THE SFMI.Wt-EKLY TRIBUNE. NORTH PLATTE. NEBRASKA.
v,
I
METHODS IN MANAGEMENT OF ORCHARDS
Sled for Hauling Brush
There aro a few special methods
rand practices fn the management of
peach orchards which nro of sufficient
-importance in some sections to justify
urief referonco to them.
The Ohio agricultural experiment
.station has called attention to the effi
cacy of slightly mounding up the soil
.about tho haae of tho trees In pre
renting injury during periods of ex
cessively low winter temperatures. In
tho samo connection it has heen
.ahown that various other factors re
lating to tho soil may greatly Influence
tho amount o'f damage which peach
trees suffer during such periods.
Tho winter of 190H-4 was character
ized In the Lako Eric, peach district of
Ohio by periods of severe and pro
longed cold. Great number of peach
trees, were killed. The prevailing con
ditions and their attendant results on
the peach trees nro summarized as fol
lows: Exceptional causes of susceptibility
to cold In rare cases of apparently
liealthy, vigorous trees: Low, moist,
Tlch black soil which favored an ex
tremo growth of soft, poorly ripened,
or matured wood; or high culture upon
soil rich in plant food which brought
about similar results.
The unusually deep, hard freezing
of the earth's crust was due, directly,
to the continued, steady cold, but was
intensified, in many instances, by a
lack of humus or vegetable matter in
the soil, which constitutes nature's in
sulation of tho surface of tho earth
from cold and heat. ,
Providing that the orchards had been
kept freo from fungous disease and
tho San Jose Bcalo by timely and thor
ough spraying, no injury of trees was
found where stable or barnyard ma
nure had been used upon the ground
-within tho last year or two previous
to the winter of 1903-4; rarely was nn
injured tree found standing in sod;
no injury was dono whore the surface
of the soil beneath tho trees had been
covered with even a very slight
mulch; little Injury was dono whero
tho trees stood in fairly well drained
noil containing a moderate amount of
fertility and humus; no injury was
found where tho trees were under tho
grass-mulch methods of culture . . .;
no injury was observed in any case
where the atoms of the trees had been
slightly banked or mounded with a
few Bhovelfuls or forkfuls of soil, peat,
or manure.
Very few trees which, within tho
'past years, had been affected with leaf
curl or infested with San Jose scale or
-borers remained alive or uninjured;
nnd very few trees existing upon in
fertile or exhausted soil, depleted of
humus, escaped uninjured.
The usefulness of a cover crop in
preventing the washing of the soil
luring tho dormant period of tho
trees is frequently well demonstrated
Moreover, in some regions whero tho
winters are rather severe and there Is
a very limited snowfall, a cover crop
prevents tho snow from blowing away,
thus affording additional protection
against tho extremo freezing of the
Toots.
Another practico which is entirely
regional, but which may be of consid
erable advantago at times, is the shad
ing of the trunks of the trees with
Loard protectors, lath screens, or in
some other equally effective manner.
This method Is of uso particularly in
Tcglons in which long periods of ex
tremely hot weather usually occur and
whero the trees are not well shaded
on tho south and southwest aides
Shading in the manner suggested
sometimes affords a measure of pro
tection against the form of winter in
jury commonly called "sun scald."
In nearly all of the experiment sta
tion bulletins on peach culture, in cur
rent horticultural literature, and In
tho standard works in which peacti
growing. Is discussed In detnil, empha
sis ia habitually placed upon the no
cesslty of ho managing tho orchurd
that tho trees will cease growing nnd
tho wood will become fully mature bo
foro tho advent of cold weather. Oth
or wise, serious winter injury is an
' ticipated, To accomplish this end it
1b genprally&advised to ceaso tillage
, v... . 1 -..I il.l. ! .1
in juiy oreuny augusi, 10 wiunium
fertilizers rich in nitrogen, and to
avbld excessive fertllo soil in selecting
sites for penchforcharus.
Undouhtcjh&s'uch advice Is perfect
ly sound ari(lappllcable to a largo pro
portlou ofttlie peach-growing districts
but there? appear1 to bo Boine rather
muriceu exceptions tnnt are appncauio
In important peach-growing sections
- ,t - -41
From an Orchard.
to which tho reader's attention may
well be directed.
