Spray potato plants for bugs.
Uso barnyard manuro for fertilizing.
i Study tho comforts of the cows and
(young things.
No kind of young stock grows bo
'fast as a draft foal.
Raspberries are propagntod by seeds,
'sucker plants and tip plants.
Tho currnnt must not bo cultivated
'dooply, for It Is a shallow-rooted plant.
Twenty acres of good corn put In
tho silo will feed 30 cows for a wholo
year.
Tho raspberry and blackberry, like
the strawberry, will succeod on any
good corn soil.
Wator tho. horses boforo feeding.
;Whon fed first there Is often mora
danger of colic.
Caro should bo taken that tho cow
does not havo to wailo through filth
ln tho barnyard.
Very few farmers tako enough time
'In fitting tho flold for planting either
corn or potatoes.
Watch swoet clover. It begins to
ilook as If It had a very valuablo place
lampng our farm crops.
Horson that aro clipped dry off fast
t night. This Is better than having
them stand around In a hoavy wet
coat.
1 .A teaspoonful of coal tar to a peck
lof corn, moistened with a little wa
iter, Is said-to be a protection against
gophers.
To be on the sate side cabbngo
plants should be-started In spll which
has not been previously used for cab
bags culture.
The production of puro milk means
obtaining the milk under scrupulously
clean conditions and handling It In a
cleanly manner.
Farmers makamoro cloar monoy
from .a flock of hens than from any
other livestock, but they aro moro
careless with thorn,
Much may bo dono to Increase tho
value of a woodlot by cutting out tho
unsound or unlikely troos which aro
crowding more valuablo onoo,
When buying a sprayer, get oro
that throws a mist spray, as no other
will get tho solution uniformly distrib
uted over all parts ot the plant.
Whero orchard trees havo been hoav
lly pruned early In tho soason, many
water 'sprouts or "suckers" will bo apt
to grow In the center of the trees.
The chief value ot alfalfa moat
over alfalfa Is that it Is all fed up,
and thus naves the waste tiripoBalblo
to prevent In woody or coarse alfalfa.
Tho tiorneH and oxen should be kept
In 890(1, thrifty condition, not too fat
nor too tnin, ami this can only he had
by regular grain feeding throughout
the year.
Tho fertilization of tho crop is only
,eno ot tho sovorat Important consider
Rtlonu in growing a crop: seed, prep
aratlon of the soil and cultivation aro
equally Important.
Tho host way to Btart in tho poultry
buslnesB Is to got a fow hens nnd not
them on good eggs. Thoao should nl
ways bo bought from a rellablo brood
or and should bo from puro-bred stock.
Barnyard manuro Is tho best gon
oral fertilizer to uso about young
fruit trees; caro ihould bo taken,
however, not to pllu It up about the
troo trunk as it Is liable to, burn tho
bark.
In order that tho hen may bo nblo
to manufacture eggs nho must bo
gtvon material that will not only build
up tho wasting tissues, but will alio
furnish tho right tngredlonta to mitko
the eggs.
-A. catalpa grovo will yield Ha flrnt
crop In about ton years, whon each
tree snouia proauco ono nrst-class
post, one second-dabs post Mud two or
three stays. irrom me small and
crooked limbs considerable firewood
is
necurod,
The farmer who complains that his
hens lay all over the barn Is apt to
be a man that doea not think clean-
lag the hen-house necessary. Stray
egge indicate the hens do not like
home, or nests with mites, abode bugs
ana mould.
8 1
Keep on cultivating tho corn.
Tho foolish man sells his best cows.
Electricity is coming to bo a farm
possibility.
Carelessness Is tho greatest causa
of falluro In farming.
Tho teeth nnd the feet of tho horso
should reccivo special attention.
Protein, starch, fat, sugar and fiber
are tho nutrients that mnko up foods.
A rest Just after foaling Is worth
moro to the brood maro than Just bo
foro. In building a dairy barn ono of the
main points is to sco that it is light
enough.
A good tomato plant should yield 30
pounds or ono-hnlf bushol, at a low
estimate
Tho feet of tho horso should bo
cleaned every morning boforo . ha
leaves tho stable
Government whitewash will pre
serve the wood of old buildings more
cheaply than paint.
Corn grown to rid lnnd of weeds
should bo check rowed. On clean
land drilling Is satisfactory.
