f"Pt i-wfrnw -r -rm-rm-ft
NOTES s?-oi7
Ce
MMD0WBR00K
PROPAGATION OF THE GRAPE
AND PRUNING AND TRAINING
Cuttings Should bo Made by Getting In Close Below Dad In
Slanting Manner Thorough Understanding of
Names of Various Parts of Vino
13 of Groat Importance.
cnniTOYi
nn OMOO
Kffi
.
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TiU
"A FARM
v. -x l
i-jTymctamcrur
&.
Pons enrich tho soil.
Soy beans mako good silngo.
Moro dairy products aro wanted.
Glvo tho cow nothing but fresh wa
iter. . Cleanliness is ono of tho essentials
jln poultry work.
Aro your neighbor's crops looking
.better than your own?
Movo tho farm closer to town by
linearis of better roads.
Whllo charcoal is not a food, fowls
igaln flesh faster during its uso.
Progress In dairying Is greatest
where there is tho most interest.
Tho only honest way to water milk
'Is to give pure water to the cows.
No part of the farm work is moro
lunlversally neglected than tho garden.
. Throw your ashes into the poultry
1 house and watch them enjoy them
'salves. Trouble with weeds has caused
jmoro alfalfa failures than any other
one thing.
Tho cow that Is a largo producer of
imllk must bo a largo consumer of feed
nnd water.
For grinding purposes alfalfa hay
ehould bo cut when tho very first bios
Boms appear.
When tho horso is in normal condi
tion ho should have all of tho water
ho will drink.
It is possiblo to milk In comfort If
'the stables are kept in a clean, sani
tary and light condition.
I To tho good dairyman it is Import
ant that tho exact ago of every fowl
Ion his premises is known.
A profitable farm garden Is a con
tinuous source of satisfaction from
jearly spring until frost comes.
Alfalfa should bo raked and cocked
flip tho afternoon of tho day of cutting
.where conditions aro favorable.
Indiana produced $26,000,000 worth
lof poultry and eggs in 1909, year of
tho last census figures just out.
In the rush, don't forget those odd
corners that are growing up to weeds
and seeding tho farm to these pests.
Where milk is "set" in pans It is
ia good sanitary precaution to cover
,tho pans with clean paper after cool
ling. t A good farm papor is the very best
machlno on the farm, and will be tho
moans of making tho most money for
you.
Tho throo essentials for a success
ful dairy cow aro vigor, capacity for
food and well-developed organs for
milk production.
Corn silago is no less valuable for
carrying stockere and feeders through
the winter months than for fattening
and finishing beeves.
Tho most humane method of dehprn
llng a cow is to do tho work with a
little caustic potash when tho horns
aro Just starting on tho calf.
A record cow Is not only a good ad
for tho breodor, but It Is a boost for
tho breed as well, to say nothing of
tho country which produced it.
, When swine aro bred for mere fancy
points and when constitution ami sub
stance are lost sight of they cease
to be profitable asslmllators of food.
Good butter is as good ap gold any
where in the summer tlmo, and a farm
that turns out a good supply of tho
A-l kind every week is a gold mino.
J. A. Ferguson, Missouri station, is
urging farmers to set but forost nur
series in a portion of their vegetablo
gardens later to plant wasto places
with tho seedlings.
Chickens need fresh water several
times during tho day. They need feed
ing regularly four or five times a day,
Just a littlo at a time. If you glvo
them a lot of food, thoy do not know
when to stop eating, and eat too
much.
Nover feed lettuce to tho chicks
unless your garden Is fenced In or
you aro prepared to glvo them all
they want Tho taste acquired may
lead, thorn, to tho garden to help
themselves. It is a first rate food
for them.
Ku,
Study each cow's rations.
Qlvo cblckons good rango.
Kocp Uvo stock of somo kind.
Humus In tho soil Is nocosBKry.
i
Quinoa fowls aro always In de
mand. Market your product to suit your
market.
Flavor in butter is moro Important
than color.
Keep a sharp lookout for tho cab
bage worm.
Coal and charcoal aro great aids to,
digestion in pigs.
Tho farm dog should not bo allowed
to run tho dairy cow.
Badly kept poultry quarters aro usu
ally tho cause of llco.
