MANY IMPORTANT DETAILS IN
TRANSPLANTING YOUNG TREES
IXlrrRMt Syetent Kwt Tm Fully Alive, Freek n4 Vigor-
NOTES o
MEfrDCWBROOK
CONSTANT SUPPLY OF WATER
DESIRABLE FOR LIVE STOCK
Wttk Suitable Arrangement ot Tile Seepage It X PesinW'ie
Secure Practically Spring Flowing From Pe4 .
Should be Properly Fenced Xa to Keen
All Animate Oat.
- FARM
i Where Tkrt X Indication f XMseaee Specimen
Should fee DlserII- Mulching Will
Conserve Moisture,
i f
CKOSS'SECTIOH
v
Potter sires aro needed.
Pork production Is a specialty.
Cleanliness is the koynoto in gv.-
dairying.
Cnreful selection should bring every
cow up to it 1
vNo definite temperature "for churn
lug can bo given.
he.-
A silo Is a necessity.
Provide free range for hogs.
( r ,
Horses and mules are very fond of
oat straw.
Every dairy should have a butter or
milk standard.
Only tho wealthy man can afford to
,kcep a poor cow.
Tho horse Is the only animal which
svery. fanner must have.
Oats mako an excellent ration for
growing and breeding hogs.
Fedlgreed stock, with animals, means
known parentage on both sides.
Do not neglect to Bpray tho orchard
trees and berry bushes this year.
Every instant that milk stands In
tho stablo It gathers contamination.
Tho silo helps solvo tho problem
of making a profit from $100 an aero
.land.
Do not allow a boss colt to nag a
youngor or smaller one. Separate
them.
Do not place much faith In now
feeds you do not know what thoy aro
mado of.
Beginners should not purchaso largo
colonies of bees. Begin moderately
and go slow.
In feeding a milk cow a -corn ra
tion, reduco the ration at Trst Indi
cation of fattening.
There aro usually somo ewes that
havo served their days of usefulness
and bettor bo discarded.
Somo of tho cut-over corn ground
can bo sown to ryo for lato fall, win
ter and early Bprlng pasture.
After tho third month tho calf will
begin to want extra water, 'and some
may bo mixed with tho milk.
If tho strawborry plants aro vigor
ous, and tho bed not too weedy, it
may pay to renovate It for other year.
Watch tho bowels of both maro and
colt, and If thero aro any Indications
of constltpatlon gl7o moro succulent
food.
Turn separator with a steady and
uniform speed and flush down with
skim milk or water at end of sepa
ration. Thero aro many methods of storing
seed com, but in all cases tho placo
of Btorlng must bo dry and well ven
tilated. It is almost impossible to keep tho
parts of a hand separator clean and
bright without tho use 'of some wash
ing powder.
In building new quarters for swine,
tho foundations should be .mado per
' mnnent and tho floors double and wind
and waterproof.
If tho Bheep aro kept on the past
ures too late, they will eat right
down into tho roots, and do more
barm than grass will do them good.
Keep the cows in clean yards dur
ing tho day, and supply rations or
food value to keep up tho production
of the hord to a paying point.
Now is the tlmo to figure whether it
would ho cheaper to build a comfort
able house for the hogs or supply tho
heat thiB winter by feeding extra
grain.
Among tho essentials of the success
ful care and management of a farm
flock of mutton sheep aro that wo
treat them in a manner adapted to
their nature.
Young pigs aro so partial toward
foods rich in protoln that they will
acqulro an excess of that element If
given an opportunity, thereby stunt
ing their growth.
Tho only method of ridding tho
poultry houses and nests of mites Is
to use strong treatment with a liquid
llco and mite killer and keop the poul
try bouso thoroughly clean.
Tho cow gets up on her hind feet
first, with head down. For this reason
tho manger should bo low and tho
'cow allowed enough freedom in her
stall so that sho can rise with case.
Old rotten apples, plums, grapes and
prunlngs Bervo as excellent winter
homes for many Insects and bacterial
diseases. Theso "mummies" and
jprunlngs should be gathered up and
'burned.
