THE 8EMI.WEEKLY TRIBUNE. NORTH PLATTE, NEBRASKA.
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WELSH COAL KING
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PREPARED BY THE UNITED
STATES DEPARTMENT Of
AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZE T0FIGHT THE FLY
The county demonstration agonts in
northern Oklahoma, togother with a num
ber of entomologists and other agricultural
experts recently held a mooting at Claro
moro, Okla., and formulated a campaign to
starve out tho Hessian fly In their locality.
This is an excellent method of starting tho
work or organizing tho farmers to elimlnato
tho fly, according to tho departments spe
cialists, and by all means should be fol
lowed throughout tho fly-infested territory.
These Oklahoma agents and farmers have
already adopted a spoclflc campaign, which,
in short, is tho samo as recommonded by
tho United States department of agricul
ture, rb follows:
STARVE OUT THE HE88IAN FLY.
The Hessian fly, being In the "flaxseed"
stago In wheat stubble and In unharvested
wheat from June till September, or even
October In the South, can be destroyed by
carrying out the following methods of
control:
1. Burn, whero possible and safe, all stub
ble and ruined wheat.
2. Disk all stubble and ruined wheat Im
mediately after harvest, where burning In
Impracticable,
3. Plow under 'deeply all stubble and
ruined wheatflelds beforo August 15; har
row the ground, and roll If necessary.
4. Harrow, dlBk, pasture, or otherwise
effectually destroy all volunteer wheat.
5. As a measure preparatory to sowing,
plow as early and deeply as existing condi
tions will permit; disk, harrow, and roll
until a thoroughly pulverized, compact seed
bed Is obtained.
6. Do not sow whoat until after fly-free
date.
7. Rotate your crops If possible.
HE loss In this year's wheat crop
from tho ravages of tho Hos
slan fly will amount to millions of
bushols in an area extending
from northwostom Okluhomn
and northern Arkansas, north
ward through Nebraska and
southern Iown, and eastward, in
cluding principally tho states of
Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Penn
sylvania. It is now so lato that
nothing can bo dono by tho farmer to lessen
tho devastations of the Hossian fly to this year's
crop, but it is ucarly time to commonco the fight
against tho fly to reduce tho toll which it will
nssurodly tako In 1910, if tho fly Is allowed to
lay its eggs by millions on early sown wheat or
volunteer whoat this fall. Millions of acros will
again bo sown to wheat this fall In tho area in
which tho Hessian fly Is now working so much
damngo.
In order to understand tho situation fully, it is
necessary to know what tho fly is Hko, how It Is
capable of causing bucu onormous lossos, and
how it transforms from tho egg to tho fully de
veloped Insect Comparatively few farmors aro
ablo to rccognlzo this post, except in what 1b
known as tho "flaxseed" stage, which, oven thon,
is often mistaken for tho egg.
There aro two gonoratlons of the Hessian fly
each year, ono in tho fall and ono In tho follow
ing spring, tho lattor boing the children of the
formor. Therefore, if there were no fllos to lay
eggs In tho fall, It Btands to reason that thoro
could be nono to lay eggs In spring.
In tho couroo of its dovolopmont tho Insect
passes through four dlfforont stages. Tho adult
Is a small, long-legged, dark-colored fly, very
much resembling a small mosquito. Tho egg Ib
very small, long, slender, and of a shining, red
dish color, and Is placed by tho femalo fly in
tho grooves on tho uppor surfaco of tho wheat
leaves, both in spring and fall. The maggot
hatches from tho egg, ninkos its way down tho
leaf, and wedges itself between tho loaf sheath
and tho stalk of tho plant, whoro' in sonio cnBoo
a dozen or moro may bo found partly overlap
ping ono another. When It becomes full grown
Its skin harflenH, changing to brown, and from Its
rorm and color it Is thon commonly known aa
tho "flaxseed," which 1b tho pupal or resting stage
of the insoct,
neginning about April 1, flies omorgo from tho
'flaxseed" that havo passed tho wintor In tho
fall wheat, whether early sown or voluntcor.
These flies deposit their eggs on tho IcavcB of
tho unlnfested plants, tho eggs hatch Into mag
gots in from four to eight days, and tho mag
gots bocomo grown in about twenty to thirty
days ami then chnngo to "flaxseed." TIiIb con
stitutes the spring goaoratlon. After hnrvost tho
"flaxseeds" of this generation can bo found In
tho stubble Just nbovo tho ground, or often
higher up where tho straw has brokon over.
