NOTES c
MBW)0BROOR
iSXr FARM
Rape la popular with hog.
Very fat fowls aro poor layers.
A horso suffering from colic should
bo kopt quiet.
Asparagus may also bo forced near
cellar furnaces.
LIVE STOCK IS BASIS OF ALL
SYSTEMS OF AGRICULTURE
Crops From Soli Furnish Nutrition for Animal Body and
Waste Products of Barns and Feed Lots Supply
Food for Plants Noltlior Can Exist
Long Without Otlior.
THREE DISTINCT VITICULTURAL
REGIONS IN UNITED STATES
American NatWo-Grupo Suction Comprises All That Part
of Country Lying East of Rocky Mountains
Fan und Hudson Horizontal Systems
of Training aro Illustrated. .
Fig. I
r'fciaMM;
Bo gcntlo with nil animals.
' Tho farmer must lmvo a horse.
Examine tho collura of, your work
horses often.
With tho hotter poultry Is coming
better equipment.
A hoatctl chicken houso la a had
thing for poultry.
Tho proper tlmo to spray fruit troos
Is during tho dormant season.
Well-bred, well-selected pigs, mako
moro prolit on tho food cntcn.
A Iiorso In order to keep In good
condition should be well bedded every
night.
A machlno In tho shed Is worth Just
about two machines left In the fonco
corner.
Tho brood bows should liavo all tho
bright clover or alfnlfa hay that they
will cat.
Tho cleaner the feed and feeding
places, tho better tho quality of tho
pork In all.
It Is conduclvo to health to feed
hogs when they can have tho rnngo
of tho pasturo field.
Thoso seeds, like tho elm and soft
mnplo, which ripen In May or June,
belong to tho "sooner" class.
Never work a team of colts togeth
er until they are thoroughly broken,
nB they will worry each other.
Filling up the' neglected holes about
tho drinking tank is now in order.
Fill them up now and avoid trouble.
Tho man who calls, Improved stock
"fancy stock" will lmvo an account to
sottlo with his Maker on tho judgment
day.
Carry your good caro of tho owes
this fall as far as feeding plenty of
nlco bright oatB to keep them in condition.
Tho old troughs will soon havo to
replaco tho fountain waterers or thero
may bo a burst fountain somo cold
morning.
After the strawberry bed has been
set and cared for through the sum
mer, it should bo mulched through
tho winter.
The milk should bo strained through
ono thickness of clenn whlto flannel
and then should bo quickly cooled
and well aired.
Wlso turkey breeders will not
breed from tho samo torn moro than
'ono year unless tho samo breeding
hens nro retained,
i
i
No matter how highly bred and care-
; fully cultured n colt may bo If it Is
,not carefully tralnod and proporly de
veloped It loses Its valuo.
, Tho first thing to do with tho newly
jorn lamb lsfto get It full of tho owe's
first milk, after which Its chanco for
' living Is equal to that of tho calf's.
For gonoral or common use, caus
tic or burnt lime or ground limestone
are employed nlmost exclusively for
tho correction of soil abnormalities.
Wetting tho hoofs with a sponge
and clean water every day, or simply
dipping each foot Into a pall of wa
ter, will keep tho feet from becoming
dry.
If thero aro two kinds of roughness
for tho cows this winter It will bo bet
ter to food of both at tho samo tlmo
rather than to feed out ono then start
on tho other.
Look out for a collar that rubs a
lap of flosh at every strldo of tho
horse. It is liable to wear a gall on
his neck, and much sooner somotlmes
than suspected.
Tho neck and shoulders of a horso
nre points that must not bo over
looked when buying. A weak nock and
a- narrow breast do not go with tho
most deslrablo horso.
During tho wlntor tho dairy farm
er has moro tlmo to flguro out his
plans for improving IiIb system of
farming. Tho great question should
be to got a better and moro profita
ble lot of cows.
It would bo caslor to keop good
mon on tho farm If tho dairy farmors
would keep better cows. A man ap
preciates tho opportunity of handling
good stock, and ho realizes thut somo
responsibility is placed upon him if
ho knows that nothing tut valuablo
and profitable cattle aro kopt
As tillers of tho soil, earth worms
constitute a groat army.
Put keroseno on tho roosts frequent
ly to keep down chicken lice.
Teach tho colt to cat a mixture of
oats, wheat bran and Unseed meal.
There Is something In tho first milk
thnt tho calf needs, and should have.