Humble foot is said to bo nothing
less than a stono brulso.
Efficiency in directing tho power of
tho horso means a great deal.
A treeless homo is a lonesome look
ing place to one who is a lover of
trees.
Tho two row cultivator helps tlo
farmer to keep well abend of thoj
weeds.
A bono repair outfit will savo you
many dollars before It outlives its use-
fulness.
Trouble with weeds has caused
moro alfalfa failures than any other
ono thing.
Best poultry tonic on earth is
God's tonic tho common dandelion
fed freely.
Rainfall saved by timely cultivation
is worth a wholo deluge of water a
week too late.
The quality of next yenr's aspara
gus will depend upon tho growth
made this year. '
The use of celery is obviously on
tho increase, but the demand is for a
first-class article.
Com silago Is valuable, and efficient
for carrying beef brooding stock
through tho winter.
You must watch goslings that aro
hatched with hens, as llco weaken
and kill them easily.
If the fetlocks are clipped and tho
horse's legs are kept clean, scratch
ing will never bother.
Half bran, hold cornmeal, mixed
with skim milk, makes a good ra
tion for jwung goslings.
A dirty floor is not desirable in a
milking stable, but It is preferable td
a filthy, dusty atmosphere.
When tho pea crop is over, clear
away the vines and plant potatoes,
cabbago, sweet corn, beets, etc.
Late truck cropB are grown chiefly
upon land from which hay has been
mown or following strawberries.
Do not pay out your good money for
a mass of mixed feeds made out of
materials you know nothing about.
When you have carefully 'selected
tho sows select a slro of the samo
breed from a good reputablo breeder's
herd.
A cloth will do a better Job of
straining milk than any wiro strainer.
Boll tho cloth frequently to keep it
sanitary.
Llmo Is a splendid disinfectant and
can be used to ndvantago in tho sta
bles, hog houses and poultry houses
or upon tho farm.
Ducks In tho garden will devour
many bugs, slugs and worms and can
not scratch. Guinea hens also aro
useful 1h the garden.
Cucumbers and cantaloupes will not
cross, as they are two different spe
cies. No danger of mixing If they aro
planted alongside each other.
Tho chief crops which nro grown for
a late market aro cabbage, celery, cu
cumbers for pickles, sweet corn, toma
toes, squash and rutabaga turnips.
When meat Is given to chickens it
la a good plan to mlnco very flno and
mix with meal, otherwise the chicks
dlsllko other food for several hours
afterwards.
To prevent roup setting in, when a
bird appears to have taken cold, wash
the bird's face and nostrils with car
bolic acid diluted In tho proportion
of 1 to 60 with chlorinated soda.
Clean, plump, selected seed, true to
variety, not mixed, free from weed
seed and from dlseaao and with
strong germinating power should al
ways bo planted by tho farmer as a
means of increasing his own yiald.
If wo uso but ono crop on tho land
and cultivate it clean all tho tlmo tho
soil will quickly bo robbed of Its
humus, therefore wo must follow a
proper rotation In order to supply
humus, without which wo can do little.
Some men have nover discovered this
fact, however.
w .
A Vine With Two Canes Layered Showing the Method of Propagation by
Layers.
(By OEORGK C. HUSSMANN, nomolo
gist. United States Depurtmcnt of
Agriculture.)
Cuttings for tho propagation of
grapo vines may bo prepared at any
tlmo after tho vines havo becomo dor
mant. Other things being equal, nnd
if thoy aro afterwards well cared for,
the sooner they are prepared nftcr tho
vines havo becomo dormant tho bet
ter. Tho length of tho cuttings may
vary from 8 to 20 Inches, depending
on tho climatic and other conditions
of tho locality In which they aro to bo
planted. Usually, tho hotter and drier
tho cllmato tho longer the cuttings
will need to be. They should always
bo made from young, well matured
wood, and preferably from medium
sized, short-Jointed wood.
To mako cuttings, cut closo below
tho lower bud, making tho cut some
what slanting, and leave about an inch
of wood above tho upper bud or eyo.