The sheep 'barn should be put in or
der for the flock now.
Tho silo Is tho best solution of the
problem of short pastures.
Begin to feed a good ration la the
stables to keop up development
Tho ago for working colts varies
with size, strength and maturity.
It Is tlmo now to wran yowm fruit
trees in protection from tho rabbits.
It Is too expensive to dig around the
trees by hand, and It Is soldom done.
It Is oxpenslvo to let a cow fall In
her, milk because of tho lack of proper
feed.'
It-has been well said that a farm
can never, rlso abovo'tho lovel of Its
owner.
For cream and butter tho Jersey
and Guernsey grades should bo
choson.
Tho applo crop of tho United States
Is 14 per cent larger than tho averngo
this year.
Tho young cockerels should bo put
up to fatten for two weeks, and as
soon as fat sold,
Weeds crowd tho cultivated plants,
doprlvlng them of light and spaco in
both soil and air.
Tho ration should bo balanced to
meet tho needs of tho cow at all
stages of lactation.
Tho dovolopmont of the young horse
requires the excrciso of tho best Judg
ment In handling him.
Bits of sweet apples mako tho
shcop happy. Thoy need somo such
thing this time of tho year.
A great many people would bo glad
to keep a fow colonics of bees If they
did not everlastingly swarm.
Llco feed on tho young chickens
this is ono great reason thnt thoy fall
to mako tho growth thoy should.
You will npprcclato tho difference
botween low-headed and high-headed
trees when you aro picking the crop.
Warm milk should never bo poured
Into cold milk, nor should tho night's
milk bo mixed with the morning's
milk.
In order to produce deslrablo flavor
it Is Very essential that tho milk arid
cream bo handled under sanitary con
ditions. Oat chaff and finocut clover hay
make a substantial food when mixed
with corn chop nnd wheat bran for
work horocs. -
Of courso, tho fruit must havo more,
or loss shade, but naturo will take
caro of that after Intelligent pruning
has been done.
It Is a woll-known fact that dlseaso
is more prevalent among hogs Just
after they are started on new corn
than any other time.
Adobe and gumbo are similar. They
aro both soils of a heavy clay .typo,
qulto rich In plant food, which must
not bo worked when wet.
To prevent scours irr calves, proper
caro should bo given to the mother
while pregnant, that sho may be ablo
to glvo birth to a healthy calf.
One of tho first requisites for suc
cess with hogs is a shelter where
young pigs can bo kopt warm and well
supplied with sunshine and fjresh alr.(
Ewo lambs from Individuals that
havo proven themsolvcs good breed
ers and producers are tho safest ones'
to bo retained for breeding pur
poses. The dairyman with eight or ten
cows should have a Babcock tester.
This utensil does not cost much, and
it payB for Itself nearly every week
in tho year.
Steers fed on clover hay will not
only consumo moro roughage, but
also moro grain than those fed on
timothy bay If grain and roughage
are fed according to appetite,.
Tho feeder who. cannot use cotton
seed meal or similar feeds should cer
tainly buy clover liny '(alfalfa or cow
pea hay would bo fully as good), oven
though the cost may bo $18 per ton.
Any tlmo from now till April is tho
tlmo to spray the orchard with lime
and sulphur to destroy tho Ban Joso
scale, which Is liable to bo found also
on roses nnd a numbor of other orna
mentals, Fat is desired mainly under tho
skin and between the muscles, but n
satisfactory development of this
feature cannot bo scoured in one
generation. Ileuco the importance of
having good stock.
SHPBHBB.Kjj,, jfV vHtyQQHilUiflBrli"vBBSBBC2BBBBBlBBi
Excellent Specimen
Thero need never bo any loss In
transplanting trees if a few lending
principles Involved aro carefully con
sidered. Tho reason thnt so muny
trees dlo in transplanting Is that tho
work Is dono without any Borlous
thought of tho vital needs of tho tree.