These exceptions to the general
practices havo been brought to light
largely through Investigations carried
on by the Missouri agricultural ex
periment station. They consist pri
marily In so managing the orchard aa
to maintain tho trees in active growth
until rather late In tho season. This
may bo accomplished by continuing
tho tillage later than is ordinarily ad
vised, by using a nitrogenous fertiliz
er, or by heavy pruning, which results
in a vigorous growth of now wood,
Any condition that seriously reduces
tho vitality of tho tree tends to make
the tree, especially the fruit buds, sub
ceptiblo to injury by winter tempera
tures. The production of nn excessive
crop of fruit is a common cause of de
pleted vitality. The conclusions o)
the Missouri experiment station ten
tatively summarized aro as follows:
Whero nitrogen was applied to
peach trees a good crop was produced
and harvested. On plots receiving no
fertilizer there was practically no crop.
There was likewise a failure ot
peaches in tho surrounding roglon
where no fertilizer was applied. Tho
cold winter of 1911-12 was disastrous
to peach trees in Missouri. Injury to
peach trees caused by tho cold so
weakened their vitality that dlseaso
like tho bacterial shot-hole leaf dis
ease was common. On the plats fertil
ized with nitrogen there was little bac
terial disease. On adjacent unfertil
ized plats tho injury from this cause
-vas very great. The trees in tho
plats fertilized with nitrogen also re
covered from winter injury much more
successfully- and quickly than unfer
tilized trees in the same locality.
The application of phpsphorus and
potassium either singly or in combina
tion did not result In Increased yields.
Tho results of tho Investigations on
fertilizers for peaches seem to Indicate
clearly that a nitrogenous fertilizer or
a method of cultivation and manage
ment which favors a vigorous treo
growth when combined with pruning,
apraylng, and thinning fruit on over
loaded trees will increase the crop.
Tho above treatment tends to make
them carry their fruit buds through
winter and frosts of spring much more
safely than whero an average or weak
growth only Is secured. Our results
seem to disprove the theory that trees
must make their main growth early
in tho season and then be checked or
retarded in their growth in August or
Septombor in order to ripen their
wood before going into winter. In
somo experiments at this " station
whero tho trees havo been encouraged
to grow vigorously right up until 'some
of tho green leaves froze on the trees,
either by tho use of fertilizer or by se
verely pruning back the winter before
or by thinning the fruit, they have
uniformly carried their fruit buds
through the winter much moro safely
than with trees that shod their leaves
and rlpenod tholr wood early.
A very careful correlation of these
results witli the conditions which are
generally considered essentinl In tho
growth ot peach trees in tho northern
districts is necessary in order to un
derstand their significance. There is
no real conflict or lack of harmony in
tho methods advised for the different
regions, though In the abstract they
may appear to be directly Incompati
ble. in the northern districts, the normal
winter Is continuously cold and with
out any warm Bpells of sufficient dura
tion to affect the dormancy of tho
trees. It usually remains cold until
winter finally breaks. When it warms
up enough to start the trees into ac
tivity and causo tho buds to swell,
there is comparatively little danger
thereafter of serious .frosta or freezes.
Moreover, tho critical factor the ono
which largely governs tho manage
ment of tho orchard in the present
connection is low winter tempera
tures which are sufficient to kill tho
buds or injure tho trees oven when
thoy aro perfectly dormant. To best
meet this low-temperature factor, it Is
recognized thnt tho trees must bo
thoroughly dormant and tho current
season's growth well rlponed.
Tho United States Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D. C, will
send interested fruit growers, free of
charge, its Farmers' Bulletin (No. C32)
on "Growing Peaches," which givos in
detail much Information on tho prun
ing of trees, renewal of tops, thinning
intorplanted crops and special practices,
'ft
rs
MAKING MONEY FROM KENS
N"t Alwayo Fault of Fowl That Sho
Is Unprofitable Owners Often
Follow Wrong Scheme.
Most peoplo keep poultry becauso
they expect to mnke money from
them. Yot moro than half of tho hens
In this country Wo not cam the amount
of food thoy consume In ono year.