While, as Btated, tho Hessian fly omorgua from
;ho "flaxseed" stago throughout an oxtondod
poriod of time within- tho ontlro area of Its distri
bution, In any given locality this emergenco of
tho adults In destructive ubundanco occupies but
a few days. Tho llfo of tho fomnlo after sho
makes her way forth from tho "flaxseed" prob
ahly doos not extend beyond a period of flvo or
six days Thus It Is that a delay In whent sow
lug In tho fall until uftor the flies havo appeared
nnd largely disappeared becomes of such vital
Importance
Tim flint flies of tho second or fall gotioration
begin to Issue from tho "flaxseeds" about tho
middle of As'-H and continue to Issue till about
OCTOBf? AfAgf? '0fCfAf3? c?AC??r fSB&OWPr ' MWPCS
X A
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I I . i I i I I.
fj jy-w, ,
PLANT WHEAT ATTJZt MA2TJ SHOW ON THtmP
Mup showing approximate dates In tlic full. In various parts of the coun
try, aftor which, undor normal meteorological conditions, wheat mny bo
sown without exposing It to serious attacks of -the Hessian fly.- Tho dotted
lino Indlcntcs tho southern nnd western boundaries of Hessian fly distribution
In tho enstern United States. Owing to tho Inlluonco of humidity nnd Nova
tion on tho tlmo of appcaranco of tho adults In tho fall, tho dates after which
wheat can bo sown with safety vnry as botweon tho scmlarld 'West, the
region of tho Great Lakes and Mlddlo West, and tho Appalachian Mountain
region.
tho last of October, according to latitude, tho
maximum emergenco occurring during tho last
two weeks of September or tho first week in
Octobor, depending on tho locality. This second
generation Infests volunteer wheat and all wheat
sown beforo tho fly-free date. Tho "flnxsoedB" of
tho second generation remain on tho plants of
fall-sown wheat till April of tho next year, whoa
adults lssuo from them and begin another season.
No farmer need bo In tho least uncertain ns to
tho cxtont to which his wheat Is infested in tho
fall. An Infested plant standB straight upward
in tho drill row, with broader leaves of a darker
green color, does not tiller, and theroforo does
not spread out and cover tho ground between tho
rows. Tho Hessian fly attacks wheat, ryo and
barloy, but not oats.
Last year during tho period from lato May un
til Octobor, tho department of ngrlculturo Issued
ropeated warnings and advisory statements to
tho public prass In its weekly news letters, toll
ing farmers that thoro was impending dnngor of
a serious outbreak of tho Hossian fly during the
year 1915. Theso warnings, based on observa
tions mado from field stations throughout tho
entire area of tho threatened outbreak, wero not
for tho purpose of creating undue alarm, but
wero fully Justified, in view of tho great abun
danco of tho Hessian fly at vjhat tlmo and tho
almost entlro absonco of the particular species
of paraslto or natural enemy that is most In
fluential in holding tho pest In chock. It Is to
bo hoped that farmers genorally will profit by
last year'B experience, and In no caBo plant wheat "
during August, but wait until tho dato indicated
on tho accompanying map as to tho proper tlmo
for planting In their locality.
Nowhoro, either in tho East or West, Bhould
whoat bo sown on wheat Btubblo If this course -can
possibly bo avoided. Howovor, in tho East,
as well as In somo portions of Iowa and Missouri,
tho wheat Btubblo Is universally seoded to tim
othy and clover, and, thoroforo, any kind of culti
vation of theso stubble Holds is rendered Im
practical, though in most cases It would bo far
bettor to sacrlflco all oxcopt tho very best seed
ing. Neither can tho floldB bo burned over with
out destroying tho young seeding, and whero
theso conditions prevail tho only practical
method that tho farmer can uso Is that of delay
ing his wheat sowing until tho flies havo mado
tholr way from tho stubble to tho fields and died
thoro without being able to find any plants upon
which to deposit tholr eggs.
It should bo borno In mind that tho most prac
tical and offectlvo methods of controlling tho
Hessian fly aro Identical with tho boat methods
of producing tho mnxlmum ylolds of whont. It
Is entirely posslblo for tho farmor to fight tho
Hossian flay by tho process of good farming, In
volving thorough cultivation, good seed, and a
rotation of crops, Tho most serious objection to
most practical and offectlvo mothod that can bo
employed to control this pest In tho field name
ly, lato sowing Is that thoro is danger of so
dolaying tho growth of tho plants that they do
not becomo sufllclently advanced to ennblo them
to withstand tho wintor.
Much of tho delay In tho growth of late-sown
plants In tho fall can bo eliminated by paying
close nttentlon to tho preparation of tho soil and
to tho quality of tho seod; but If tho soil lacks
In fortuity or has bocn poorly prepared, a slight
attack, that vigorous plants overcomo, Is fatal,
because of tho badly nourished condition of tho
plant itself. Tho host advice thnt can bo given Is
to begin tho proparntlon of tho field In tho fnll
precisely ns though It was oxpocted to sou at n
very oarly ditto, but Instead of sowing uso tho
disk harrow and (ho roller, oven after It appears
to bo a wusto of labor to till tho Hold further.