Tho first essential in transplanting
'a trco Is that tho tree shnll bo allvo
and in perfect health. Not only must
the part abovo ground bo allvo nnd
woll, but tho entlro root system must
bo fully alive, frosh and vigorous. Tho
roots must bo green and full of color.
If thero aro any dead roots it Is an In
dication that the entlro root system 1b
diseased, nnd such specimens should
bo discarded. Tho nurseryman who
sends out trees whoso roots aro part
ly docayed nnd show indications pf
disease is either dishonest or grossly
ignorant of what constitutes good
nursery stock. In cither caso bo is
Method of Planting.
not deserving of public patronage. If
any part of tho root system of a young
trco is found to bo either wholly or
partly in a stnto of decay discard tho
tree entirely, even it It has been pur
chased at a good price It is better
to pay tho extra prlco of a good trco
now than to plant a diseased one and
bo compelled to removo it after a fow
years, losing the time and spaco in
tho orchard nnd1 running the chanccB
or Infecting the" orchard soil with trou
blesomo diseases.
In transplanting a tre. of any slzo
or ago a moro or less number of roots
"will bo broken and destroyed. This Is
no objection, provided tho roots aro
properly trcnted; In fact, It results
in good to tho trco, especially to tho
young trco from ono to three years
of ago. Whoro a root Is broken off or
cut oft even, several new feeding rootB
will form, which results in a heavier
and stronger root system. In every
caso of transplanting' a largo number
of tho outer and lower roots should
bo cut off smoothly with a sharp
knife, nnd all broken roots trimmed
and evened up. If the trimmings of
tho roots is dono clenn tho cut will
callous over, without decay, and each
produco a half dozen or moro new
roots. Root -pruning ohould always bo
done In transplanting nnd a sturdier
tree growth will result.
In sotting tho trco in tho ground dig
out an amplo holo for tho reception of
tho roots, so that thoy will not bo
bent out of placo or shapo when
placed in position. Set tho treo slight
ly lower than it stood In tho nursery
to allow for heaving through tho
freezing of tho soil.
. Take plenty of tlmo in covering tho
roots with soil. Hero Is where prob
ably moro tnlstakia aro mako than In
any other part of the work. Tho very
finest of soli must bo placed about
the roots, or somo at them are almost
sure to dry out and Buffer, unless a
heavy rain should immediately follow
the planting, which, of course, is not
afo to roly upon. Fill In slowly about
of Apple Tree.
tho roots tho finest of soil and press
it down and against them with the!
hand. Extra caro at this point will ho'
woll repaid, not only In hotter chances
for tho trco living, but of Us starting
off Into vigorous growth tho first sea
son. If lnrgo lumps of earth aro
placed on tho roots of tho nowly sot
tree tho molsturo contact will bo so
poor that too much air will get to
thorn, and honco drying out will result.
Tho first fow days or weeks of 'tho
treo's llfo oxlstenco in Its new homo,
until a heavy rain comes to settle
down tho loose sol), will dotermlno Its
fato. If tho filling in of tho soil has
been .woll dono the trco will survive
oven though It should not rain for
Weeks. A closo soli contact may bo
secured by pouring several palls of
."water about the baso of tho trco as
soon as tho hole has boon filled, but
this would roqulro a great amount of
labor where a largo orchard Is set out.
For a fow trees In tho garden and
about tho homo grounds this wntorlng
can easily bo dono and will pay well
in quick and good results.
A good balanco should bo maintain
ed between the bronchos nnd roots
of a tree, and this must bo carefully
looked after whero transplanting is
dono. Tho branches and leaves of a
troo glvo off water from their surface,
and this water must bo supplied by
tho roots. Enough of tho branches
must bo cut off to balanco tho roots
removed, jr this Is not dono tho de
mands, of tho branches will bo greater
than tho roots can supply. Evapora
tion from tho surface of tho branches
takes placo in winter as well as in
Bummer, honco trees transplanted in
the fall should bo cut back at tho tlmo
of root pruning. It is always bettor to
cut back a ltttlo too much than not
enough. Mulching tho soil about tho
base of tho treo will help to conservo
molsturo and onablo tho treo to get
through successfully tho first year.