When hens nro unprofitable tho owner
generally concludes that tho hens nro
to blamo and he cither does awny en
tirely with them or else imports an-
Prize Winning Columbian Wyandotte
Hen.
other "kind" to go the way of tho
others.
Most of tho troubio with poultry on
tho average farm Is above tho cars of
tho owner. In other words, tho ownor
is following the wrong schemo or plan
In the caro ho gives them and the
management they receive.
All that is required to make money
with poultry is to just give your hens
a chanco and thoy will produce.
If you havo a flock of runty, sleepy,
lazy old lens investigation genoraily
discloses that you were originally to
blame for their condition.
CARE OF THE LITTLE CHICKS
Excellent Shelter Provided for Hen
and Her Brood by Use of Frame
and Wire Netting.
Here is a drawing of an original
coop and run for a hen and her young
brood. Its advantages are many,
writes Alfred M. White of Fairfield
county, Ohio, in Orange Judd Farmer.
For instance, tho chicks arc safe
from hawks, crows and rats; at' all
times thoy havo limited range without
becoming nearly drowned in high,
wet grass; they aro near safe shel
ter at time of sudden thunder show
ers; hens with early hatched chicks
aro likely to wean them before chilly
nights have passed; no dangor of a
hen picking another hen's chlckons
to death; chickB are always at their
feeding place at feeding time.
The run is three and one-third by
six feet nnd twenty inches high, cover
ing twenty square feet of ground. Tho
framework ls made of ono by two
Inch material. Tho aides, top and tho
ends opposite tho coop aro covered
with one-inch wiro mesh eighteen
inches wldo. The little slat door on
top is for convenience in feeding and
watering.
I uso one-quart earthen water foun
tains, and about a six by ten inch slial-
Coop and Run.
low box for feeding. As soon a they
aro through eating tho boxes are
taken out thnt thoy may bo cleaned
for next feeding time. Coarse sand
or fluo gravel is given every other
day.
Tho coop is made independent of
tho wire run; that is, the two are not
fastened together. The coop ia cov
ered with a slightly arched metal roof.
A convenient wooden handhold Is fas
tenetl on the center of tho top for
convenience in moving. A falso board
bottom about two-thirds the length of
the coop is placed toward the back
end. If a rain comes from the direc
tlon of tho open end a full bottom
leads tho water over tho entiro bot
tom. Heat make the bottom of nar
row boards with one-eighth inch
cracks that tho fine droppings can
sift through.
Ralna Kill Young Ducks.
Getting tho body wet in Spring or
early summer will generally kill a
young duck or gosling. Dampness will
give them rheumatism and cold, and
cold will bring on sore eyes. A young
duck caught in the rain will often
raise its head, ojft-n its mouth, and
Btatul atone still until it drowns, when
but a few feet farther along It could
havo found shelter.
Feature of Poultry Raising.
Poultry raising has one splendid
fcaturo about it which makes it pos
Bible to combine poultry with almost
any other brunch of funning, without
I
II VII
11 N
V v. "'WWII
r
Earmarks.
Alexander l'owoll, wnr corrcspon-
dent nnd lecturer, Bald at" a tea in
New York:
"Tho "iCngllBh volunteer troops nro
splendid. You can tell by certain ear
marks where thoy como from. You
can tell tho miners of tho Midlands,
tho mill hands of Manchester, the
bookkeepers ot London, tho"
"How do you tell them?" a young
lady asked,
Well," said Mr. Powell, "It's easy
enough to tell, for example, tho book
keepers. Every tlmo tho bookkeepers
are commanded to stand nt enso they
try 10 put their rlfle3 behind tholr
ears."
Too Sour.
Professor Copcland of Harvard, bb
tho Btory goes, reproved his students
for coming Into to class.
"This is n class in English composi
tion," ho remarked with sarcasm, "not
un afternoon ten.
At the next meeting ono girl wnB
twenty minutes late. Professor Cope
land watted until she hnd taken her
seat. Thon ho remarked bltlngly:
"How will you havo your ten, Miss
Brown?"