When a finely pulverized, compact seud bed
has been secured, tho seed should bo 60lectcd,
nnd this should bo done
with tho point In view that
unnaturally shriveled or
othorwlso imperfect ker
nels cannot produce healthy
wheat plants. When tho
kernel sprouts It at onco
sends fibrous roots down
into tho soil from which to
draw nourishment for the
young plant, and If little or
no nourishment is secured
tho wheat plants aro put
into Bomewhat tho condi
tion of stunted calves, pigs,
or other farm ' animals
which aro underfed.
Wheat plants cannot se
cure prompt and ample
nourishment If the roots
must make tholr way about
among clods duo to poor
preparation of tho soil, or
in soil that lacks in fertil
ity. The farmer, then,
should begin tho prepara
tion of his soil with the
object of delaying tho. sow
ing of tho wheat and after
wards of pushing tho
growth of tho plant to tho
utmost until the beginning
of the cold weather. There
aro farmers who grow
wheat continuously year
after year but who rarely
lose a crop on account of
Hessian fly attacks, and even moro rarely does
tho pest originate in tholr own fields.
It must nlways bo borno In mind that it Is
posslblo for a careless farmer, or one who In
sists upon sowing his wheat bofore tho flies
havo appeared and disappeared, to raise In tho
fall a brood large enough wintering In the
"flaxseed" stage and emerging in the spring
to spread .out over the fields of his neighbors
and destroy tholr crop, oven though these neigh
bors may not themselves havo produced enough
of tho files to causo them any damage whatover.
There aro somo points with regard to th fore
going information that all farmers within tho fly
infested district must tako into account. These
farmors should, above all others, bo most fa
miliar with the conditions of their own locali
ties as to weather, soil and latitude. They should
also of all others bo tho most familiar with their
own fields. No ono can lay down an exact date
upon which each and every farmer may sow his
wheat and bo assured of absoluto Immunity from
Hessian fly attack
Any American who In tho course
of tho next year wishes to sell war
munitions to tho allies should get in
communication with David Alfred
Thomas, for ho Is tho man Lloyd
Qcorgo has sent over hero to attend
to that business.
In England they call David Al
fred Thomas tho "Welsh Coal King."
Within tho past eight years ho has
becomo tho actlvo head of collieries
in South Wales at which 50,000 men
find employment and whoso output
exceeds moro than one-quarter the
production of tho entlro field.
Partly because ho is Welsh, but
chiefly because of his liking for mat
ters that have a mass of detail about
them, David Lloyd-Gcorgo at onco be
thought himself of "D. A." when he
began to organlzo the cabinet with
which ho Is surrounding himself as
minister of munitions, so ho chose
"D. A." for tho hardest Job of tho lot
business agent of tho British gov
ernment In the United States and sent him over to attend to it.
David Alfred Thomas was born in Monmouthshire, Wales, whoro ho still
lives, in March, 185G. Ho was educated at Manilla Hall, Clifton, and at
CaluB college, Cambridge, where ho was graduated with honors in mathe
matics in 1880, and whore ho took his master's dogreo In 1883. Ho has been
a member of parliament and twice, it is said, has been offered a peerage.
Agriculture is "D. A.'s" recreation. Newport Park, his homo in Mon
raouthshlro, is kept always in tho pink of development Awnrds of a hundred
different sorts havo como to him from his "farm," and somo of them havo
been taken in competition with the king. Ono daughter, tho wife of Sir
Humphrey Mackworth, makes up "D. A.'s" family.
MAY GET RED HAT
Three pontiffs havo honored Most
Rev. Thomas P. Kennedy, rector of
tho American collego in Rome. Popo
Leo XIII made him a domestic prelate
with tho title of monslgnor and sub
sequently raised him to the titular
bishopric of Adrlanopolis; Pope Pius
X mado him an assistant at the throne
in 1912 on the occasion of tho celebra
tion of his twontyflfth anniversary to
tho priesthood; recently Popo Bene
dict XV elevated him to he titular
archbishop of Soleucla. This is, pos
sibly, but a step from the red hat nnd
tho right to sit in the Collego of Cardi
nals. Archbishop Kennedy was born in
Marblo Hall, Pa., the son of an iron
ore minor. Ho was sent to the Amer
ican collego at Rome in 1882, and was
ordained a priest a year beforo ho
completed his course. In 1901 he
was appointed rector of the college.
A friend says of him:
"His piety is very great, but the
YOUNG'S INDIAN STORY
OUR SPOILED HUSBANDS
How far tho American wife can safely kow-tow
to her lord and master without "spoiling" him la
a question which dopends moro or less upon the
man's 'personality, but there aro somo points
which aro of almost universal application.
