PROTEIN IS MOST IMPORTANT
SUBSTANCE IN ANY FOODSTUFF
Composed of Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygon, Sulphur,
and Phosphorus It Makes Up Muscles, Tendons,
Ligaments. Connecting Tissues, and
Almost Bvcrythlng hut Fat.
THE
AN ACCIDENT.
Bho was 7 whole yenrs old,
So I hnvn been lately told.
Dut, pray, ma'am, do not listen,
but kIvo you Huah a shook!
VARIOUS AGENCIES CONCERNED
IN FORMATION OF THE SOIL
Two Things Suggested to Farmer to Prevent Exhaustion
of Fertility First Is to Assist Nnturo by Means
of Good Tlllncro and Second Is Uso of ,
Manuro and Fertilizers
CHILDREN
'Twill
(By H. 13, M'CLURE.)
The nutrltlvo substances in hay or
feed may bo divided Into two classes
flesh forming and fuel or enorgy pro
ducing substances. When the proper
amount of theso two classes of sub
stances Is fed the ration is said to
bo balanced. If an unbalanced ration
Is fed, as ono containing moro fuel or
energy producing substances than aro
needed nnd less flesh-forming mate
rial, tho ration is partially wasted, and
such unwiso feeding will not bring as
good results aB tho feeding of tho samo
amount of a balanced ration. Each
class of Bubstances has different of
fices to perform in tho body. If
not enough flesh forming substance is
3 cc wpi u.
ALSIKt ClCVCf.
E
PCDTOP.
TIMOTHY.
3
Diagram showing the relative
amounts of digestible protein and car
bohydrates In different kinds of hay.
The section Inclosed In light lines rep
resent the oarbohydrates; those In
closed In heavy lines, the protein.
fed, tho body suffers, because it Ib
absolutely necessary to keep tho body
In good condition. Thousands of
horses aro fed all they can eat, yet
aro poorly nourished because tho food
contains Httlo except fuel Bubstances.
Tho flesh forming substances aro
used to roplaco tho wasto that goes on
in all living tissues. Enorgy produc
ing substances nro used to furnish tho
energy required for tho nervous and
muBCulnr activities of tho body, and
when fed in excess they may to a cer
tuln extent bo stored up la the form
of fat for uso later, when needed for
cither energy or heat.
One of tho most Important sub
stances in any foodstuff is protoln. All
nutrltlvo substances which contain
nltrogon aro classed under tho general
term of protoln. Protein is composed
of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
BulphurB, and phosphorus.
EVERY FARMER
CAN USE PAINT
Adda to Appcaranco of Place and
to the Durability of Any
Kind o Farm
Building.
Any man can do an averago Job of
painting, and can thereby not only Im
prove tho appearance of his place, but
can add groatly to tho durability of
tho buildings.
Tho averago farmer, if there Ib Buch
a thing, seeiiiB to think that paint is
used solely for ornament, and ho Is of
all men most keenly practical, ho
eschews what ho regardB as an un
profitable luxury. It is, perhaps, tho
rulo rather than tho exception in some
sections to seo houses and agricul
tural implements sadly In need of re
paint. Of course paint does improve tho
appearance of property, but it is far
more useful as a protector rather than
nn ornament. Tho expenditure of a
small amount of money and time In
painting a valuablo pieco of farm ma
chinery or a building will add great
ly to tho length of its life. Another
A Hand-power Paint Mill.
useful object accomplished by painting
Is tho improved snnitary conditions of
buildlnKS nnd outhouses. Tho cost of
such work Is small, tho necessary
onulnment not expensive, and with
nroncr caro will laBt a lontr time.