Remember to troat your cow with
consideration in thoso days and nights.
Tho demands on tho foal's diges
tive systom for nourishment Is very
great
A flock of ewes rightly handled
should produco 125 por cent, of
lambs.
It Is the lncomo from each sheep
that should determine tho value of
tho flock.
Every progressive keopor separates
tho light-colored honey from tho dark
fall honey.
Unless tho bird Is extremely vnlu
ttblo the ax la tho t)03t remedy for n
sick chicken.
Tho cow that Is allowed to fall off
In her milk flow Is seldom mndo to re
gain it nt a profit. 1
Skimp your sheep on good pasture
and they will skimp you on mutton.
Works both ways.
Rabbits do great damage to young
trees during wlntor, especially when
snow covors tho ground.
Tho use of fruit Is a great help
toward keeping In good health, and
moro of it should bo grown.
It's a mistake to expect the miracu
lous or nbnormal from your cows. Bet
ter make them work naturally.
If sows aro expected to raise n fall
litter, it is best to wean the spring
pigs at from 8 to 10 weeks old.
When thero is good stuff in the feed
box the heifer soon learns to bo a
good barn cow when night comes.
Do not try to winter tho cowb with
out grain. Wheat bran, corn-meal
and oll-mcal will be found valuable.
Shcop are comfort lovers and the
man who neglects to provide them
with good, dry shelter makes a costly
error.
Irregularity In feeding that Is, a
good ration one dny and n poor one
tho next, will play havoc with tho best
of cows.
Peach trees can bo planted any time
between Inst and first frost; tho
earlier In tho winter they aro planted
tho better.
A queen beo lives from two to five
years, workers from forty-live days to
six months, nnd drones seldom more
than five weeks.
Somo breeders claim that six or
soven weoks Is long onough for the
pigs to remain with tho sow, but
this, I think, Is extreme.
Tho pig Is merely n meat-producing
machlno and tho moro ho Is fed
with good Judgment, of course the
moro meat ho will turn over.
All living plants havo definite needs
every day during their growth, and If
theso needs are not supplied fully or
regularly bad results must follow.
While tho orchard is coming Into
bearing try vegetable growing as a
side line. This makes one of the
surest and best resources of Income
It will pay to buy wheat bran to
mix with the barley or corn meal for
feeding cows. Bran and barley meal
hnlf and half makes good meal for
milk.
Tho best roostlng-plnce for young
turkeys Is on branches of trees. They
will not suffer from exposure, and
tho open life will mako them strong
and healthy.
Somo milkers handle tho teats ns if
thoy were mndo of rubber nnd devoid
of all feeling; but, strange to say,
thero aro nerves in the udder which
nro very sensitive.
We llko to see tho cows npproach
their master In tho ynrd to bo
scratched nnd potted. It shows thnl
thoy nro used to kind treatment and
nro not afraid of him.
In tho feeding of IIvo stock there le
n chanco for a largo leak and yot
havo It unknown. Tho most econom
Icnl feed Is tho one thnt supplies the
animal's needs nt tho lenst expense.
Tho safest bull tho dairyman can
uso Is generally u cross bull. At first
this may seem a strnngo assertion
Tho reason, howevor, Is simple. The
bull thnt Is known to bo cross will nl
wnys bo wntchod. On tho other hnnd,
It Is easy to put too much confidence.
In a tamo bull that may suddenly bo
come crosn.
Prlzc-Wlnnlng English
Llvo stock is the foundation of all
systems of permanent agriculture nnd
ngrlculturo Is, In turn, tho base upon
which rests tho superstructure of all
national prosperity.
No country on enrth has ever con
tinued to prosper without llvo stock
bb n vitally Important part of its ng
rlculturo and nono can do so. Tho
crops from tho boII supply nutrition
for -tho nnlmnl body and tho wnsto
products of our barns nnd feed lots
furnish food for tho plants. Neither
can long exist without tho other.
Tho grain farmer flourishes for a
time, but with every load of grain ho
sends to market ho sells a portion of
his farm. If not during his lifetime,
then In tho tlmo of his children, will
his farm becomo worn nnd worthless.
High-priced land or high-priced
feeding stuffs should not shorten tho
production of llvo Btock. Tho cheap
cattlo of tho ranges wcro posslblo
only becnuso of tho cheapness of tho
land. With tho increase In tho prlco
PRACTICAL RACK
TO CARRY WOOD
Useful Implement May bo Mado
by Usins Two Strong
Pieces ot Timber as
Illustrated.