"Without tho lemon, please," Miss
Ilrown answered qulto gently. Chris
tian Register.
Why She Went to Church.
A devout old lady had becomo very
deaf, and, ns her church wnB somo din-
tanco from her home, decided to nt
tend another ono, which was nearer.
Sho spoko to tho minister ot tho sec
ond church about It, and wnB cordially
received and urged to como whenever
possible.
"Ah, well," she said, "all churches
lead to heaven, and, ns 1 havo grown
deaf and cannot hear any ot tho cor
mon I thought 1 would attend your
church."
A Cinch.
"My big brother is a printer," said
tho boy who worked in a downtown
office.
"That's nuthin' to brag about," ro
torted his bosom friend.
"Maybo it ain't, but it's mighty
handy just tho same. When I want
to go to a ball game, I get him to put
a death notice in tho paper, bo tho
boss has got to bollevo I'm goln' to
a funeral."
Explained.
Hubby came homo from a club with
his white waistcoat badly spotted.
"How careless you arc," said his
wife.
"Not at all," ho replied. "You bco,
they didn't havo any menu cards, and
I know you'd want to know what wo
had to cat." ,
Speaking of War.
Church Don't hear so much now of
engagements of American women and
foreigners.
Gotham Tho foreigners seem to
bo kept pretty bimy now with en
gagements among themsolves."
Close Enough.
"Whero would tho pvorago 'speed
king' bo without his mechanician?"
"My firs guess is under tho car."
A man can bo reconciled to any sort
ot expenditure if none of the monoy
belonged to him.
What the average man really should
havo Is not his rights, but hla desorts.
"A!n Old Man at -40
How often you hear that remark! How;,
many such men there are! And how need
less it is!
Wrong food is the big cause.
When one feels old at forty the first thing'
is to correct improper diet. The- main fault
with the dietary is often a lack of the
vital mineral salts in food. Without these
mineral elements old age steals on rapidly.
To meet this very condition a food was
devised which supplies those mineral elements
such as phosphorus, iron, sulphur, etc.
That food is
Made of whole wheat and barley, this delicious
food retains all the nutriment of these grains, together
with the priceless mineral elements notably lacking in
white flour' foods which the system must have to'
.build and maintain vigor and elasticity of body, brain !
and muscle.
One can avoid this
There's a
SHOE TOKEN OF SUBJECTION
Ancient Significance of Custom Which
Is Now Looked Upon as
Merely a Joke.
As spoclnlly applied to weddings,
thero is a suspicion that tho throwing
of old shoes or now slippers, for nil
thnt had nt first a significance which
would surely bo most objectionable to
twentieth-century brides. It seems to
lmvo been a token of tho complote
subjection of tho brldo to her lord
nnd master. In tho East a shoo or u
nllppcr was publicly borne at 'iio head
of tho bridal procession in indication
of tho brldo's subjection, and nt somo
Jewish weddings tho bridegroom used
to strike tho brldo a blow with his
shoo as a sign that sho was thereafter
to bo submissive to his will. Among
tho Nestorlnns It was tho custom for
tho bridegroom to kick tho brldo, and
for her to removo from his foot tho
shoo with which he hnd kicked her.
To this day thero Is a common cus
tom In Hussla for the bridegroom on
his wedding night to rcqulro tho brldo
to pull off his boots. In ono ot them
is a whip, and in tho other a gift. If
sho pulls oft first tho ono containing
tho whip, sho gets n stroke from tho
lash, and Is to expect floggings there
after, but If tho gift is first disclosed
her married llfo will bo happy. It is
related of Martin Luthor that onco,
after performing tho wedding cere
mony for a couplo, ho took oft tho
bridegroom's shoo and placed it upon
tho brldo's pillow, as a sign that alio
should in all things and at all times
be subservient to her husbnnd.
Steep the Sassafras.
A St. Louis clergyman gloomily in
forms us:
"Tho images ot tho poot nnd tho
painter have ceased to charm us. Wo
want tho realities, llcnco tho passing
of poetry."
Sassafras tea in liberal doses, about
this tlmo of year, wns formorly bo
Uevcd to bo a sound remedy for tho
physical conditions which generato
that stato of mind.