A fully rlpo tomato tnken from tho
vino will weigh 20 per cont. moro than
ono pulled and rlponed indoors.
Tho now born colt must havo milk
during tho first halt hour ot Its life, or
tho chances nro that It will dlo.
Apple trcos should bo sprayed Im
mediately to kill tho eggs and tho
hatching young of tho applo aphis.
Tho west has probably reached Its
limit In shoop production. Now tho
natlyo lamb will get bettor attention.
Tho churn should bo thoroughly
scalded and cooled with clean, cold
water beforo the cream Is put Into It
H Is said that 20 acres of corn put
Into the silo Is ,worth moro In feeding;
a dairy herd than 30 acres in tho
crib.
Tho. best dairy cow is the one that
will convert the forage raised on tho,
farm Into tho greatest amount of but
ter fat.
White pine Is one ot tho most profit
able treos to ralso, and can bo planted
to advantago on cutovor land or worn
out pastures,
Brush tho mud oft the cow's uddor
and flank, thon wipe off with damp
cloth. You can't strain mud out ot
milk. Koop It out.
No man or woman to whom tho
chickens are moro machlnos to swal
low corn and sholl out eggs can evor
hope to got best results.
There are some oxcollont dry chick
feedB on tho market at tho presont
time, ones that are both cheap and pos
sess a good feodlng vuluo. .
The whlto grub, or larva ot tho Juno
beetle, Is found In sod land; hencoHho
bost preventive Is not to plant straw
barrios on froshly-broken sod.
For black loams, clay and Umostono
lands, tho sod should bo dooply
plowed In tho fall or early pa.rt of
winter to tho dopth ot six to eight
Inches.
Tender chlckons for talef use are a
rarity In tho cities ,at practically all
seasons in tho year, nnd It seems that
this particular domand will never be
satlBflod.
About 8,000 Dutch farmers are com
ing to America to sottlo upon farm
lands In Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin.
About 350 have already arrived and all
have largo families.
For the thrift and product ot thi
hento keep her la a good, lioalthful
condition and produco many eggs
both carbonaceous and nitrogenous
foods must bo usod with proper bal
ance. If chickens are confined In tho hen
houso until lato In tho morning they
are auro to fly off tho roost as soon'
as It Is light and scratch around In
tho filth, thoroby laying tho founda
tion tor disease.
A blanched ration, In poultry diet,
moans a sufficient amount of car
bonncdous material In u mixture to
counteract any bad results that might
nrlso where un entirely nitrogenous
ration Is given, nnd vice versa.
Groom tho horses In tho morning
and rub down at night: batho tho
shoulders with cold water both- morn
Iiir nnd ovcnliiK: tho homo collar
should bo scrapod clean boforo putting
on in tne morning.
While- It Is truo that April weathoi
la sometimes a little sovoro on young
chtckB, It must not bo forgotton that
Juno heat is too. It ,1s reahy bettor
to bo a little too early with chicks
for next winter's laying than a UtUo
loo late.
Chicks hatched undor a hon aro
quite apt to have lice. Do your bost
to have the sitting hen treo from
these pests. Sprinkle the nest boxes
with Insect powder when the eggs
are first set and look out for the lice
all the way through.
IMPORTANCE OF KNOWLEDGE OF
REQUIREMENTS OF MEAT MARKET
With Understanding of Grades and .Classes of Beef and
Pork Breeders and Feeders May Judge Carcass
, Yield and Regulate His Feeding Ac
cordingly Several Factors
Not Appreciated.
(Uy I D. IIAI.f..)
Breeders, feeders, or Investigators
who consider only the cost of produc
tion and tho market value of the llvo
animal, Ignorlnr tho demands of tho
moat trade, overlook one of tho most
Important factors that affect tho live
stock market and may thus fall to fol
low the roost rational lines ot im
provement In breeding and feeding.
With an understanding of moat-trade
requirements it Is possible for a stock
man to judgo the carcass yield and
quality of his animals intelligently
as buyers at the stock yards, bocauso
his knowlcdgo of tho feeds used,
length of feeding period, and gains
made aro ns essontlal In making such
estimates as tho apparent form, con
dition, nnd quality of tho fat animal,
upon which points tho buyer must
chlofly rely.