Growing Broom Corn.
An Ohio correspondent asks for In
formation In regard to raising broom
com, both as to soil and oulturo. The
soil preparation for planting this crop
Is no different than for growing In
dian corn, A finely pulverized condi
tion of tho seed bean Is necessary,
slnco a rough or sandy condition of
tho surface will result in covering up
somo of tho young plauts during first
cultivation. It la planted in drills with
nn ordinary corn planter or by hand.
Cultivation may bogln nt any time
after planting by tho uso of tho har
row lengthwiso or tho rows. Young
plants will not bo Injured by this
treatment, whllo tho weeds will bo kopt
from gaining a start, If during tho
first foWj. weeks your broom corn
plants grow rather small, It is of
prlmo importanco to present tho weeds
getting a foothold beforo the plant Is
big enough to cultivate. Ordinary cul
tivating corn machinery (s uBod In car
ing for tho crop.
Farm Animals.
A fow moro animals on tho farm
will lncreaso tho profits noxt year. Ani
mals consume coarso foods and con
vert them Into high-priced nrtlclos of
food. Thoy furnish a market for your
grain, hay and grazing plants nnd
leavo your fortuity for tho soli, Thoy
add interest and variety to farm life
and oftenglvo Incontlyo for your boys
and girls to remain. Try a fow moro
good animals.
Incubator Chickens,
Export poultrymen In tho west claim
that In the west after several genera
tions, Incubator- hatched chickens lose
the instinct to sit upon their eggs, and.
It is bcllevod that In tlmo all chickens
will have to bo hatched by artlflolal
means.
Wy
Cross-Section of
A constant supply of clear, cool wa
ter In summer, nnd a stream that will
not freozo In wlntor, is something to
bo desired on every stock farm. This
is not posslhlo with tho ordinary pond,
which is often the only nourco of sup
ply. Howovor, with n sultablo arrange
ment of tllo scopogo it is poBsiblo to
havo practically a spring flowing from
your pond winter and summer, and
whero tho pond is fenced, as it should
bo to keep stock out, tho water will
bo fit for house uso, writes H. R
Grlnstcad in tho Farm nnd Home,
When you construct a pond, leavo n
gap in tho embankment till tho tllo
and pipo aro laid, nnd it you contcm
plato adding this convenience to a
pond already mado, It will havo to bo
drained by cutting tho dam at tho
point whero tho plpo is to protrude.
In scraping out tho dirt make tho
bottom of tho pond, or ns much of it
as will bo occupied by tho ditch, al
most lovel. In a medlum-Blzod pond
ono lino of tllo extending about halt
way tho length ot tho pond will bo all
that Is neccB8nry, whllo In larger ones
and whero a larger supply 1b required,
it will bo best to have two lines meet
ing at right angles near tho outlet
plpo. When tho bottom Is Dcraped
out, dig a ditch throo feet deop and
halt as wide, beginning near tho em
bankment and running back aB far as
the bottom Is practically lovel. Iu tho
bottom ot this ditch lay three-Inch
tile with close Joints and plug both
ends, so that all water that gets in
will havo to como in as. seepage. In
sert a three-quarter or one-Inch plpo
In tho lower plug, and continue the
plpo through tho dnm to the watering
tank at a convonlent dlslanco below.
A cotnont collar should bo put around
tho plpo whero 1b goes through tho
embankment
Aftor tho tiling Is in place fill tho
ditch half full with sand -and lino
grayol and then with clay scraped
Position of Tile,
WINTER PIGS
ARE PROFITABLE
Animate Must Not be Slighted
Darlaz the Cold Weather,
Either la HombUuc
or VetAhig,
(Uy Q, W. BItOWN.)
Thoro is a decided difference in
caring for tho pigs of autumn farrow
ing and thoso of tho spring litters. On
tho average farm the latter havo tho
advantage over the formor of coming
in previous to tho advent of tho spring
ing grasses, nnd havo a moro gonerouB
supply of milk and other laxatlvo food
stuffs to keep them growing and in
perfect ordor.
