r
i
i
4 ' THE TURKS
n
ns
Desperate Defense of Adrianople
Saved the Capital.
'
UPSET PUNS OF THE ALLIES
Frederick Palmer Tells of the Furious
Fighting by the Ottoman Armies
That Balked Demetrieff
and Ivanoff.
By FREDERICK PALMER,
Staff Correspondent of the Chicago
Record-Herald In the Balkan War.
Mustaplia Pasha. Tho minarets of
Sultan Sellm!
Ncedle-llko, I have seen them rlso
over the Indistinct mass of Adriano
ple f'pm the distant hills, then as
substantial columns from thu nearby
bills, and again so close from the
shollproof of an advanced Infantry
position that I could make out the
tilings on tho domo of tho great
mosque Itself.
The simple, graco of tho minarets
dominated town, and landscape, nnd
siege. Weary drivers of the weary
oxen of the transport and still wear
ier artillerymen, bringing up addi
tional guns through seas of mud, saw
them for tho first time as a token of
deflnnce, of work unfinished, of bat
tles yet to bo fought, and of lives yet
to bo lost.
Infantrymen In tho advanced
trenches saw thorn as tho goal
against a foe which had fallen back
without any adequate rear guard sec
tion, but which had begun to fight
desperately under their shadows.
That Turkish garrison, as it with
drew Into the shelter of Ub forts,
seemed to find something of the spirit
of old Sultan Sellm tho Magnificent,
for whom tho mosque was named,
but with this difference: Sultan
Sellm was not given to falling back
on forts nnd minarets. Ho stormed
forts; ho went ahead to plant now
minarets In tho soil of Christendom.
Rouses Old Turks' Spirit
From tho first in this war the Turk
took the defensive; from the first he
acepted It as his part and portion of
tho campaign.
In Bulgaria, where many Turks still
live under Christian rule, wo had
seen the Terrible Turk, the great
fighting man of tho past, whose soul
was supposed to bo above lowly toll,
as a hewer of wood and a carrier of
water. He did odd Jobs in tho ab
sence of tho Bulgarian at tho front.
The lion of tho past had been trained
to dog liarne8s.
All tho early victories of tho Bul
garian army completed an impression
of n one-time lordly raco demoralized
and enervated, who retained only the
fatalism of "Kismpt," in its lexocon.
Tho warrior's cry, 'Tor Allah!" was
lost forever. But at Adrlanoplo "For
Allah! For the Minarets! For tho
Padlsha!" rose again to tho dignity
which abandoned bravery always com
mands. Tho sheer, Impetuous fearlessness
of the Bulgarian, well drilled and
coolly manipulated, was tho first
sreat revelation of the campaign, and
tho second was how, in tho hour of
hopelessness, his desperation arous
ed the old qualities of tho Turk.
Every situation, every development
In the war reverted to Adrianople. It
was tho, nut to crack in the first plan
of strategy of the campaign. It hov
ered over the firnt army before
Tchatalja as a nightmare. It stood
In tho way of tho prompt supplies of
bread, and bullets for tho first army;
It delayed tho signing of the armis
tlco for ten days; It has been the
main subject, of contention boforo
the London peace conference; it wns
responsible for the treatment of the
military attaches, who saw nothing of
tho war, and of tho correspondents
who naiv little.
War Hinges on Adrianople.
Even our phlegmatic little English
speaking censor assistant at Mustn
pha would loso his temper at the
very suggestion of aiy peace terms
with Adrianople still in Turkish pos
session. "We shall have a revolution if we
don't get Adrianople," I have heard
manv officers say.
"We shnll not go homo without
Adrianople." tho wounded soldiers
returning from tho front kept repeat
ing. Sicli were tho instructions which
Dr. Daneff. tho Elihu Root of tho Bal
kans, took with him to London. Ad
rianople was graven on the minds of
his countrymen. By diplomacy he
must get a fortress which was not
yet taken by force of arms.
Glunco at a map and you will see
that the whole success of the allies
depended on bottling up tho Turk on
tho peninsula, so that all tho other
Turkish forces from Scutari to Adri
anople, from Kumanova to Hassona,
should he cut off from communica
tion. Tho Greeks. Serbs, and Mon
tenegrins wero tho backs. The Bul
garians undertook to buck the line.