Tho descriptions presented are
based on data socurod In an Investiga
tion at wholcsalo meat markets at the
Union stock yards, Chicago, and also
at prominent wholesale and retail
markets In Chicago and other cltlos
which nro supplied from tho largo
housos at tho Union stock yards, and
may bo considered standard for all
tho groat packing centers of this
country; and slnco moBt American
wholesale- markets aro supplied from
theso centers, tho classification may
bo regarded ns standard for tho coun
try. It should bo borno In mind that
tho classifications aro those of tho
wholcsalo meat trade and not of tho
live stock market, and that tho
wolghts given refer to dressed car
cnaflOB nnd cuts, and In no caso to live
animals.
Carcass Beef. This Includes both
full Bldos and quarters. The classes
aro steers, heifers, cows and bulls and
stags. The classes differ not only In
box, but also In tho uses to which they
are adapted.
Tho grades within tho classes aro
prime, choice, good, medium, common
and cannero. Tho grades aro based on
differences In form, thickness, finish,
quality, soundness and weight.
"Native? carcass beof has sufllclont
finish to Indicate grain feeding, Is com
paratively compact In form, thickly
fleshed, mature In proportion to age,
and consists chlofly ot medium to
prlmo steers, heifers and cows of the
heavier weights. "Westerns" aro rela
tively "rangy" In form, "grassy" in
Beef Carcass.
Cuts at beefs 1, 2, 3, round; 4. 5, S. loin:
T. rtb; 8, chuck; 0, Hank; 10. It, plato; 12,
shank; 13, auot; 1, hind nhnnk; 2, round
(rump nnd hind shank off); 3, rump; 4,
6, loin end; 0, plnbono loin; 5, 6, tlatbona
lolnt 10, navel! 11, brlakot; I. 2. 3, 4, 6, 8, 9,
hind quarter; 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, foro quarter;
7, 8. back; 7, 10. ploco; 8, 11, 12, Koslior
chuck; 8, 10, 11. 12. triangle; a, aitch-bone;
b rump-bone; c, crotch; d, cod; e, chine
bones; f, "buttons;" b, skirt; h, breast
bono; r, ribs.
color and genoral appearance, coarser
In quality and Inferior to "natives" In
finish, consisting largely, of common
to good cows and Bteers. ''Toxas"
boevos aro light wolght carcasses.
"Butcher cattle" are those especially
adaptod to "butcher-shop" trado and
consists principally ot medium to
eholco heifers, steers and cows.
"KoBhor" cattlo nro hooves that have
boon slaughtered, Inspected, cloansod,
and labeled In accordanco with Jewish
rites, and includo medium to choice
ENVIABLE RECORD OF HOLSTEIN
The llolstoln cow has made such an
envlnblo record and Is such a usotul
animal, and Is filling her place bo well,
that It will behoove all other dairy
breeds to chango the old order that
steers, cows and heifers. "Distillers"
aro steers, bulls nnd stags that have
Boft, "washy," flesh and "high color."
characteristic of cattlo fattened on
dlstlllory slops.
Beef Cuts. Tho "straight cuts" aro
loins, ribs, rounds, .chucks, plates,
flanks and shanks.
Tho grade of a cut of boef doponds
upon Its thlcknoBs, covering, quality
and wolght.
Cured Beef Products. Theso are
barreled, smoked and canned beef.
Barroled beof Is packed in brlno.
The standard grades aro extra India'
moss, extra plate, regular plate.
Hog Carcass,
Tuts of pork; English cuts A, lonsr-cut
hum; U, long side or middle. Domestic
cuts 1, short-cut ham; 2, loin; 3, bolly; 4,
picnic butt: 8, Uoston butt; 6, jowl; 7,
hock; 8. rat back; 9. clear plate; 2, 8.
back; 2, 3, 8. side: 4. 7. Dlcnlc shoulder:
5. 9, shoulder butt; 8, 9, Ions; fat back;
4, 6, 7, v, rouuli shouldor; U, ribs.
packet, common plato, rolled boneless,
prlmo mess, extra mess, rump, butt
and mess chuck boef, beef hams, and
ucoicn DUUOCK8.
Smoked beef Is cured In sweet
plcklo, dried, and smoked. It consists
ot dried beof haras, dried boef clods,'
and smoked brlskot beef.
Canned beet is sealed' in tins or
glass Jars, usually after partial curing
nnd cooking. It consists principally
of chopped beof, beet loaf, corned beef.
and roast beof.