In order to Bunnly information which
will onabio tho farmer to purchase tho
trnlnt economically and apply it in
telllgently and to tho best advantage
JJocrotnry Wilson caused experts in tho
bureau of chomistry to investlgato
tho subject and proparo Farmors Bulle
tin No. 474 calllnc attention to tho
economic Importance of painting farm
liuildinc8 and onulnment and giving de
tails as to tho cost, purchase, and caro
of brushes, cost of tho ingredients
needed, how to mix and apply them
Paint conveys to tho casual reader
tho idea of a mixturo of pigment with
Unseed oil, but the gonornl conception
of tho word Includes both whitewash
and calcimine, but not varnlsb, and
Protein is tho substanco which
builds up tho body. The muscles, ten
dons, ligaments, conncctlvo tissues,
skin, hair, hoofs, part of the bono, and
in fact every part of tho body but fat
aro made up of protein, together with
mineral matter and water.
Tho next Important class of sub
stnnces is tho carbohydrates, which
contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen,
but no nitrogen, sulphurs, or phos
phorus; they lncludo starch, sugars,
etc. Theso aro used for practically
tho same purposo for which coal or
wood is used in tho steam engine
namely, to furnish enorgy and heat.
Tho third Important constituent ot
hay Is its oils. Small quantities ol
oil nro presont In nil kinds of hay.
Theso oils servo tho samo purposo as
tho carbohydrates. A pound of these,
howovcr, will furnish two and one
fourth times ns much energy or heat
as tho samo quantity of carbohydrates.
It can readily bo Been, when tlio chem
ical analysis of hay Is considered, why
tho prlco of tho different grades or
kinds of hay should depend, first,
upon tho amount of dlgestlblo nutri
ents contained, and, second, upon tho
purposo for which fho hay is fed. If
tho concentrated feed i. e the grain
In tho ration lacks protein, then tho
hay that Is high In this substanco Is
moro valuablo than one which con
tains littlo but carbohydrates, nnd vlco
versa. Thero is qulto a range in tho
amount of tho different classes of
nutrients in tho various kinds of hay.
On an averago, in 100 pounds of al
falfa hay tho dlgestlblo protein
amounts to 10.58 pounds; In cowpea
hny, 10.79 pounds; in alslko clover
hay, 8.15 pounds; in red clover hay,
7.38 pounds; In redtop hay, 4.80
pounds; nnd In timothy hay, 2.89
pounds.
In 100 poundB of redtop hay the
dlgestlblo carbohydrates amount to 47
pounds; In timothy hay, 43.72 pounds;
in alslko clover hay, 41.70 pounds;
In alfalfa hay, 37.33 pounds; In cow
pea hay, 38.40 pounds; in red clover
hay, 30.15 pounds.
When fed for protein, timothy hny
ranks last, but when fed for carbo
hydrates it stands next to redtop,
which heads the list. If tho total
nutrients nro considered thero aro a
number of different kinds of hny which
are equal, If not superior, to timothy
hay for feeding purposos.
tho bulletin glvcB several very valu
able recipes for making both of those
excellent coatings for both out and in
side of buildings.
Tho secretary in addition to urg
ing tho proper uso of paints for both
useful nnd ornamental purposes, for ho
does not think anything too good or
nttractivo for tho farm homes, cm
phaslzed several precautions: "Do not
uso any paint containing compounds
of lead about stables or outbuildings
whoro tho fumes from decaying or
ganic matter occur, slnco those gases
aro likely to darken tho lead paints.
Do not use with lead compounds any
pigment which may Hberato com
pounds of sulphur. For example, ultra
marine bluo which contains sulphur in
a form in which It may bo set freo
is a beautiful blue and may bo used
with zinc white, but should not bo
used with white lead or any other lead
pigments. Prussian blue, on tho con
trary, does not contain sulphur and
may bo used with load pigments.
"Remember that turpentlno un3
benzine are very inflammablo and cs
pecial precautions 3hould bo tnken not
to bring pnlnt containing theso sub
stances near any light or open flro.
"Many pigments aro poisonous, nnd
tho workman should bo particularly
careful to reinovo all paint stains from
the skin, and not under any clrcum
stances allow nny of it to got into IiIb
mouth. A man should not eat In tho
samo clothes In which ho lias beon
painting, nnd beforo eating should not
only change his clothes but wash all
paint stains from his skin. It Is not
advisable to use turpentlno or benzino
in removing paint stains from tho
hands, but by oiling thoroughly with
linseed oil, or, In fact, with any fntty
oil, nnd then thoroughly washing with
soap, tho paint may bo removed, pro
vided it has not been allowed to dry
too thoroughly on tho hands."