If a small piece of tho old wood or n
whorl of buds can bo left to form tho
tutt end of tho cutting, so much tho
better. Tho cuttings should bo tied
in convenient sized bundles, tho butts
being turned tho same way. Tho bun
dles should then bo heeled in or bur
led in trenches, butt ends up, and well
covered with 3 to 6 Inches of soil. In
verting tho bundles causes tho butts
to callus whllo the tops remain dor
mant, and tho cuttings aro ready to
throw out rootlets as soon as planted,
whereas, If tho bundles aro heeled in
with tho tops up the latter often start
to grow before tho roots to support
them do.
In tho spring, when tho ground has
become warm enough, plant the cut
tings In soil mado mellow by plowing
and cultivating. The planting may bo
Diagram of a grapevine showing
four-cane system of training; A, Arms
ally of wood two or more years old
wood, being several years old;
and canes when mature; L, laterals,
suckers, the shoots starting below the
the stem or main body of the vine;
start above the ground from wood
year-old arms.
done In elantlng trenches, 3 or 4 feet
apart, which can be mado with a plow.
Deepen tho trenches with a spade if
necessary. Sot tho cuttlng3 at such
depth that only tho uper buds will
project above tho ground and Arm tho
soil well around them. Tho cuttings
should ho spaced 2 to 3 Inches apart,
tho distanco between thorn differing
with tho varieties, somo rooting moro
readily than others. Keep tho soil
clean with hoo and cultivator, nnd stir
often during tho summer to keep It
mellow nnd moist. Frequent stirring
In many localities is bettor than Irri
gation. All varieties of tho vino may bo
propagated by layers. Tho Rotund!
folia vines aro nearly always piopa
gatcd in this manner, but with other
Bpecles layering is usually resorted to
only with varieties which do not root
readily from cuttings. In layering
chooso canes of tho last season's
growth, preferably thoso that start
near tho base of the vino.
It Is well, tho summer before, to
leave on tho vino for this purpose
somo shoots starting close nfcovo
ground and allow them to grow as
long as possible. In pruning theso
canes nil tho woll-dovcloped buds aro
left. Tho ground Is mado mellow, a
trench about 2 inches deep is drawn
from tho vino with tho hoo, nnd tho
cano 1b bent down and fastened In It.
Kach bud on tho cano will usually
produce a shoot, which by this proc
ess Is mado to grow upward. When
theso boots nro well started the
trench should bo filled with soil. Each
of tho shoots then takes root at Its
base. To assist the roots in starting
a slight incision should bo mado in
tho cano opposite each shoot. The
plants aro taken up In tho fall or win
ter, being divided by serving tho orig
inal cane behind each shoot which,
having Its own system of roots, be
comes a new vine. Canes may bo lay
ored either in tho fnll or In th
aprlng
When grafting is dono near tin
ground on stocks Btrong enough tq
hold tho scions firmly no tying is neo
essary; otherwise thoy should bo tied
with raffia. In cither caso n stak
should bo driven at tho sldo of tin
graft to protect It and to provldo a
Bupport for tho young shoots. It le
good practice to press a littlo moist
soil over the cut around tho Junction
of the graft nnd to cover tho scion
completely with flno dirt, hilling it up
sufficiently to protect it from drying
out.
When vines grafted nhovo ground
aro not covered with dirt tho entire
cuts should bo wuxed to excludo the
air. Tho grafts should bo examined
frequently and tho suckors removed,
and tho roots starting from scions
that havo been grafted on resistant
stocks should bo cut off
Bench grnfts nro also tied with raf
fia. They may bo planted out directly,
but bench-grafted cuttings aro usually
stored or aro heeled in upsido down
in damp, not wet, river sand, moss,
or othor suitable material, to allow
them to callus beforo planting.
Tho soil and location best suited,
tho preparation of tho soil tho laying
out of and cost per aero of establish
ing a vineyard, ana tho cultivation nnd
fertilization necessary for obtaining
the best results nro not presented
here, ob they vary decidedly with dlt
lerlng conditions of sol), cllmato, etc.,
the different parts and Illustrating the
or ramifications of the branches, usu-
B, branches which are of mature
C, canes, called shoots when green
the secondary shoots of a cane; S,
ground from the main body; T, trunk,
W. S., water sprouts, the shoots which
older than one year; 1, 2, 3, 4, two-
nnd need to bo dealt with In a special
treatise on the subject.