Bulgaria did not have to consider
a reservo nrmy. European public
opinion and the Jealousies of the pow
ers acted as efficient substitutes, for
the Bulgarian military statesmanship
understood that if Bulgaria wero heat
en the powers would never permit
Turkey to take an inch of Bulgarian
soil. It was a caso of "Heads I win,
tails I Jon't lose."
Turks Awake to Crisis.
The Turks know this, too. Jt was
an old situation to them Successful
war meant no nggrandlzoment only
that no moro territory would bo taken
from them This Is onough, after
some generations, to breed tho dofen
slvo InBtlnct in any soldier
Tho Turk must havo his back
against (ho wall In order to fight woll.
His nttttudo is that of tho mnd bull
against the toreador; and i very mnd
bull, wo know, somotimoj gets a horn
Into tho toreador's anatomy and toss
es him over the pnllngs. This hap
pened in a way nt Adrlanoplo.
"Victory Is to tho heaviest bat
talions," Bonnparto said this, but aft
er Caesar said It nfter some general
of Egypt, Babylon or Nlnovch.
Tho allies know that their success
depondo . on speed In a fall campaign
Bpeed and tho shock of mnssos pour
ing ovor tho frontier. Tholrs wns n
hundred-ynrd-dnsh chance.
Tho Sorbs at Kumanova, their crit
ical battlo, had odds of at least four to
one.
Tho Greoks never had less favor
ablo odd3, usually much higher.
As for tho Montenegrins, who had
a small show, what they did In onu
way or nnother did not matter. Thoy
had work to keep them fully occu
pied, as It developed in tho siego of
Scularl.
The only one of tho allies who dis
dained miodorn organization, their fall
uro to mako any headway again em
phasizes the wide difforonco between
a body of men with rifles and an ac
tual army.
Bulgars Bear War's Brunt.
So tho Bulgarians took tho great
and telling work of tho war on their
shoulders. You have only to know
tho Bulgarians to understand that this
was inevitable.
There is stubborn and aggressive
character onough in Bulgaria to spare
for all southwestern Europe.
Bulgaria made a hundred-yard dash
with ox cart transportation, and made
it around an obstacle Adrlnnoplo.
Tho main railroad lino and the great
Constantinople highway ran by Adrl
nnople. It was on tho direct lino of
communication from the centor of tho
Bulgarlnn base to tho center of Its
objective.
In tho center of Thrace, it was the
only real fortress on tho way to Con
stantinople. Klrk-Kllllsseh, or Losen
grado, as the Bulgarians call it, do
splto their willingness to allow an im
pression of its formldalility to bo
spread abroad, was not in any senso
well fortified.
Now, tho first thing was to surround
Adrlanoplo; that is, to strlko at it
from all sides, as tho key to tho po
sition.' A branch of the main Sofia
Constantinople railroad lino runs to
Yamboll. With this as Its base, Demo
trlejf's, or tho First, army swung
around Klrk-KUlsseh, which was tak
en in tho first splendid nrdor of tho
campaign. With its fall anyone can
see from a staff map that any battle
lino of defense with Adrianople as a
part of It was impossible for a force
of tho numbers of the Turkish main
army.
, Two or three hundred thousand
men who wero homogeneous might
have held on, but not half that num
ber when badly organized. There
fore, Nazlm Pasha had to fall back
to n new lino and leavo Adrlanoplo
to caro for Itself.
Reveals Bulgar Courage.
Tho next step was the decisive bat
tle on tho lino from Lulo Burgas to
Bunnarhl8sar.
There, again, superiority of num
bers, as well as organization, count
ed; that superiority, which makes a
heavy turning movomont possible
while the enemy's front Is engaged.
In short, the Bulgarians had tho
Turks going. Thoy gavo tho Turks
no rest, and thoy had a sufficient nu
merical preponderance, in nddltion to
the dependable courage of their in
fantry to guarantee success.
So thore was nothing wonderful
about the strategy 'of tho campaign,
nothing new, nothing startling. Tho
old principle of tho swift turning
movement had been applied to the sit
uation in hand.
By tho flank tho Japanese kept put
ting the Russians back from the Ynlu
to Mukden. By tho flank Grant put
Leo back to Richmond.
There wns Just one, and only one,
startling feature In this war Bulgari
an courage. That enablod Demetrieff
to gain nt Klrk-KUllsBeh and Lulo
Burgas In a hurry what with most
armies would havo required much
more time.