Tho husband who works all day, works for the
homo and tho dear ones in that home. Is entitled
to quite a largo amount of fond wifely indul
genco in fact, up to a cortaln point ho may bo
and should bo "spoilt"
But beyond that cortaln point a very gentle
but very firm, line may bo drawn, because the
best man over born will becomo selfish and ex
acting if a woman voluntarily constitutes hcrscll
his slave.
And thero aro somo wlvos who almost uncon
sclously put themselves In. this unsuitable and
dogrndlng position, who fetch and carry and pet
and pamper until tho master of tho houso be
comes as dictatorial as an eastern potontato.
Tako tho case of a couplo who mnrrled only
recontly and who may be referred to as Mr. and
Mrs. North.
Every morning now, before Mr. North gets up,
his wife sprends out socks and iitidorgarmeuts in
exactly tho most convenient and ndjustablo po
sltlon; sho ffkes tho razor out of tho case; she
fills the bath and sho puts out a selection of tho
most likely ties.
Then Bho waits in anxious humility until Harry
opens tho bathroom door and shouts "Ready!"
which moiinB that sho may now brush and part
and brllliantlno his hair, fasten his collar, put
In his links, laco his boots, pull up his socks,
turn up his trousers, fillet his fish, butter his
toast, pour out his coffee, fill his tobacco pouch.
And his ticket, brush his hat, roll up big umbrella,
collect his money, polish his eyeglasses, unfold
his hnndkorchief, look for his watch and finally
open the gnto nnd watch him down tho road.
Theso or slmilnr slavish attentions aro repeat
od In tho evening.
Of course, tho wlfo who refrains from doing
nil In her power to make homo truly a ".borno,
sweot homo," for tho man who works herd to
pay tho rent and taxes 13 not worthy of her
wifehood. No affectionate consideration should
bo spared, no wish overlooked, no request for
gotten, no loving sorvlco withheld It Ib her
happiness to do all sho cnu for him who doos so
much for hor hor Buprctno pleasure to make hor
will subservient to his.
But thero nro times and casoi when a line
must bo drnwn, and tho wise wifo Ic she who
looks out for danger signals which tend to show
that sho Is giving wny Just a llttlo too much.
Cleveland Plain Dealer
thing that Impresses mo most Ib his common sense, good business ability
and executive capacity. His ability to keep on the main track of any work
ho has In hand and his power to make people work with him constitute big
factors in his ability. He draws people to him and works with them
whether they want to work with him or not."
Representative G. M. Young of
North Dakota, who Ib now serving his
first term in congress, belongs to tho
state of boundless prairies and bliz
zards. Tho state also has under lta
wing sevoral trlbeB of Indians. It is
of an Indian named Storm Cloud that
Young tells a good story.
In tho northern part of tho state
was a tough character known to
fame or ill famo as a horsethlef.
This bandit one day, when pursued by
tho sheriff, overtook an Indian who
had two fresh horses, and at the point
of his gun obliged poor Lo not only to
glvo him one of tho animals, but also
to accompany him in Ills flight. They
came upon a lake on whoso placid
bosom floated a covoy of ducks. Tho
Indian pointed at tho fowl, thon at
tho gun in the thief's hands.
"Duck, mo shoot; give mo gun,"
ho grunted. Without thinking, tho
white man handed over tho weapon.
"Now you my prisoner, ko right
back town! Mo got reward!" again grunted tho redskin, leveling tho gun
at tho man's head.
And in this wlso ono of tho worst desperadoes of North Dakota was
brought into tho clutches of tho law.
LEADER OF ITALY'S ARMY
When Lieut. Gen. Luigl Cadorna,
ihlef of tho Italian genoral staff, was
ten years old ho entered tho military
collego of Milan. His distinguished
father. Gen. Count Raffaolo Cadorna,
thought It none too young, but tho son
ofton recalls that ono of tho cells set
npart for young offendors was so cold
that In tho winter months tho soup
which was tho only sustenance of the
punished sometimes froze.
At the ago of plghtcen ho was
transferred to tho military acadomy
of Turin, which ho left threo years
later, passing out at the top of tho
class.
When his father, ns commnnder
at tho Florence dlvlBlon,, began tho
historical expedition on Rome, ho
was attached to his staff. In 1875 ho
tvne promoted captain, nnd from that
year dates tho special work with
which ho has slnco been identified.
Ho publishod a series of monographs
on tho xeoKranhlcal features of tho
Italian frontier which nro still tho standard works for military ofllcers work.
Ing for staff appointments. His promotions havo boon. Bteady, and laBt year
ho becamo head, of tho army. Ho is sixty-four years old.