Tho Height of Atrocity.
"I see the GormanB nro using gnB
instead of shot aud shell," said Hark
away. "Could nnyUilng bo moro atro
cious?" "Oh, yes," Batd Dlngloborry. "It
would bo more atrocious if after us
ing tho gnB thoy Bhould flro a volloy
of gas bills at tholr victims labeled
'Pleaso remit.' "
An Unmaker of History.
Directory Canvasser What is your
husband's occupation, madam?
Lady Oh, ho unmakes history.
Directory Canvasser Unmakes his
tory! Lady Yes; ho writes historical
novels.
Reduced.
"Thoy'ro having a marked-down salo
of shoes at Blank's."
"I thought thoy prided thomsolvos
on nover cutting prices."
"Who Bald anything about city
prices? It's tho sizes they've marked
down."
Troubles nnd thunderclouds usually
seem black In tho dlstanco, but grow
lighter as thoy approach.
Conversation nttalns its most asinine
form in tho grandstand at tho ball
park.
e-Nuts
"old - age - at - 40" business by proper eating and living,
Reason" for Grape-Nuts
sold by Grocers everywhere.
Don't Persecute
Your Bowels
Cut out cathartics and purgatives. They srs
brutal, harsn, unnecessary, inu
CARTER'S LITTLE
LIVER PILLS
Purely vegetable. Act
Kcmiy on i no iivcr,
eliminate Due. ana
soothe the delicate
membrane of thr.
bowel, curt
Conitlpillaa,
BlllouintJi,
CI. I. If. .J.
mnA InAltfflillAn- RiHUana kaovr.
SMALL PILL, SMALL DOSE, SMALL PRICE,
Genuine must bear Signature
DEFIANCE STARCH
is constantly growing in favor becauso il
Does Not Stick to the Iron
and it will not injuro the finest fabric. Foi
laundry purpose sit has no equal. 16 ox.
packscc 10c 1-3 more starch for same money.
DEFIANCE STARCH CO., Omans, Nebriski
DAISY FLY KILLER t im Si
Alc. neat, clean, or
namntal,oonvnl,nt ohrap. Lasts all
season. Md0t
metal, can't split or Us
oreri will not toll i
I njuro nythlns.
auarantetd ctTtctlT.
AUdaaleroortnl
iprwt paid for tl.Oa
BABOLD S0USSS.lt D Kail At., SroMf n. It. T.
AVERAGE HUSBAND TO BLAME
Woman Doctor Too Severe on Some
Men for tho Treatment of
Their Wives.
"Thero nro men and men and
men," began tho gray-halrod woman
doctor, "and during my 20 years of
prnctico I havo discovered that pos
sibly GO per cent of married men aro
simply morclless in their attltudo to
ward their wives.
"Somo of thorn know it A good
many aro Ignorant. Somo aro beasts.
Hut If tho world could understand tho
physical condition of half tho mar
ried women, thero would bo somo tar
and feathering parties held for a good
many husbands.
"A man, when ho marries, should
know tho UmitB ot what a woman
can enduro whether sho endures It
smilingly, patiently or complninlngly.
Tho average man, I believe, wants to
deal fairly with his wife. But he is
the son of tradition and ignorance,
nnd in his innermost being ho bollovoa
that a woman was simply mado for
man'a pleasure and convenience; that
sho is so constituted that she can
onduro anything; that women com
plain anyway and most of their
aches and troubles aro Imaginary, and
that 'norves' aro an entirely unneces
sary aflltction, which n wife delights
in visiting upon her hUBband when
ever sho feels llko it." E. K, Wooloy,
in Kansas City Star.
Varying Estimates.
"I put my rollanco In tho wisdom of
the plain peoplo," Bald Sonator Sor
ghum. "But supposo the plain people do
not happen to agroo with you?"
"Thon I refuso to bo influenced by
the thoughtless crowd."
Tho milk of human kindness is usu
ally distributed in rnthor small cans.
Whisky has causod many a man to
gd to work in order to got tho price.
1
99
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iIHflwnii kiwi
BBBHSsfP!sBR IBM (" W
fir
inconvenience nnd with satisfaction