Demetrieff had willing flesh for a
necessary sacrifice Ho throw his In
fantry ngalnst frontnl positions in a
cloud, Into shrapnel and nutomatlc
gun lire, without wnltlng to Bllence
tho enemy's batteries.
Expected to Take Adrianople.
And after Lulo Burgas the next step
would hnve seemed tho storming of
Adrianople. When peace negotiations
should begin, It wnB n vital point in
their favor In tho negotiations to havo
Adrlanoplo In their possession.
The Bulgarian treatment of tho cor
leBpondents Is ono of the many In
dications that tho Bulgarian Btnff did
at one time expect to take Adrianople
by storm.
It was argued by sorlous corre
spondents who did not feel thnt they
ought to waste their time or tho
money of their papers in idleness,
that tho Bulgarlnn government ought
not to have received any correspond
ents at all. But this was not logic to
tho government. The press repre
sented public opinion. It could servo
a purpose, and all tho college profess
ors in the land who spoke any for
eign language found their work in the
common cauHe, no less than grandfa
ther found his In driving an ox cart
and tho women In making broad.
Tho plan was woll thought out. and
the regulations, which would fill it
column, loft nothing that occurrod to
olllcora or college professors out of
consideration. No mention was to bo
made of the wounded, nor oven of tho
wonther, if it wero bad, for bad wenth
or might toll tho enemy that tho roads
wero bad
Whllo ninny nn imaginary account,
because It had tho similitude of nar
rative which characterizes nil con
vincing fiction, was hnllod ns real
war correspondence, tho Bulgarian
Blair, when It came to actual reports
of actions (exclusive of massacres),
was scrupulously exact nnd cxasporat
Ingly lato and brief.
All prniso by tho press kept tho ball
of the prestige of victory rolling. It
helped to convlnco the powers nnd
tho Turk that the Bulgarian nrmy
was Irroslstlble. Tho stngo climax
of tho whole campaign would bo tho
fall of Adrianople. Therefore wero
the correspondents moved to Mustn
pha Pasha Just ns Lule Burgas was
bolng won; and Constantinople, being
then supposedly defended only by a
demoralized nrmy, which could not
mnko n stand, every roport from Mus
taplia Pasha which showed that
Adrlanoplo was on the point of capit
ulation added to the Bta&e offect of
Bulgarian triumph.
Turks Defy the Bulgars.
As tho first Bulgarian nrmy drew
near tho Tchatalja lines, tho miso en
scene was complete: but Nazlm
Pasha, making ubo of tho elapsed time
to fortify tho Tchatalja lines, rather
than submit to the humiliating terms
offered, bade the IMilgarian hosts
"come on."
Success had turned the heads even
of tho Bulgarian staff. Thoy had be
gun to think that the old fighting qunl
Ity was out of tho Turk, and so willing
was tho Bulgarian Infantry to under
go Blnughter that It was only a caso
of recording another charge of flesh
ngalnst Bhrapnel and nutomatlc gun
flro. and tho day was won.
Alas, an old prlnclplo of war, deal
ing with an impossibility of tho snmo
order as squaring tho circle Iti math
ematics, was now to bring gonoralshlp
back from tho clouds to solid earth.
You can take strong positions In
front only with time by sapping and
mining and all the weary operations
of a siege, as tho indomitable Grant
learned by the fnlluro of his flrsh rush
General Demetrieff.
at Vicksburg nnd the indomitablo
Nogl learned by the failure of the first
rush attack at Port Arthur.
In a week, any army that has
spades and a few of tho resources of
material which should bo part of tho
storehouse nt its baso should make
such a position as that of tho serlos
of rising hills back of Tchatalja fully
tenable against any but siege attack,
unless thero was room for a flank at
tack. Turks Turn the Table,
And tho breadth of tho pobltion
open to infantry approach In any at
tempt: at storming waB only 1G mllee,
while from either sen side of the nar
row strip of penlnaula tho Turkish
navy could bring into play moro pow
erful guns than any Demetrieff had at
his disposal.
At tho same time there Is to be
kept In view tho genorally accepted
tenet that you must not send in
funtry against any well entrenched po
sition until its batteries aro silenced
or It la known that thoy can be kept
under control during the Infantry at
tack by a well concentrated fire of
your own batteries.