Directions for making n practical
wood rack, with an Illustration, Is giv
en In tho Form and Homo ns follows:
Tako two 4x5 pieces of very strong
wood 11 to 12 feet long, nnd cut a
notch in each, so as to fit down ovor
hind bolster tff wagon to prevent rack
from slipping backward or forward.
Uso four or six standards on each sldo
and tho samo number of crossplcccs,
so placed that tho standard In going
down through tho socket catches
A Handy Wood Rack.
against tho end of tho crossploco, ns
shown In cut. Mako standards 3
feet long. They may bo cut oft after
wards If desired.
Mako Btandard socketB from old
wngon tires to ndmlt a standard
1x4 inches and with holes for one-half-Inch
bolts. Bolt all croBspleccs
firmly. Havo wagon near by when
making rack and placo tho rack
bo far forward that In turning tho
front whools will just miss tho end.
WINTER SHELTER
FOR THE SWINE
Natural Inotlnct Is or Cozy
Quartern, Which, May be
Accepted ao Suitable
for Tliem.
(By W. n. GILBEHT.)
No animals enjoy freedom moro In
tho summer than hogs, but their
desires aro altogether different In win
ter. Tho natural Instinct is for cozy
quarters, which may bo accepted as
altogether suitable for them.
No ono need over look for tho plgB
on windy hill-tops when wlntor sots
in, but If any disappear they nro nl
most sure to bo found In tho best pro
tected and snug spot within their
roach.
Warning words nro often given not
to lmvo sows fnrrowlng in tho short
est days, when cold weather prevails,
ns they can mako no progross ngalnst
low temperatures.
In summer pigs nt Inrgo pick up a
great deal of their food In tho Holds,
but llttlo Is avallablo now that will do
them any good, und although thoso In
storo condition may still be allowed
a run out dnlly, thoy should all be
housed at night nnd somo altogether.
All bolng fattened for pork of
bacon should bo kept In constantly.
And sows suckling llttlo pigs should
novor ho allowd to tako them out
and around ns abBoluto shelter nnd
constant comfort assist their dovolop-
Shorthorn Steer.
of land has come nn improvement and
more general distribution of high
clnss cattlo nnnd theso nro moro prof
Hablo and moro economical thnn tho
range stcor ever was or could be
como. Farmers generally aro n conserva
tive pcoplo and this la ono of their
most vnlucd characteristics, yot It
seems to stand In their own wny at
times. Tho farmer who glvcB thought
to tho matter can easily sco how lm
posslblo It is for him to hopo for suc
cess in raising cheap, poorly bred and
hard feeding animals on his high
priced lnnd.
On tho other hnnd, ho enn easily
boo thnt a good nnlmnl which will put
on flesh rnpldly nnd that of tho high
est qunllty and which will reach a;
marketable condition in a few months,
instead of several years, 1b tho only
ono ho can afford to grow.
Tho farmer must havo llvo Btock
nnd present conditions demand that
ho keop good live stock or fall.
mcnt, whllo chills hinder or nro In
deed dangerous.
Somo havo a fashion of lotting tho
pigs run about tho yard In wlntor,
sometimes shutting them in nt night,
nnd in other cases letting them find
their own accommodations, but this is
a bad wny.
Thoy certainly mako thomsolvea
most comfortnblo nt times, but tho
exposure which Is equnlly frooly in
dulged in hns tho reverso of a satis
factory result, and It is much better
to conflno them nil to their proper
quarters.
Theso should ho in good ordor, with
absolutely waterproof roofs and sur
roundings that will prevent draughts.
Thero should bo no holes In tho floors,
ns theso mako tho bedding muck very
quickly, nnd comfort is thoroby ro
duced nnd progress impoded.
LIGHT NEEDED
FOR ALL TREES
It Influences Tranoptration and'
Conacaucntly Motabolliim of
Green Plantn Other
Ertocto.
Light is snld to bo absolutely in
dispensable for tho life and growth of
trees. In common with other green
plants, a troo, in order to llvo, nniBt
produco organic substnnco for tho
building of now tissues. Certain low
forms of vegotablo life, such as bac
teria and fungi, do not require light.