Good Liberal Education.
One of the best Investments that
any farmer can mako, with a view to
helping his boyB and girls in tho fu
ture, Is in giving thoso boyB and girls
a good liberal education, that will
enable them to computo with others
nnd hold their own In tho futuro. One
thousand dollars and a good educa
tion equip a ypung man much better
for his struggles In llfo than will two
thousand dollars and no education.
Care of Farrowing Sow.
During tho farrowing hour, tho bow
should bo kept quiet und should boI
dom be approached by any person.
Sho will not need tho nttentlon of
man and as sho is extromoly nervous
mid Irrltnblo at this tlmo, all causes
of excitement should bo removed as
far pb possible
Shoats for Killing.
Pick out tho very smoothest and
most likely shoats for tho winter kill
ing, keep them in clenn quarterB and
feed so as to mako well balanced meat
not too much fat.
BRAIN EXERCISED AT HOME
Something Entertaining no Well as In
structive for Boys and Girls on
. Cold Winter Evening.
Often of a cold winter evening boyB
and girls like to spend tho tlmo in do
ing something entertaining nnd instruc
tive ns woll. A good pnstlmo that will
provo Instructive, Ib thnt of solving
problems. Distribute pieces of paper
among thoso present nnd toll them to
8olvo tho following problems, the an
swers to which nre given bolow.
1. What two numbers multiplied to
gether will produco seven?
2. How may four fives be placed so
as to mnko six nnd n half?
3. If flvo times four are thlrty-throo
what will the fourth of twenty be?
4. What Is tho difference between
twice twenty-flvo and twlco flvo nnd
twenty 7
E. Divide tho number fifty Into two
tuch parts thnt If tho greater part
Working Problems.
bo divided by seven nnd tho lesser by
thrco tho quotient in each caso will bo
tho same.
Some may answer correctly nnd
some will bo caught, easy ns tho prob
lems appear.
Hero aro tho answers:
1. Tho two numbers nro 7 and 1.
2. Tho flguro 5, tho frnctlon 5-5 nnd
tho decimal fraction .5.
3. Eight cents nnd ono-fourth.
4. Twice 25 nro fifty. Twico 5 and 20
aro 30.
5. Tho two parts aro 35 and IE.
SILVER COIN MADE TO JUMP
Clever Little Trick May Be Per
formed With Port Wine Glass, but
Conical Form la Easier.
Chooso a wineglass of tho conical
form, shown In the Illustration, whoso
grentest diameter is a Httlo larger
than a silver dollar. At tho bottom
of tho glass placo a silver quarter,
and above It tho dollar, which will
fall only n Httlo way Into tno glnsB;
It will rest horizontally, liko a lid
upon it. Now tell your friends thnt
without touching cither glnss or coin
you hnvo it In your power to mako
tho quarter of a dollar Jump from Its
position. All you hnvo to do Is to
breatho strongly on tho silver dollar.
It wil rotate and so nssumo a vor
tical position! At tho samo Instant
The Jumping Coin.
tho compressed breath at tho bottom
of tho glass will causo tho quarter to
skip from Its position qulto a dis
tance on tho tabic, after which tho
dollar will slowly go back to Its for
mer position. Sometimes this trlcl:
may bo performed with a Httlo port
wino glass, but with tho conical lorm
It Ib still easier. Magical experi
ments.
BEES PARTICIPATE IN WAR
Terrifying and Demoralizing Method
of Repelling Besiegers Employed
by Themloeyraeans.
In theso days of scientific wnrfaro
there aro moro ways of killing n
man than of going to church, but you
would hnvo to look far and wldo be
foro you would And a moro terrifying
and demoralizing method of repellllng
besiegers than that employed by tho
pcoplo of Themlseyra, nn ancient city
of Asia Minor. A Roinnn historian
tolls that whon tho city wns besieged
thero wero great buildings put up to
bo pushed toward tho walls so that
tho attackers might advanco uninjur
ed, nut tho ThemlseyrnonB were a
capable people, nnd they chopped
holes In tho tips ot tho buildings and
cast down on the bends of tho advanc
ing army whole swarms of bees am
all tho wild and ferocious animals
that their municipal mcnagcrlo had
contained.