It linn linfin mv nrnr.MpA for n num.
bcr of yenrn to ralso two Utters of
. . -... j , f
I! J
I ." A1 ."SL. ! 1. J
A: v ;. . .v , v :
f jr. ' ' .'': ' 1 'i.v1t ' v
pigs a year. To do this successfully
I find that ono must not allow over
stocking, but rather should sell off a
portion of tho pigs soon nftor wean
ing tlmo, keeping only bo many na ho
knows ho can accoitfmodato with good
quarters and generous feeding. Ono
muBt not slight pigs during cold
weather, either in housing or feeding,
Besides dry nesting quarters, tho
pigs should havo a good-sized lot in
which they may get plenty of exor
cise. Crowing pigs should not bo
crowded Into closo, filthy quarters, ex
posed to vermin and dlseaso.
Our winter pigs are very profitably
-
Ditch and Bank.
from tho sides ot the pond, tsxcOpt.
about ten foot at the upper end o(
tho ditch, or tho end opposite the pipe.
Fill this with small stonos and gravel
till level with the bottom ot tho poul,
ThiB will allow ot more seepage hito
tho tllo, and bolng at tho upper ead,
tho water remalnB in tho tile longer,
and is thoroforo cooler in summer and
warmer Ja winter.
Whore the outlet plpo enters ..the
watering tank an automatic valvewll
ft float wlll keep the water at a con
stant level. In winter a gate valve
may bo used and tho water turned in
and drainod as needed in order to
keop the tank from freezing. The
water, coming from three foot below
tho bottom of the pond and through
the filter of sand and gravel, is as
cool and almost as pure as spring wa
ter, and there Is no tee to eat in win
ter, giving moro comfort to the stock.
Tho tllo 1b alwaj-B full of water, the
seepage bolng about as fast as ordin
ary uso demands. .
In constructing a pond dam tho
groud should bo broken and the soli
scraped off, thou tho clay broken and
tho embankment started on this brok
en clay with a clay of tho seme Hort.
By beginning this way it all cements
together and there will bo no danger
from leaks In the embankment. Tho
pond should be fenced so that stock
cannot get to It by wading in. , Tha
value of any pond Is doubled by hav
ing it arranged so that the water may
be drawn out without stock standing
in it.
Tho outlet pipe should have a little
tal from where It leaves the dlch to
the tank, which should be below the
level of tho tile. This will usually
not bo difficult, Blnco moat ponds are
mado in draws and the land slopes,
onsldcrably bolow the dam. When
thto pipe is in place the gap in the em
bankment should be filled and well
packed bo rb to make all parts ot the
dam of equal strongth.
Pipe and Tank.
fed upon whole corn in the fodder, aa
they delight in getting their feed from
this material, I find that they eat'
very much of tho fodder, which formal
a fine diet The cobs and coarse'
stalks aro raked up and burned fre
quently, affording tho pigs a generous
supply of charcoal, '
I aim to keep a cow for every Utter
of milk-stuffs I can grow a bunch of1
winter pigs, and with tho milk and a'
supply of pigs equal to the spring
Utters.
Caro of Sheep.
No matter if an owo is four year a
old, if sho has a good udder and goodj
teeth and is otherwise In good health;
keop her two or throo years longor. I
Most excellent breeding owes can
bo found In any of tho big markota
bocauso thoy aro thin In flesh and;
havo boon rejected by tho buyers, but'
havo no other faults ns breeders. I
Sheep aro not particularly greedy,
but occasionally ono founders from)
over-eating, This 1b novor tho case)
whoro they have free access (o. feed'
at all times of the day and night
Lice In Pigeon Neats.
In hot weather lice broed in pigeon,
houses by tho million and extra
caro must bo taken to keep down the
vermin.
Rats in a pigeon house not only de
Btroy the young, but their presence'
frightens the birds so that they will
not thrive.