Distinct grades of hogs are recog
nized only in the packing and bacon
classes, tho former being based on
wolght and. the latter chiefly on
quality and finish.
Pork Cuts. Tho. classes aro hams,
sldos, bolllos, backs', loins, shoulders,
butts and plates, and miscellaneous,
theso being dotoruilned by tho parts
of tho carcass from which they are
made.
Tho grades and mothods of grading
vary widely In tho different classos of,
cuts, and Involvo not only their
quality, shapo, finish and wolght, but
also tho styles ot cutting and meth
ods ot packing used.
The Horse's Collar.
Sco that oach horse's collar Is cloan
each morning before putting It on
.Prevention Is worth tho proverbial
amount ot euro aud consists In care
fully fitted collars.
Tho uso of pads is largely a mattor
of choice; pads should bo usod only
with tho smaller and lighter collars
when usod In hoavy work. Galled
shoulders frequently result from tho
use of a sweat-soakod pad or one.
WfV In a hnnvv mIm '
Variety of Vegetables.
Every homo gardener should aU
tempt to havo a liberal production ot
a variety of vegetables throughout
the season. This cannot bo accom
plished without planting In succes
sion. Peas, beans, sweet corn and
many other vegetables should be
planted at intervals ot ten days to
two' weeks.
Big Apple Crops.
In Ottawa county, n Missouri mnn
last fall sold $1,840 of Jonathan ap
ples from ono acre, whllo a neighbor
sold $GU worth of Bartlett pears from
throo acres.
now rules in breeding, else they will
bo outdistanced by tho llolstoln in the
big dairy race now being run in this
country. As things stand now, the
Holstela this race Is In the lead.
PARIS GREEN IS RECOMMENDED
TO CONTROL DESTRUCTIVE PEST
Cut-worm Does Much Dnmago in Gardens and Sometimes
"""to Foliage of Fruit Trees Caterpillars .Usually
Lie in Concealed Place During Day
- Tlmo and Come Forth at
' Night to Feed.
(By WM, J, PAIIDY.)
By "cutworms" Is meant the larvao
of certain millers or moths, Tho term
Is applied to a number of species
which aro very destructive to garden
nnd field crops and sometimes also to
foliago of fruit trees. Though there
are some differences In tho llfo his
tories of tho several speccles, they aro
sufficiently alike In some ot their hab
its so they may be fought by similar
methods.
Tho larva is a flat, dirty gray or
brownish creature, an inch or moro in
length when full grown nnd practi
cally hairless. Tho W-marked cut
worm and the spotted cutworm aro
each marked by a double row of black
spots, which In the first mentioned
species aro of equal size, but in the
second tbo spots gradually decrease
in sizo toward the head.
The caterpillars usually He curled
up during the day. In a sheltered spot
or In the earth. After nightfall they
como to tho surface to feed upon what
ever vegetation may bo" convenient.
They are very general feeders, eating
loaves, buds, fruit, stalks or roots, and
show a decided preference for plants
that aro young and succulent Whon
tho hibernating larvno first begin to
forago they aro particularly injurious.
Not infrequently a farmor will bo
obliged to reset plants several times
before a stand la obtained bocauso the
pests cut them off as fast as they nro
set Tho injury continues until mid
summer, when tho larvao aro full
grown.
Tho larvao thon burrow into tho
ground to a dopth of four to six Inches
to form a cell in which they pupate.
Lator in tho summor tho moths
emerge. Theso differ somewhat In
coloring in tho various species, but
for tho most part havo grayish or
brownish obscurely marked foro wings
and graylBh or yellowish whito hind
wings.
Tho most eftectlvo remody Is tho
poisoned bran mash which has como
into wide uso. ThjB Is made by mix
ing half a pound of Paris groon with
50 pounds of slightly moistened bran.
In making thiB, it is host first to dam
pen some of tho bran slightly with
wator containing a littlo sugar or salt,
half a pound to a gallon. After mix
ing thoroughly, add tho Paris green by
dusting it on to the surface and stir
ring all tho time.