Thoy exist by nbsorblng orgnnlc sub-
stanco from other living bodies; tho
higher forms of plants, manufacture
their own organic material by extract
ing carbon from tho nlr. Tho loaves,
through tho ngency of their chloro
phyll, or green coloring mnttor, nb
sorb from tho air carbon dioxide, nnd
give off a nearly cqunl volumo ot
oxygen. Tho carbon dioxide Is then
broken up Into Its elements and con
verted Into orgnnlc substnnces which
nro used In building up new tissues.
Light also influences transpiration,
nnd consequently tho motnbollsm of
green plnnts. It Influences largely tho
structure, tho form, nnd tho color of
tho leaf, and tho form of tho Btem
and It largely determines tho height
growth of trees, tho rnto at which
Btands thin out with ago, tho progress
of natural pruning, tho character of
tho living ground cover, tho vigor of
young treo growth, tho existence of
Hoveral storldd foroBt, nnd mnny other
phenomena upon which tho mnnago
mont of forests depends. A thorough
understanding, therefore, of tho offoct
of light upon tho llfo of Individual
troos, and oupeclnlly on trees In tho
forost, nnd a Unowlodgo of tho meth
ods by which tho extent or thin otTcct
can bo dotermlnod nro cssontlal for
successful cultural operations in the
forest.
Lime for Sour Soils.
For a sourod soil, a liberal applica
tion of llmo Is tho only thing that
will remedy tho trouble This comes
In mnny forms, but tho choapest and
moat benollclnl In ordlnnry around
limestone. Tho cost of ground lime
stone is about GO cents a ton at tho
pit.
V w u
Fin. 1 A vino nt different ogee, showing tho method of training by
tho fan system; A, an unpruned vine In Its third year; D, a pruned vino
In Its fourth year; C, an unpruned vine In Its fourth year.
FG.2
A
Fig. 2 A vine at different ages, showing the method of training by the
Hudson horizontal system; A, a pruned vine In Its third year; D, a pruned
vino In Its fourth year; C, an unpruned vine In Its fourth year.
,(Ily CllJOnOK C. IIUSMANN. I'omolo
Klat. United Stilton Department ot AktI-
, culture)
Thero nro threo distinct vltlculturnl
regions In tho United States which
Bcgrcgato themselves by tho grapo
(species grown in them.
Tho Vlulfora region, In which Vlnlf
era varieties nro almost exclusively
grown, Is locntod almost entirely west
of tho Ilocky mountains, so much of it
being In California that thoso not con
versant with grapo varieties errone
ously call thorn California grnpos.
With fow exceptions either tho spur,
istool, or short pruning system is usod
for tho stockier growing vnrletlos, nnd
,tho long or enno pruning systom Is
usually usod for tho longer growing
vnrletlos, but cither system Is olton
'modified to suit Individual varlotios.
Thus tho spurs nro somotlmes left
longer In tho spur system, nnd olthor
spurs nnd cnnoB loft longer or spurs
cut on tho laterals In tho cauo ayBtm.
Stakes only nro used to glvo tho
vines tho necessary support; this
inothod allows tho vlnoynrd to bo cul
tivated crosswlso ns wolt ns length
wlso. Vinos trained on trellises aro
comparatively raro In California.
Tho Muscadlno region of tho South
Atlantio and Gulr states Includes tho
ontlro southeastern constat plain ex
tending from tho Potomac to Florida,
reaching wall up into tho Blue Htdgo
mountains nnd along tho Gulf const
to tho Illo Grando rlvor, spreading to
tho,north nlong tho Mississippi river
into tho great central plains to south
east Missouri and tho Tonnossoo
rlvor. In this region improved varie
ties of tho llotundlfolln and Munson
lnna Bpecics nro grown for vnriouB
purposos, tho bettor-known vnrletlos
of theso bolng tho Eden, Flowers,
Jnmcs, Mlsh, Hcuppcrnong nnd
Thomas. Tho multlplo crosnwlro syB
torn or ovorhoad arbor is almost ex
clusively used.
