THE 8EMI-WEEKLY TRIBUNE. NORTH PLATTE, NEDRA8KA.
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NEW YORK'S NEW BISHOP
E SHAKING 9'
tTrrfm turkey is truly an American bird. N&& . 1 wJlMfef V 'wH'SNfM J jL
ft It existed on this continent with the Ns 1 Vmrf7 J - UPV WiB, 5
ti i iiinuiin uiiiiiiu wmiuw"" - . . - -.-vhiv-- rr - . n & i iih n? vn rt - -- - immk? i v? j- - t ht . (.- . b -hi ..' . t j.Ttitn xKv
-J -M .. - -. -V-HL. - JUM fcjMSHllllM . Jii ( ffjnwrny.f ra. ' . J P&.C TCU.' .?1B&. .IHIP T Tk FMi lii - Ml
,1 It Only a fow years ago among tlie -a QaZ'7mmWKlfvZP y i. "' i .. .. T.:.WiMWirnrr
j caves of Arizona tho mummified re- CSaW2SiiTOIfi,
JW mains of a turkey wore found. Prnc- (5SISm'fm
MJc2EJL tlcally every" cavo onco occupied by J i l v. ,.,-. J .kiMW jj.,-il 111-lZr, J
ym the'cllff dwellers of that region con- WXm!w'l& 7 P ZZg
lwm.lL. .. i. i... i iin aiHH .aiif NL?. i .A il Zs
ittK.'ZWfJM tUrKOy, UUl hub uin-uiiiitui io iuuu;i.. KHfctfP vJ''",B
union tr the oclontlsts of tho National iILLil. fkJ'P?-.-i
Jjc n ib&
i
JKOoTZMZ
X7mKZ&
museum at Washington,, where tho specimen la
on exhibition.
Another interesting fact resulted from a scien
tific oxpedltlon which Dr. 0. Hart Merrlam made
among tho mountains of Arizona; ho came across
a living species of bird Identical with the one
f found mummified and which Is now known to tho
scientific world by his name.
Anothor recent discovery In connection with
tho turkoy was a Maya hieroglyphic which men
tions nlong with other things ton turkoy hens and ,
flvo turkoy cocks. This Is thought to bo tho first
record of tho turkoy In this country and antedates
tho oxpedltlon of Cortes to Mexico In 1519,
Hut tho turkoy goes back furthor among tho
Indians than even tho probable date at which tho
npeclmen found lh tho cavo existed. Among tho
i5unls, for Instance, thoro acxlst many legends,
handed down from llmo immemorial, Avhlch have ,
for their subject tho turkoy.
Perhaps none Is more Interesting than tho ono
which tolls why his tall feathers aro dark, show
ing, as it does, not only tho place ho hold In tho
estimation of tho Indians but also n noticeable
similarity to tho flood story of our Iljble.
Onco upon a time, so tho legend runs, thoro
vb8 a flbod and tho faco of tho world was covered
with water. And tho turkoy, weary of continually
flying, decidod to sogk somo spot on which ho
might light and rest. Hut tho other birds nnd
animals ndvlsod him not to; nnd tho very gods
tncmsolvos warned him.
Up refused to hood cither advice or warnings
nnd set out In search of land. After much offort
he discovered a singlo spot not covorcd by water
and alighted. But ho found it only deep mud.
So ho decided to hunt further for somo dry place
qu which to rest. But, alas, when ho camo to (ly,
ho found his tall feathors stuck fust in tho mud.
Uo pulled nnd pulled, but could not get them
loose. Finally, after a gigantic tug, ho managed
to freo hjmsolf. But bits of mud stuck to tho ond
of tho tall feathers! And to this duy tujfkeys
lmveXdnrk spots thoro a sign of their disobe
dience to divine commandl
Tho turkoy plays a more important part lu tho
life of tho Indian than In his legends alone. Not
only is it regarded as a choice article of food, but
J11 many tribds it is held sacred. In tho ports of
tho country' where tho turkoy was worshiped It
-was novcr eaten' oxcopt when other food was un
obtainable. And oven then separate portions
wero divided among various tribes, so that tho
Teliglous custom would not bo violated,
Turkoy feathers rnnk next in importance to
those of the oaglo with nil trlbos, whtlo tho
.ApacheB, tho Pamunkoys nnd Choyennes choso
tho 'turkey'a feathors for all ceremonial head
drosses nnd ornnmonts. The Pamunkoy trlbo also
used turkey fcuthorB for ornamental purposes on
their clothing, as well as for their headgears. To
this day, when thoy don their natlvo costumes,
tho turkoy feather is proforrod as ornamont.