Likewise, In Englnnd, a fow nun
dred years later, tho Danes and Nor
weglans wero attacking tho ancient
Roman city of Chester, then held by
tho Saxons. After all tho ordinary
methods or warfaro had failed to
drivo away tho Norsemen tho bco
hives of Chester were brought to tho
city walls and overturned on tho
heads of tho enemy, who retired in
haste.
Hlio wns wrltltiK iotos to Noll.
If tho whole truth I must tell,
And she spilled the whole Ink bottle
nn her pretty new pink frock.
DOG WINS A FOOTBALL GAME
Members of Columbia Squad Aro In
iplred by Sight of Canine Attack
ing Red Hot Poker.
A rcniarknblo turning of a game
between tho halves occurred at Ithaca
in 1905. Cornell led Columbia by six
to nothing when tho tenma returned
to tho dressing rooms. Columbia had
not recovered fmm n woarlng gnmo
with Princeton tho wook boforo.
Mnny of tho man wero overtrained.
There was a distinct fooling of tho
hopelessness of It all when tho play
ors lay down upon tho floor and
benches. Only IJI11, a whlto bull tor
rlor mascot, showed signs of livelin
ess. It wns cold In tho dressing
room and a trainer shook tho ashes
In tho stovo. Ho UBcd a poker, tho
end of which beenmo rod hot When
finally ho laid down tho metal rod tho
red whitened, but tho heat romnlned.
DID, docldlng thut tho poker wns to
bo played with liko a stick, caught tho
heated end In hl
his lips seared and turned black. 13111
only shook tho poker harder. Two
men grabbed him nnd tried to forco
him to open his mouth, nut UIU
fought buck and Anally they had to
choke him before ho would loosen his
grip. It was then that Coach Morlcy
nudged Captain Fisher nnd pointed to
tno dog. Catching tho Idea, Fisher
sprang to his feet and built up a
speech around IJI11. Ho compared
Bill's nerve to tho team's and asked
tho men If they wero not nshamed
of themselves. His closing seutonco
wns: "Just piny for Dill, 13111. 13111 1"
When Columbia returned to tho
Held, Dill, yelping furiously, led the
wnyr All through tho half tho team
heard him barking from tho sldo-IInes
Snid Von Saltza, tho big tackle, after
tho game:
"Wo hoard every yelp, nnd it slm.
ply drove us."
Also, Dill's yelping was so good Jhut
Columbia won out, twelvo to six.
American Magazlno.
EARLY USE OF ICE SKATES
Holland Conceded to Be Birthplace
of Skating and Undoubtedly First
Practiced There.
To "necessity's sharp pluck," not to
n desire for amusement, says tho
New York Evening Post, wo owo tho
invention of skntos nnd tholr early
uso. Holland Is conceded to bo tho
homo nnd blrthplnco of skating, and
It waB undoubtedly Arst nractlcnd
thero and In tho far north.
In a country of lnkes and cnnals tho
necessity of wnlklng and running on
tho lco must hnvo beon felt from tho
earliest days, and, Indeed, they wore
found In one of tho mounds or. which
a Frlesland vlllngo was built. Tho
Bkntcs wero fastened to tho feet by
straps passed through holeB made In
tho bones. A Danish historian mbu
tlons tho sport In 1134.
Tho bono skates wero also tho kind
Arst used In England. Fltzstophon,
In his account of tho amusements of
tho young peoplo on tho lco In Lon
don during tho lnttor pnrt of tho
twolfth century, notes thnt It was usu
al for them to fnsten tho leg bones of
animals under tho soles of their
feet, by tying them around their
unkle3, nnd then taking n polo, thoy
pushed themselves forwnrd by strik
ing against tbo Ice, and moved with
great rapidity.