Tho third or Ainorlcan nntivo-grnpo
region Is tho ono In which improved
varieties of tho moro northern nntlvo
grnpo species and hybrids of them nnd
.tho Vlnlfera spoclos aro grown. This
region comprises all that part of tho
(United States which lies east of tho
Rocky mountains. Of lato years a
'few plantings havo also boon mado in
parts of Oregon and Washington, but
ilio Industry is most oxtonslvo In tho
Istntos west of tho Hudson rlvor and
north of tho Ohio rlvor thnt border on
tho Great Lukes nnd In tho moro con-
.trnlly located states of tho Mississippi
valloy. In this district tho hlgh-ro-.nowal,
horizontal-arm spur, horizontal
block, fan, Hudson horizontal, four
cano Knlflln, umbrolla or two-cano
JCnlfDn, Munson, ovorhoad Caywood,
and Chittenden systoms aro usod, tho
localities In which thoy originated or
nro most common bolng stnted in tho
description ot tho various systems.
In tho fnnt systom tho vino growth,
which Is trained to nn upright trollls,
1b annually renewed to within a short
dlstanco from tho ground. Tho vinos
nro cut back usually to four canes and
nB many spurs each year; tho canes
SUBSTANTIAL BRACE FOR POSTS
- m 1 m
il " 7ATrw
; p.- -y f
4 u v m
IMCI ... rtfSOl
An oxcollent plan for making a substantial braco post Is given below:
In tho illustration (B) and (C) aro two posts about llvo feet six lnchos
apart; (A) is a rail, say 3x3, let Into each post about ono inch. Tho anchor
cablo (D) conslstB ot doublo No. 8 wlro which goes round (C) and is kept
in position by two notches (G). It also goes round (B) and then to the
anchor (F). A twitch stick (K) Bcrvoa to twist tho cablo as requlrod to
keep tho post squaro. HoIok aro borod in both posts for tho wires.
ii m m turn c
nro sprend out nnd tied to tho trek
Its, giving tho vino tho shnpoor n
fnn. Figuro 1, A nnd C, shows nn urn
pruned vino In tho third nnd fourth
years. Figuro 2, II, shows tho samo
vino pruned tho fourth yenr for tula
system.
Tho advantages claimed by tho ad.
vocalos of this systom aro (1) that
most of tho old wood Is dlBponsod
With each year, (2) that tho vinos can
bo onslly laid down nnd covered in
wlntor when needful in tho oxtromo.
northern sections, nnd (3) thnt If
after pruning tho canes nro tied and
spread fnn shnped on tho trellis, nsi
thoy should bo, tho young uprlght-i
growing shoots fnston themselvos by
their tendrils nnd need practically not.
tying. This system hns tho dlsadvnn-i
tngo of bearing tho fruit too low and!
is not now so generally in uso aa fori
morly.
Tho Hudson horizontal system, ox
tenslvoly practiced, as its name lm
piles, nlong tho Hudson rlvor, uses nnl
ordinary two-wlro trellis. A Btrong
atako reaching to tho top wire of tho
trolllu is driven bohlnd each v!no.;
Four perpendicular slats which do not
touch tho ground aro fastened to tho;
trollls, two on each sldo of tho vino,'
and 12 to ID inches apart. Woven-wlro
fonco could ho substituted for tho
Blats. Tho vino is annually ronowedj
back to tho trunk, which Is about a
foot high, nnd n slnglo cano and spurj
nro loft at each pruning, tho enno long)
onough bo that when tied it roaches1
to tho top of tho ntako. About six:
bearing shoots left to grow on onclx
sldo ot this cano nro fastened hori
zontally to tho Bints. Tho clustorii
hang frco from tho shoots. When tho
shoots becomo too long thoy should
bo summer pruned. From tho spur
loft on tho trunk tho cano is grown
erect nnd tied to tho stnko, to become
tho fruiting enno to bo left tho next
year. Figuro 2, A, shows a vino nt
tho end of tho third year pruned ac
cording to this system. Figuro 12 O
and B, shows tho samo vino beforo
and after pruning a yonr later.
Tho advocates of this system claim
for It a moro uniform distribution or
tho young shoots nnd sny that tho
fruit hangs woll supported nnd pro
tected. Silage Production to the Acre.
Ten tons of corn cnsllago per aero
lo regnrded by experiment stations an
a reasonably conservative average,
though fifteen tons per aero 1b a fro.
quont yield under fairly' good condi
tions of tillage, soil nnd seed. It is
estimated by competent authority that
this cnsllago, whon plnced In tho olio,
costs nbout $1.96 por ton.
Selecting Ducks for Breeders.
Pick out tho young ducks and
drakes that grow and dovelop tho
fastest, and that attain good slzo, for
noxt season's broedors. Somo ducks
will bo heavier nt eight weeks than
others at ton, and nro thoroforo more-profitable.