Demetrloff UBed his guiiB for a day
In trying to develop the strength and
location of tho enemy's batteries But
the Turks would not be drawn AtlaBt
the tablcB wero turned.
Meanwhile Adrlanoplo also was tell
ing. You may discuss ib much ns you
please whether the original plnn of
the Bulgarian staff was to mask tills
fortress or to take It by Htotm, tho
fact romnlriH that the only result was
to mask It, nnd the' lesson was that
any garrison In tho reur of an advan
cing nrmy, though It Is held securely
In Investment, remains a mighty force
in being for tho enemy's purpose
Nnturo meant Adrlnnoplo to be a
fortreBs. Past it on tho south flown
the Marltza river, taking its origin in
tho Balkans and plowing its way
across tho alluvial lowlands of Thrace
to the sea. A strong bridge crosses it
on the Hue of the Constantinople hlgh
wny at Muatapha Pasha, some twenty
five miles from Adrlanoplo.
This hrldgo, which Is not far from
tho Bulgarian frontier tho 'I tirks loft
Intact, a characteristic piece of care
lessness in tho earlier part of tho war
in keeping with all othor signs of Tur
kish demoralization nnd wronghendod
nous, which might easily lead the Bul
garians to think thut Adrianople would
not resist u brilliant onslaught.
Mustaplia Pasha became tho head
quarters of tho second Bulgarian nrmy,
.
under General Ivanoff, who was to
have tho thankless tnsk of tho opera
tions around Adrianople. Whllo easy
glory wns to bo the fortune of Domo
trloff, who commanded tho first nrmy
until tho first nrmy had to take po
sltlons In front without any opportu
nity for flanking, which was tho nn
turo of Ivnnoff's tusk from tho start.
Ivanoff Wakes Up.
It wns Papastopo and Knrtaltcpo
which wakened Ivanoff from hla dream
of n final brilliant stroke In keeping
with the enrllor ones of the war, JtiBt
ns Tchatalla brought Demetrieff down
from tho clouds of -overconlldonco.
Papastopo la ono of many hlll3 In tho
narrowing rib of the 203 Meter Hill
of tho siege. With guns In position
there, Adrlanoplo would bo under
bombardment. The Bulgarians took
It by sending In the usual1 cloud of In
fnntry and losing about a thousand
men. But tho Turks took It back
again. Four times, 1 am told. It
changed hnnds In the course of those
night actions which wo olmorvod only
by tho brilliant llnshes In the sky
nbovo the hills.
Far up the valley In the mist was
Knrtaltope. that othor Important hill
which commanded tho river bottom of
tho Ardu Wo took Knrtaltcpo In No
vember nnd 11 month nfterwnrd, In one
of their splendid Bortiou, the Turks,
so far as I could learn, had taken It
back; but It was as untenablo for
them as Papastopo wub for tho Bul
garians P6aBlbly because It was again
ours and very ovldnntlj ours perma
nently, the Bulgarian censors had
found it worth whllo to confound
skepticism and persistent unfriendly
rumors by allowing tho correspon
dents to enter the promised land of
their drenma. whoro for weeks, be
tween tho batteries on tho hills and
tho Infantry in the muddy river bot
tom of the Arda, holl had raged In the
winter rains.
Wo did not know then, as wo wero
to know a few days later, that beyond
Knrtnltepo in tho direction of Dolo
gatch wns nnothor forco Isolated from
tho Adrlnnoplo garrlBon and the main
Turkish nrmy, thnt of Taver Pasha
with 10.000 men, cnught In tho literal
flood of that 100-yard dash of the
read'. Informed, prepared nggressot
against tho unready enemy taken un
aware and hustenlng re-enforcements
to the acnttored garrisons nnd trying
to adjust Itself for tho blow to fall
with the crash of a pllo driver releas
ed from its clutch.
Discloses War Secret.
But Taver Pasha's 10,000 wore still
a force In being, with guiiB nnd full
oqulpment n forco In a box; a force
In desperation.
Do you see tho Adrlanoplo gnrrlson
(which was In touch by wireless with
the Turkish mnln nrmy) striking out
to connect up with Taver Pasha? Do
you seo Taver Pasha trying out lines
of least resistance in n Biivngo effort
to rencli Adrianople or the main Tup
klBh nrmy?