SKATE BdDIES OF ALUMINUM
Lightness Is Added Without Any Loss
of Strength by Use of New Metal
Arrangement lo Shown.
Additional lightness without loss of
strength hns given aluminum a plnco
In tho manufacture of skntos, a con
cern In Clovolnnd making skatd bodies
of this metal, says tho Popular Maga-
Skates of Aluminum.
zlno. A blade of stool about inch
wide nnd 1-10 inch thick Is inserted in
tho aluminum. Tho Illustrations show
such a body beforo finishing, and a
completed skato with blado In posi
tion. Playing Lady.
I hnvo my bent no wbonnet on;
I've ribbons In tny hair;
My skirt Is very, very lone,
And I'm grown up for fair.
(ny ALFRED VIVIAN.)
Vegetation boghiB with tho very
simplest forms of plants, such aB lich
ens add mosses, nnd Is, of course, very
scanty at Hrst Theso plants on dy
ing becomo n part of tho soil, nil of
tho plant nutrients UBcd by them bo
ing thus returned.
Food thnt has onco been used by
plants Ib very readily mado availablo
to succeeding crops through the pro
cess of decay. The boII is now ablo
to produco n larger crop, as it con
tains tho plant food in tho previous
growth In addition to that added
through tho agencies detailed above.
In this way tho growth gradually be
comes moro nbundant. Tho plants up
on decaying glvo rlso to humus, and
this Increases tho fertility of tho land
both by being a sourco of plant food
nnd by Increasing tho wntcr-rolnlnlng
power. Humus Ib a very Important
factor In fortuity. During tho de
composition of tho plants, acid Bub-
Nature's method of Increasing the
humus and soil fertility. Notice the
rotten log and leaves decaying, thus
returning plant food to tho soli.
stances aro formed which net upon
tho rocks In such a way as to mako
moro of tho plant food available.
Ono of tho products of decay or
fermentation Is carbonic acid gaB, and
this Is dissolved in the soil wnter, and
this gas-contnlnlng wnter la nn Im
portant help In disintegrating tho
rocks.
As tho nutrltlvo materials increnso
from theso vnrioiiB causcB tho lowor
Bimpler forms of plant llfo aro grad
ually replaced by thoso which nro
moro highly organized.
With tho ndvont of plants, liko our
common crops, which bear roots,
other fnctors In tho formation of boIIb
aro Introduced. Tho roots Bccroto an
acid substanco that has a solvent
effect on tho mineral mnttor of tho
.soil, and tho roots themselves also
assist mcchanldally in breaking down
tho rocks.
All nro familiar with tho tremend
ous forco exerted by plants in break-
,ing npnrt rocks ttnd stoneB if onco
tholr tender rootlotB obtain a foothold
In a crovlcc.
Tho roots penetrnto tho soil some-
.times to groat depths, nnd, ns thoy
decay after tho death of tho plant,
they lcavo Httlo channels in tho soli
which servo to carry down water
laden with cnrbonlc ncld, na well as
to introduce tho oxygen of tho air,
that, in Its turn, is a fnctor in bring
ing nhout chemical changcB In tho
soil, which nsslBt in making plant
;food available
Sooner or later In tho process of
soli formation, plants of tho pulso
family (leguminous plants), such ns
clovor, vetches, lupines, etc., aro in
troduced. If you dig up Bomo of theso planto
you will And Httlo nodules or tuber
clos on tholr roots. Theso nodules
nro tho homes of numerous bnctorla,
which enablo tho plants to dorlvo part
of tholr food from tho nitrogen of
tho atmosphere.
This peculiar proporty of legumi
nous plants Ib of great Importance
.for it Is undoubtedly naturo'B prin
cipal method of Increasing tho supply
or nitrogen In tho ground.