When required for garden use sprin
kle a littlo of tho poisoned mixture by
hand around such plants as aro liable
to attack. Whon crops are planted In
rows a convenient way Is to make tho
mixture rathor dry and thon distrib
ute it by means of a wheel seeder. In
a v b
A. Cutworm Moth. B. Cutworm.
field practice, among such close-growing
crops as standing grain, which are
sometimes injured by cutworms, the
poisoned bran remedy is also service
able. The mixture can be distributed
by means of a paddlo or shlnglo nnd
can bo thrown easily to a dlstanco of
20 feet When distributed in this
way there U, much less danger of
.chickens and birds picking It up than
if it is plnced In lumps,
Tho question of danger from the
use of this poisoned bait Is ono that
must bo considered. As a rule thero
is littlo danger from this cause. Tho
quantity used 1b bo small that It Is not
noticed by poultry; then, too, In gar
dens, poultry do bo much harm to
plants that they should never bo ad
mitted at tho time of year when cut
worms occur Injuriously and only at
EXCELLENT PRODUCER OF EGGS
-SBBBBBBHSOAVtk SBBBBBBBBBBBSW.
sbhbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
SBBP7
Sticking to ono breed of fowls ts
best for the average farmer. The Sil
ver Laced Wyandotte is an excellent
special times of the year when there
aro no crops to Injure Tho experi
ence of a great many peoplo who havo
used this remedy without taking any
special precautions Is that injury to
domestic animal is extremely rare. ,
However, thero will bo many occa
sions when plants In gardens may bo
protected by putting out tho poisoned
bran In small heaps and then cover
ing, so that tho material cannot be got
at by stray chickens and other poultry.
SMALL TOOLS
ON THE FARM
Necessity of Fairly Complete Out
tit In Apparent if Farmer
Would Avoid Many
Trips to Tows.
(By WALTErt II, LEUTZ.)
If tho avcrago farmor woro asked:
"How much money have you Invested
In tho small tools on this farm?" It,
is probnblo that after a moment of,
thought, during which he would havo
a mental plcturo pt an ax, a hand
saw, a grlnd-stono nnd rather a con
fused Idea that'there was a lot of stuff
of ,ono sort or " another somewhore
about tho farm, would reply that from
$25 to $50 would cover the cost
A recent Investigation conducted In
Ohio, discloses tho fact that this Is fan
short of tho mark. Careful - inven
tories wero taken on 33 farms, and
in every instance the total amount waa
many times what tho owner had
"gUOSBOd."
Tho fact that theso small tools are
bought, one at c time us needed, and
aro not cared for systematically, loads
to a very erroneous Idea of their value.
Summarizing tho inventories of theso
33 farms, it Is estimated that to
completely oqulp a genoral farm
of 160 acros in Ohio with small tools,
will probably cost from J200 to $300,
or in excess of tho farmers' "guess"
by moro than 600 per cent An error
in judgment of thio amount, particu
larly when the error is against the
farm, is serious enough to challenge
attention.
Evon on farms where Inventories are
habitually taken, theso tools ot minor
equipment are usually included as
"other small tools," and given a
guessed at value, somewhat aftor tho
stereotyped expression appearing on
sale bills: "other articles too numer
ous to mention."
Farm requirements dlffor very
greatly, tho highly specialized farm
not needing noarly so many tools as
tho genoral farm. Tho necessity ot a
fairly complete outfit Is apparent If
tho farmer would avoid expenslvo trips
to town or to tho neighbors to meet
somo immedlato need, theroby stop
ping teams and laborors until the re
pair Is effoctod. The advantago o'
some systematic arrangement is also
apparent, in order that the exact too'
may bo at hand when wanted and thus
avoid loss and delay by reason of mis
laid, borrowed, stolon or lost tools.
Somo of these tools can bo charged
to special farm enterprises, as to the
horaos, the dairy, corn, hay, grain, etc.,
but by far tho great majority con
stltuo an overhead chargo against the
farm. Tho connection between an
augor bit handle and a bushel of
wheat may not bo at once apparent tc
tbo miller, but It requires tho augor.
bit handle to turn the bit, to bore the
hole In the plank, to make the wagon
Jack, to grease tho wagon that hauled
the grain to tho machine, and that
brought tho wheat to tho mill. Be
fore the bushel ot wheat can yield
a profit It must help pay for the auger
bit handlo and the other minor tools
which total a hundred or more dollars
In value on any well managed farm.
produced of eggs and meat It corneal
as near bolng tho Ideal dual purpose,
fowl as any for farm condition.