Something to stir the blood, this, In
tho wny of a war drama, whllo not 11
ninglo foreign correspondent or (nt
tache knew oven of the existence of
Tnver Pasha'B command until Its sur
render
The nows of this was convoyed with
tho official aaauranco that now no oth
or Turkish force except that of Adrl
nnoplo remained In Thraco, when we
had been under the Impression for
ovor a month that it was the only
one! Tho cenborB did not smile as
they posted tho bulletin, but somo of
tho correspondents smiled at them
solves.
No, nftor the first rainbow hopo of n
successful general attack was over.
Ivanoff was fully occupied In holding
Adrlunople safely in siege. That bat
tcry.of old Krupps, which fired ovet
the advanced Servian infantry poal
tlon, wiillo a battery of CreuHota In
turn fired ovor It, added their Items of
evidence to the same end.
These Krupps wero taken by the
RiiBslariH nt Plevna In the war of 1877
78 and given to the little urmy of the
new nation of Bulgnrla. Bulgarian ro
crults had dragged them through the
muddy ronds and over tho pasture!
and beautifully emplaned them, and
were working them against tho enemy
with boyish pride But the world wn
thinking only of the modern Crcusots
and their brilliant showing.
The Bulgarians almost proved thut
you can make bricks without atraw
They won tho wnr by the bravery of
their self-confidence as well nil by
their cournge.
Adrlanoplo. which wiih about to
i-tarve If It did not fall, had. I am con
vlnced, two months' supplies when the
armistice wis signed. With tho 19
nnd UO-yearold conscript!! nlieady on
the way to the front, with a casualty
list that Is easily ono-llfth of the whole
army, there was no sign of weukenlng
The square chin of the stolcnl Bui
gnrlan wns as firmly sot as ever I
wonder what would happen In Euiope
If It Included In Itb borders a nation of
100,000,000 Bulgarian!!
Ancient Science.
It Is generally supposed that those
who conibuted tho opinion that the
earth was n sphere when Columbus
pioposed hla great voyage wero only
giving oxpreKHlons to opinions thai
had always been entertained. But the
fact Ih that long before the Chrlstlnn
era the Greek and Egyptian phlloso
pliers entertained the Idea that the
earth was round nnd knew vnstly
more about eclipses, tho motions of
tho moon and other aatronomlcnl mat
ters than many do oven today. The
Idoa of Columbus had been anticipated
by tho ancient philosopher by moro
than sixteen contuiles.
Seemingly Good Evidence,
"la our sou happily married?" "Yes,
I'm afraid ho is. I've done my boat
to convince liini that Eho Isn't worthy
of him, but he won't bellovc mo."
Wno'IlMiWFrt;
SKY PARLOR FOR J.
1
carnnssus. Ills kingdom bordered on tho Cernmlc Gulf, on tho southwest
coast of Asia Minor Mr. Morgan todny Is interested In things ceramic.
Mausolus statuo In a quadriga surmounted tho uplcndld pllo. It la now in
the British Museum. MnusoltiB 1b Bhown ns n man with a square, deter
mlndod fnco, with eyes deop set under overhanging brow-B.
JOAN OF ARC IN THE SERVIAN ARMY
Servla Iiiib given tho world nn
othor .loan of Arc, Molly Pitcher, or
Barbara Frlotchlo; another womnn
whose nnmo perhaps will ring
through tho poetry and patriotism of
all time when tho war that now Is
rending Europo is ended. -
Her nnmo 1b Sophia YovonovltBch,
nnd when somo Serb lilntorlan rlsea
to toll tho story of tho Btrugglo of
tho Httlo kingdom ngnlnat tho Turk
tho nnmo of Sophia will become n
household word In tho Balkans.
When tho war cloud Uiot has hov
ered for twenty years over tho Bal
kans broke nnd Httlo Servla Bprnng
to arms, Sophia waB ono of tho most
nrdont patriots. There woro threo
young men avowedly suitors 'for lior
hand, and to each of them sho gavo
tho nnmo ordor not to nsk her to
marry thorn or to sook her lovo un
til, they had voluutored and proved
their worthiness by serving tho
country na soldiers In tho nrmy.
Two. both Serbs, at onco rushed to tho colors, but it Is related In Bol
grade thnt Dmitri hcsltntod nnd finally was ordorcd by tho girl either, to
enlist nt onco or to renounce forever nil thought of marriage with her. Alac
it was evident that Dmitri loved Sophia more than ho loved Servla, for he
onllatcd.
