 3.42.
The averoge per cent of solids Ire
Guernsey milk Is 14.71 and In Holsteln.
milk 11.85. The average percentnga
of fat In Guernsey milk is 5.10 nnd la
Holsteln milk 3.42. The percentage
of solids taken from the milk when
separntcd approximates four-fifths of
tho amount of fat removed. This be-
A Very Promising Heifer.
Ing the case, the average sample Oi
Guernsey skim milk will contain ubout
10.5 per cent solids and the average
sample of Holsteln skim milk will con
tain a little over 0 per cent solids.
The solid matter In n siunple of skim,
milk from either of these breeds will
be divided as follows: Sugar, 50 per
qent; proteins, 35 per cent; ash, 13.75
per cent, nnd fat, 1.25 per cent. .
SUMMER DISEASE OF CATTLE
"Pinkeye" Is Especially Troublesome
During Hot Weather Sometimes
Results In Blindness.
"Pinkeye" of cuttle Is' n common
disease, especially during summer
months, and sometimes results In total
blindness. It Is undoubtedly Infec
tious, and Is believed to spread from
one animal to another through the
medium of flies. The diseuse runs its
course In ten days or two weeks; af
fecting one or both eyes.
A profuse flowing of tears Is the
first evidence of the uttack. The nnl-
mal keeps the eye constantly closed,,
for It Is very sensitive to light. Grad
ually n film seems to form over "tho
eye nnd the ball becomes clouded.
Care at this time Is very necessary
and may save the animal from blind
ness. Confinement In a comfortable
stall with all light excluded Is the
best. Laxative food will put the ani
mal In good condition to ward off'
complications. If flics arc allowed to
Irritate the sore eyes they will prob-.
ably spread the Infection to other nnta
mals.
Bathing the eyes In a strong solu
tion of boric acid is a trentmcnt eas
ily applied and generally effective. A
better method Is to place a few drops
of the following mixture in the eyes
with a dropper: One-half grain ot
zinc sulphate, ten grams of boric add:
nnd one ounce of distilled water.
PRACTICE OF SKIMMING MILK
To Secure Best Results It Is Best to.
Skim and Milk and Churn Cream,
Says Clemson.
Experience has shown that in gen
eral practice the churning of whole,
milk results In butter of a poorer fat
in the buttermilk thnn if cream Is.
churned, snys Clemson Agricultural
college of South Carollnn. It Is there
fore best to skim tho milk and churn(
the cream. The best way to skim tho
milk Is by means of a separator. A
farmer who has only two or threo
cows, but no separator, may put the
milk Into deep, narrow cans (shotgun
cans) and set them in cold water, und
when the cream rises' it can be re
moved with a shallow spoon. Where,
this system is used it usually takes
about 12 to 18 hours for nil the cream
to rise. Care should be taken to keep
tho milk cold, In order to make the
cream rise rapidly. The sVd method
of setting the milk u shallow puns
should not be used, ns the cream does .
not rise so completely as when set In
deep cuns In cold water; furthermore,
tho quality of the cream Is not so good
nnd there nro more vessels to wash
and care for.
DESTROYING ODORS AND BUGS
Fresh Air and Sunshine Is Death te
Both Place Utensils Where Sun
Will Strike Them.
Fresh air and sunshUe.belng death
both to odors and to "bugs," there la
n .close relationship between clean
mflk nnd sunning of milk utensils.
Do not stopper the enns when setting
them out to sun. 7-et the air work
In and out. Ghoojfc n place to set
them where tho nun chines upon them
most directly. TvTn them bottom
side up to keep dust ut of them moro
effectively and posfvbly rain. Nature,
will then do her shft'e toward freeing
the milk can from tefM. She will mn-.
terlnlly lessen the d fnber of bacteria,
hiding within.
u