EFFECTIVE PIG
To prevent hogo getting tholr foot
Into trough tho nrrangement shown
nbovo Ib offoctlvo. Tho width of tho
iildo boards dopend upon tho slzo of
tho pigs to bo fed. A small trough,
with six Inch sldo boards, may bo uoed
for tho small pigs, nnd 12 to 1G Inch
stuff for breeding sow.s. Tho slzo of
plocco O nnd D dopend upon tho
weight of tho nnlmula and tho strain
likely to como on tho frame. For pigs
of ordinary weight, a pieco 2 by 4 Inch
es should bo UBod for tho ridge polo
C and plecQH 1 by 3 or 2 by 2 Inches
It will readily bo understood thnt
tho various agencies concerned in tho
formation of tho soil do not act sep
arately nor necessarily In any such
ordor ns that In which thoy havo been
discussed.
Ab a matter of fact all tho processes
described tako placo simultaneously.
Tho lower plants do not wait for tho
rocks to bo pulverized, for wo boo
such organisms ns tho lichens grow
ing on rocks from which ono would
think it imposstblo to obtain food.
If tho lichen is romoved, grooves or
furrows will bo found on tho surfaco
of tho'stono, duo to tho nctlon of tho
plant.
Nor nro all boIIb formed directly
from tho orlglnnl rocks, for ono of tho
effects of weathering, ctc. Is to acp
arato such rocks as tho granites into
simpler substances, with tho result,
for example, that, hugo deposits of
llmcstono nro formed In ono plnco,
nnd in another wholo hills of Bond
stone. Tho soil Ib almost constantly mov
ing, for somo of tho samo agencies
which form boIIb nro continually car
rying them away. Running water
grinds tho rocks, but at tho samo tlmo
transports tho flno particles to lower
lovcla. It cuts deep valleys in tho
Burfnco of tho earth and carrlca awayi
tho debris, depositing It at various
distances from Its sourco.
This study of tho formation of tW
soli then suggests two things that tho
farmer can do to prevent tho ex
haustion of tho fertility.
Tho first is to bo treat tho soil aB,
to assist and hasten nature in tho
process of converting tho plnnt food
into nvnllablo forms by means of good
tillage
Tho second Is to roturn to the soil
by means of manure nnd fertilizers
nn amount of plant food equivalent to
that removed by tho crop.
DAIRY LESSONS
AT STATE FAIR
Care Taken By Operator in,
uunatintr raiuc to rrovont
.Contamination Woo Revela
tion to Spcctutora.
(By It. O. WBATIIEnSTONB.)
Ono of tho most practical lessons of
our state fair this fall was thut taught
by tho Btato agricultural collcgo which
had set up in an amphitheater hold
ing about 1,000 persons, a comploto
modern dnlry. In this dnlry all tho
operations of separating milk, testing
it with tho Dabcock tester and ranking
butter wero performed dally and tho
nmphlthoator was never largo enough ,
to hold tho lnterostcd crowds.
Tho caro taken by tho operator to
provent contamination of milk and
butter was ovldcntly a rovelatlon to
many of the farmers and tholr wJvca,
as exclamations of surprlBO wero fre
quently hoard whon tho utonBllB wero
washed and scrubbed again and again,
plunged into hot wntor nnd tho wholo
process of butter making gono
through without onco having beon
touched by a human hand.
Tho Bpectntors woro for tho most
part composed of practical dairy
workers moro or less versed in their
business. Thoy asked inuumcrnblo
questions upon every phaBo of dairy
ing, ofton showing almost perfect
knowledgo of tho business; but tho
operntor In chargo, a remarkably woll
Informed and alert young man, novor
fnllcd to glvo instant and satisfactory
reply.
Two demonstrations dally woro
mado in this dairy and during tho flvo
days of tho fair it Ib Bafo to say that
10,000 persona received vnluablo In
struction In tho way ot object lcssona
In good dairying.
TROUGH GUARD
for tho guard bars D. Theso should
bo securoly nailed to tho sldo of tho
trough in tho pig house, spiked to the
floor to provent breaking off. Tho
upright E, llrmly spiked to D, secures
ondwlso rigidity. For delivering slop
to tho trough, a spout or small trough
is arranged to ontor at tho end ot
tho feed trough. With this arrange
ment, when tho distance between tho
bare has been properly adjustod to tho
slzo of tho animal, only one can get to
tho trough between each space, and
all sldowlso crowding: la prevented.