Sophia Yovnnovltach did not know that Dmitri had onllBted. Stirred by
her patriotism, sho decided upon n plan. Thnt night In her boudoir sha
called her maid, and, Ignoring tho protostB of tho maid, sho cllppod short
her grent mnss of black hair, hor crowning beauty, and. attiring herself in a
suit of clothes belonging to her younger brother, alio went to Mordorl, out
nldo of Belgrade, nnd enlisted na a private
BRYCE SAYS WARS
at issue, between Groat Britain nnd tho United States, and continued:
"All theao treutles furnish an admlrnblo Illustration of tho dictum onco
dollvered by Mr. Root, that whore two nations and governmontB deslro to
como to a fair agreement It is nlwayB posslblo for them to do 80. With good
will everything enn bo accomplished.
DAVIS TO QUIT ACTIVITY IN BUSINESS
Henry OaBsaway Davis, tho vener
able cx-aenator from West Virginia,
who ran for vIco-prcBldent on tho
Democratic national ticket with Al
ton B Parker In 1901, 1b to retire
from active bublness. Ho will bo
succeeded an president of tho Coal
and Coke Railway of West Virginia
by Richard C. KoretiB of St. Louis,
tho present American ambassador to
Austria-Hungary.
Mr. KcreiiB hna made all arrange
ments for leaving tho dlplomutlc
service. H W'N uavo a homo at
Elklns. W. Va., but expects to spend
much of hlB tlmo in Washington,
where offices of tho railway company
aro located.
Mr. Davis Is elghty-nlno yenrs old.
y.o lias hnd an uctlve career in busi
ness and politics and lu wealthy. Ho
served In tho United StatCB Honnto
iib a Democrat from 1S71 to 1881! nnd
declined reelection for a third term.
His Bon-ln-lftw, Stephen B. ElklriB,
Republican, came to tho Konato from West Virginia In 1893 and served until
his death 'last year.
Davis Elklns, named for bin grntidfnthor, Is n candidate for tho senntu
to succeed Senator Watson, Democrat, whoso term will expire next March
Tho West Virginia legislature, clnetod on November 5, will have a
majority of Republicans Davis Elklns is n brother of Miss Kathorlna
Elklns, whom tho royal duko of tho Abruzzl wanted to marry.
PIERP0NT MORGAN
J. Plorpont Morgan, master ol
multl-mllllons, now bUb under 0
smoking Egyptian pyramid, Just -145
fcot nnd G inches up In tho air In
Wnll streot. Ho Is tho loftiest mil
lionaire In Now York.
This pyramid, which belches
Rmoko and steam nil day long, 1b a
replica of tho tomb of Hnllcarnassus,
In which woro onshrlncd tho remains
of Mausolus, ruler of Carla, who died
In 353 D.t Ills widow, Artomlsln,
erected It. Mausolus, from whoso
nnmo la derlvod tho word "mnuso
loum," was an Indopondont Persian
sntrap. It Is related of him that
overy caravan which fared forth Into
tho desert had to pay him Its tributo
of corn, wlno nnd oil.
It la relatod of Mr. Morgan that
ho Is fairly indopondont, too, and that
railroads pay him something of a
tributo today MausohiB fought and
whipped Artnxorxos Mnomon and mov
ed his capital from Mylassa to Hall-
1 v-X
.V7
" -JJfcrt vlV
.!.
,
COME FROM FOLLY
Jarnca Bryco, tho British ambassa
dor, told tho committee for the cele
bration of tho tentonary of pence be
tween Engllsh-Bpeaklng peoples at a
dinner In Now York tho other night,
that nearly all wars had been due to
human folly or human pnaslon.
Ho dwelt on how much bettor It
wna to celebruto tho wisdom which
had ondod n wnr qnd avoided any sub
sequent conflict, rather than tho want
of skill nnd wisdom which mudo wnr
possible.
Tho nmbasBador described what
had been accomplished during his
official stay In Washington to romovo
differences between tho United States
and Great Britain, and to avoid dif
ferences in the future. Ho reviewed
tho threo arbitrations nnd several
treaties leading to a settlement of
tho Canadian boundary dispute; the
Nfpwfninifllnnd flnhnrlnn miORf Inn Mm
I matter of tho ubo of tho waters on
the boundnry nnd minor polntB long
v5t VsV';v