If Benjamin Franklin's words hud boon heeded
tho turkoy would havo been tho national bird of
the United States. Tho eaglo Is n llrst cousin to
tho species known of old In the cnHtcrn hemi
sphere. Furthermore, it has appeared upon tho
banners of mnny nations. It was a symbol of
tho Roman empire. It was known In China for
ages, and today it appoara upon tho banners of
Russia, Germany and several other nations.
Tho turkoy is indigenous to Amorlcn. Whor
over tho early European adventurers aud Bottlers
arrived they behold gteat flocks of turkeys, nnd
it soon beenme known that thoy wore a favorlto
food among tho Indians. After a while turkeys
were proudly Bent homo as trophtos of tho chase.
In this way tho turkoy becamo practically a
world-favorite as a food.
When Cortes, In 1G10, ascended to the plateau
of Mexico, ho found a social Ufo developed to a
Ihigh dogroo of reflnomont. Ho wai entertained
with oriental magnlnconco. All tho dollcacloa to
ilje .found within tho empire wero set before him;
nd though gamo was abundant, tho turkoy hold
tho place of honor among the fowl. This was
-tho first time that tho Spaniards had eaten tur
ikey. They also saw great tame Hocks of tho birds.
,ln fact, rflnco prehistoric tlnlcs, the turlccy. has
,!,,.., iinmosticated and raised for market. Today
in Mexico many of tho quaint customs then
....a ll.. A u.1 nn li 111 illflt
vogue are still kept auvo. u
.. mil isnr of todnv may select
fovl '' th" village street.
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so it Is that tho
his choice of a
Or if he prefers tho
raRzvfr&awfZM wpjazffizrczr
vender will bring it allvo to his door for inspec
tion, fresh from tho farm.,
t North of tho Rio Grnndo tho turkey was equally
well known nnd treasured. Tho celebrated oxpe
dltlon of Coronado, between 1527 nnd 1547, pene
trated this unexplored region west of the Missis
sippi. Ills explorations wore chiefly In what is
today TexaByArlzonn and New Moxlco, tho homo
of the clllf dwelling Indians of tho Southwost. In
all tho Indian vllluges, according to those early
explorers, turkoys wero to bo found, both wild
nnd domesticated.
Presont day scientists havo found enclosures
in thoso villages which wero at ono tlmo used as
cagos for wild turkoys, which wero horded to
gether, later to bo domesticated. Tho wild Hocks,
according to tho chronicles of Coronado, were
mnny times n welcome sight to these explorers,
na turkoys often mudo a toothsome addition to a
larder otherwise too scanty for comfort.
Cortes, in ono of his lettors written about 151S,
mentions tho turkey. He carried specimens of
tlto bird to Spain in 1520, where they ennin Into
immodato popularity, nnd tho breeding of turkoys
soon bocamo established. It was then that tho
turkoy becamo kuown us "pavos" on account of
his relationship to tho peacock, which wns then
culled "pavo real" tho fowl of kings.
It was a long time beforo tho turkey reached
Franco, for tho first turkoy oaten there was at
tho wedding of Charles IX and Elizabeth or Aus
tria, Juno 27, 1570, or CO years after Spain had
flrst tnstod tho "bird.
Its Introduction into Englnnd seems to have
been In 1521. But, whenovor it was, It soon cumo
Into popular favor and was given such local
names as Black Norfolk and I.nvge Cambridge
It is on interesting fact that doscondants of tht
parent stock wore carried to Now Englnnd, -whore,
crossed with the original turkoy already there,
they began tho breed thnt has spread from ono
ond of tho country to tho other.
As in thlB country, tho turkoy has come to bo
looked upon elsewhere as a holiday feast attrac
tion. In Spain, especially during Christmas tlmo,
tho markets aro allvo with tho voluble urgumontB
of tho vendors and purchasers and with tho una
vailing protests of tho victims. In Madrid bouio
of tho principal streets nro crowdod with troops
of those birds driven In from tho country farms.