A clear understanding of the namos
of tho different parts of a vino Is nec
essary before tho subject of grape
training Is considered. Tho illustra
tion shows a vino, tho different parts
of which nro shown by letters, as follows-:
T, trunk, tho stem or main
body of tho vine; B, branches,
which aro of maturo wood, be
ing soveral yearB old. A, arms oi
ramifications of tho branches, usually
of wood two or moro years old; C,
canes, called shoots when green and
canes when mature; S, suckers, tho
shoota which start bolow tho ground
from tho main body; WS, water
sprouts, thd shootB which start abovo
the ground from wood older than ono
year; L, laterals, tho secondary shoota
of a cano.
Tho basal eye or bud, which Is not
reckoned in counting the oye on a
spur. Is near tho base of tho cane.
When moro than four eyes of a cano
are left In pruning It Is generally
called a fruiting cane.
Water oprouts end suckers do not
ordinarily produco hearing shoots.
Below tho basal bud on each cano
aro ono or moro dormant bud3, which
grow and produco sterile canes only
when too few eyes nro left In prun
Ing or when tho eyes havo been de
Btroyed. At tho baso of each eyo on
a cano thoro are two dormant buds
Sometimes one of theso grows tho sen
Hon it is formed, making a lateral
from which secondary laterals also
may grow,
Tho flrst and secondary latorals
bear tho second and third crops ot
grapes.
BQ0D CARE IN HOT WEATHER
Constant Attention Must Do Given
That Hens and Young Chickens
Havo Plenty Fresh Water.
During tho Bprlng and summor
months constant caro must bo taken
to sco that tho hens nnd young chick
9ns lyivo plenty of wator and shade,
says a wrltor In tho Iowa Homestead.
Tho hons cannot monufucturo eggs
fvlthout a liberal supply of water, as
i largo por cent, of eggs is composed
of wntcr. Tho growing flock, too, will
aot dovelop proporly If halt famished
from thirst. This may mean no win
ter eggs from tho pullotn.
If nno would take tho best caro of
tho flock ho should glvo it fresh water
In tho morning nnd Just after noon,
rho water that stands in a fountain
very long becomes stnlo and un
healthy. Water should always bo
pure and tho vossols clean. It Is wlso
to keep tho wator vossols in tho shade
of the houso or trees all tho day.
This loads to tho Important question
of shade. No fowls will do well in
warm weather without sufficient
ahado. I have mado It n special point
to notlco my lions in the summer, and
hnvo discovered that along toward
tho tulddlo of tho day thoy will seek
shelter from tho sun's hot rays. Thoy
will either retlro to tho shade of a
tree or tho sholtcr of tho poultry
house. They prefer to get away from
tho house If thoy can find sultnblo
shado clsowhore. If no trees aro
growing In tho yard nnd thoro aro no
hushes or Bhrubbery of any kind
where tho flock may find shado it
will bo well to construct nn artificial
shado by sotting posts into tho
ground, ono at each cornor of a par
allelogram plot. Nail crossplcccs to
these and placo boards on thorn. Hero
tho hens mny find retreat from tho hot
sun.
CHICKENS OF SUPERB BREED
Single Comb White Leghorns Grow
Fast and Mature Early Birds of
Solid Color Best.
(By M. C. UOBINSON.)
For chickens that will grow fast
and maturo oarly wo hnow of no
breed superior to tho Slnglo Comb
Whlto Leghorns. You will And It much
Single Comb White Leghorns.
easier to breed birds of solid color and
keep them truo to types nnd markings
than to breed tho colored breeds.
Stick to ono breed and purp bred nt
that and you will get chicks all of
a color and besides you will get mora
eggs nnd havo much greater success
in every way than you will to breed
mongrels. . ,-
Keep tho brooder houses in a clean
lanltary condition, and never over
crowd. Burnt corn has been used to good
idvantage. This is ono way of supply
ing charcoal.
When you aro through hatching,
narkot all tho cocks that you do not
intend to uso next year.
Comblno tho dairy and poultry
plants on tho farm. In other words,
food tho milk to tho chickens.
Tho barn Is a splondld placo for tho
;hlckcns but thoy should not bo allow
id to appropriate it exclusively.
Pullots hatched In May can bo
Drought to laying by Novcnibor, if
they aro properly fed nnd cared for.
Onco a day is Bufllcicnt for chick
ins to bo fed a mash; tho remainder
pt tho day dry grain is considered bet
lor. Too many peoplo who got good re
,ums for a small flock figuro that the
returns for a largo ono will bo in pro
portion. In giving medicine to a fowl, com
monly Bpeaklng, what would bo con
sidered tho dose for a child is about
ight for a fowl.
Tho Bmall potatooB and other vego
.ablcs that aro not aultablo for human
ood enn bo fod to tho chickens to
iplendld advantage.
Llco Increase very rapidly on tho
fltting hen. Thoroughly insect pow
Ber hor beforo setting, and a couplo of
times during tho Bitting period.
Charcoal la an excellent feed for tho
Acns and should bo beforo them at all
times. They will not oat very much
of It but they should have frco access
to it.
Gooiso eggs rcqulro 30 days for in
iubntion, and It Is customary to hatch
at least somo of them with hens, slnco
tho gecso nro heavy and often not
Inclined to set.
A good Bpray to disinfect coops and
brooders Is a mlxturo of ono-half pint
carbolic acid in two gallons of water,
(t Ib a bad idea to trust high priced
egga in an Incubator unless you thor
oughly understand how to oporato iL
-w " '
HowDfArac
flow tlenr to my licnrt Is ttio bacon ot
chllhood,
As fond recollection brings It to my
mind!
Tlio porkers that fed In tho deop-tanglcd
wild wood
On acorns nnil thing of that sort they
might flnd
Grow sldomeat that hung In tho smoko
liouso so gloomy
Until It was sliced In tho wlntortlmo
drear;
O, And mo that bacon of old! Bring It to
me;
Tho bacon I'm getting; today In so doarl
Tlio old-fnshloned bacon, tho country
cured bacon,
Tho kind that was not too cxponslvo to
cook;
Tho Balt-oozlnc bacon, tho hlck'ry-amoked
bacon.
Tho big (lltch ot bacon that hung on tho
hook.
In droama I recall, though 'tis over so
dimly,
Tho way they would butcher tho pigs in
thoso days
Tho hired man who wloldod tho hammer
so grimly,
Tho bladder wo whanged in our gay
childish ways;
But nowadays there Is a fond recollec
tion Tlio smart of tho nmoUo and tho tang ot
the brine,
Tho Bnlft of tho noso and tho squint of In
spection, Tho Btttlsned "Umph!" that tho bacon
was flno.
Tho old-fashloncd bncon, tho stroak-o'
lean bacon,
Tho Btlck-to-tho-rlbs kind tho folks usod
to cook,
Tlio hlcVry-smoked bacon, tho two-Inch
thick bacon,
Tlio big flitch ofb.icon that liunjj on tho
book.
"Umg-ah-bnh-ger-r-r-uh!" remarked
tho brnkeman on tho train going
through Maine, as ho poked his head
into tho car.
An old lady beckoned to him and
softly inquired:
"Young man, why do you not pro
nounco tho names of tho towns so that
tho passengers may understand
them?"
"Madam," courteously responded th
brnkeman, "if I could any thoso names
proper I'd bo gottln a thousand a
week in grand opory,"
Vn
Local Coloring.
'This passago is absurd," said tha
Imminent Critic, who was discussing
tho Btory with tho Erudite Author, "It
b tho climax of absurdity. You
say: 'When Goraldlno saw Harold ap
proaching alio dropped hor 118.'
Whatjon earth do you mean by that?"
"My dear sir," repllod tho Emlnenl
Author, with somo Irritation, "yoa
should reflect thnt tho scene of the
etory Is laid in England. Havo you
nover heard of local color?"
No Chance for That.
Tho littlo aon of tho railroad man
listened with deep (eellng to a recita
tion entitled "Asleep at tho Switch."
Doing asked tho occasion of sa
much emotion, ho replied:
"I was Just thinking what a good
railroader mamma is. Sho nover goes
to slcop at tho switch."
Ah, who can toll what gems ol
thought nro concealed behind tho
Bunny visages of tho children?
Unsympathetic Friends.
Tlgg Dllgg is his own worst enemy.
RIgg Drink?
Tigg No. But ho Insists on gefr
ting married.
"IF." mf