In tho early colonial days turkoys wero still
abundant In Massachusetts, thn rest of Now Eng
lnnd, Mnryland, VIrglnin, tho Carollnns and Flori
da, whllo in tho Inst named states tho turkey is
still round as u natlvo wild fowl, although lu
ureutly decreased numbers,
But a short distance from Richmond Is a small
Island inhabited by a tribe of Indinns, tho Pa
munkeys. They arc part of the Powhatans, and
under an old colonial treaty they pay no taxes
and have their own government. They must,
however, Bend to the governor of Virginia each,
year a gift of gamo or fowl; and very often this
gift takes the form of soveral largo, plump tur
keys. Many havo been tho explanations made as to
how tho bird now so popular at Thanksgiving
came to be called tho turkey, most or which, to
tho scientist, aro nothing but fanciful. One such
is the explanation that It comes from the East
Indian word "toka," which, in Hebrew, takes tho
form "tukki," tho pea
cock. As tho Jews in
South Europe wero ac
quainted with this fowl,
It is assumed that
they naturally applied
the word turkey wher
ever it, was introduced
in Spain.
Such a roundabout
explanation, say those
who know, is entirelj
unnecessary. Tho bird
was called turkey bo
cause It was supposed
to como from Turkey,
whero it was kuown as
an Egyptian hen.
In Franco tho bird
was called "dlndon,"ot
In the feminine "dlndc,r
ns though it wero the
fowl of d'Indo from
India. The Mexican
namo for tho bird Is
"huajolotc," which, sci
ontlstr, say. indicate
old Aztec Knowi
Mgr. Patrick J. Hayes, tho new
bishop of tho Roman Catholic arch
dloccso of Now York, has tho dis
tinction of being ono of tho last two
bishops appointed by Pope Plus X, tho
other being Mgr. Thomas J. Shahan,
rector of tho Catholic university nt
. Washington. Bishop Hayes, who is
forty-seven years old, is one of the
youngest of tho American hierarchy
Furthermore, ho has never been a
pastor, having been busy In ofllcial
positions during Ills 22 years of scry
Ice ns a priest. Ho was consecrated,
with imposing ceremonial, as 'titulat
bishop of Tagaste, a dloceso in Africa,
whore St. Augustine was born.
Mgr. Hayes holds the Joint posi
tions of chancellor of the diocese and
president of Cathedral college, his of
fice being in tho basement of the col
lege, Madison avenue and Fifty-first
street. Ho resides with Cardinal Far
ley in the archieplscopal residence
452 Madison avenue. He Is over ready
to assist the cardinal with all his duties nnd is never too busy to help a
brother priest.
When Mgr, Hayes sleeps is "not ftnown. If one of tho clergy has to go
tOf tho hospital suddenly, beforo ho is settled In his room thoro is a soft rap s
at tho door, and In walks "tho little chancellor." When death takes away a
mother, an only sister or a favorite niece or nephew of a fellow priest a gen '
tie hand grasps his and a voice as tender as n woman's whfBpers in tho ear,
"Blessed aro the dead who die in tho Lord," and "He givcth his boloveJ
sleep." Tills is Mgr. Hayes. I
mMv m
j? 4M. JUL rf
CINCJMNATUS OF GERMANY
In tho German army Is' one gen
eral who enjoys popularity throughout
the empire. He enjoys also the confi
dence and the, Wst good win of men
of his own class. He is Paul von
Bcnckcndorff und von HIndenburg,
general-oberst, commander in chief of
all tho German forces in East Prus
sia. Hindcnburg Is tho German Clnclu"
natus. He was at tho plow when tho
war trumpet sounded on August 1;
not literally, perhaps, but figuratively.
In 1911 he was retired at the ago of
sixty-four, and for threo years- after
had lived without military responsi
bility on his estate in Posen near
where ho was born. Then, when tho
principal German armies were rushing
into Belgium toward llie plains of
France, there camo a call to the ob
scure little village where General HIn
denburg lived. He was ordered to
take command of tho kaiser's armies
appointed to meet tho czar'a forces.
Born In 1847, HIndenburg entered tho Third regiment of Foot Guards as
a subaltern in 1SG6. In the war against Austria he commanded a company
after tho death of the captain, who- was Lis immediate superior. At the bat
tle of Koniggratz, with about forty men, he took an Austrian battery. A fow
days later the emperor conferred on hhn IBe Order of the Rfd. Eaglo.
UNFORTUNATE MARIE ADELAIDE-
tho
edge of tho turkoy. prison as to tho name
But whatever dispute baa nnso (
or the turkoy, tho fact yet rem. na tha the up
key is indigenous to America Although senusK
believe It is possible that there was b specie
tho original of the Pent turkoy, indigenous tc
tho West India islands It is fra" J0
that all .turkeys havo descended in some -way 01
other from tho three forms knoxyn toflaj -as the
North American, tho Mexican and tho Honduras
tho ocellatod varieties. ,,
The Mexican turkoy is found wild throughout
tho republic It Is short In shank, with feathers
on its body of a metallic black shaded only slight
ly with bronze, while all its feathers aro tipped
with whlto. ,
Tho Honduras turkey today Is scattered all ovei
most or Central America and is extremely wild
Tho bronzo turkey, that variety which toda
holds tho plnce of honor In tho North Araericnn
group of turkoys, Is outdone by none when II
conies to beauty or size. Black, beautifully shad
ed with a rich bronze, tho breast ptumngo being
dark bronzo Illuminated with a lustrous finish ot
coppery gold, Its plumage gives full warrant foi
tho namo by which this ulnl is Known.
The full-grown, healthy bird Is a beautiful pie
turo of bronzo, black, coppor and gold, and somo
times weighs 40 or more pounds. Other varieties
known In tho barnyard, and oven recognizee
among dealers as having distinctive markings, are
in reality only highly developed fowls with pro
served peculiarities.
In tho United States thoro aro six standard va
rlotles recognized ' nnd grown. These nro .hc
bronze, Nnrrngansott, buff, slato, white anjl block
Tho chief differences aro In size and color ol
plumngo.
Tho bronzo and Narragansett are tho largest
the buff nnd slato medium, whllo tho white and
black aro tho smallest. Within into years, turn
over, the whlto variety has reached such a polnl
of popularity that It has increased In sizo untl'
with somo denlera it occupies third place.
Whatever tho turkoy may havo mtBsod through
falling to secure that place of honor suggested foi
it by Benjamin Franklin as tho national bird
it has nevertheless found a plneo lu tho regard
of tho American people which Is held by no othei
fowl.
Time was when a turkey, or as many ns could
bo carried, might bo had for tlto asking. Thon
came tho period whon 50 conts would buy n plump
young fowl. Even so short a tlmo as ton yeare
ago turkeys could bo purchased for from S to 2f
cents a pound, dressed.
Poor little Mario Adelaide, grand
duchess of Luxembourg, is in distress
and deserves the sympathy of man
kind. Her tiny principality, a buffer
state between Germany and France,
has been absolutely overrun by tho
kaiser's armies, and if Wilhelm should
como out of the war victorious it Is
almost certain tho grand duchy of
Luxembourg, only 1,000 square miles
in extent, would bo wiped out as a
sovereign state.
When llttlo Marie heard that the
kaiser's soldiers were on the way she
jumped into her automobilo and head
ed for the bridge that crossed the riv
er between her and Prussia. She
swung her car across tho bridge and
whon the kaiser's officers camo along
she stamped her little foot at them
and said: "Don't you dare set foot In
my kingdom."
Tho kaiser's big, flno looking of
ficers were fiercely polite.
"Wo are sorry, your highness,"
said they, "but wo havo been ordered to procqpd througli your kingdom. Youi
need havo nothing' to fear from us or our soldiers and wo will pay you every
cent for any damage that may be done."
Poor llttlo Mario stamped her feet ,nnd shook her finger at tho upturned
mustaches of the officers and told them Just exactly what mean sort of vil
lains she thought they wore. The officers' wero still polite and very, very
firm, and In tho end Mario sat down In her automobilo weeping in vexation
and drove away. And the kaiser's soldiers poured into her lands.
SEES A NEW EUROPE
No man in tho United States Is
better entitled to estimnto the prob
able social and economic outcome of
tho present European debacle than
Prof. Franklin H. Giddlngs of Colum
bia, one of tho most distinguished so
ciologists and political economists In
tho United States.
"Today all Europo fights," ho
says, "but, also, today all Europo
thinks."
He believes that this thinking of
tho men who crouch low in tho
drenched trenches and of tho women
who tragically wait for news of them
will fashion a now Europo. Ho sees
tho probability ot broadened Individ
ual opportunity in It, accompanied, by
tho breaking down of international
suspicions; and lie thinks that all
these processes, which surely make
for peace, will surely bring a lasting
pence.
"This war may bo tho greatest
good tho world has over known," says
Professor Giddlngs, "if it leaves Europo in a mental state disposed to broaden
opportunity, to break down suspicions, to eliminate barriers, and mako com
uierco much freer than it has been"
1
t