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About The North Platte semi-weekly tribune. (North Platte, Neb.) 1895-1922 | View Entire Issue (May 14, 1909)
ALL-BIG-GUN SHIP WAS THE IDEA OF AMERICAN SAILOR Even Though the Developed Dreadnought Came from Great Britain, lis Possi bilities Had Been Foreseen by One of Uncle Sam's Naval Officers. Traced to Its Source, Curi ously Enough, the Idea Was the Result of Santi ago and Not, as Supposed, of the Naval Fights in the Russo-Japanese War. 7BW YOUlC.-Tho plrwB for the two now battleships au thorized by tho Inst con KrosB hnvo at lust boon of ficially approved. Ono, tho Florida, Ih to bo built at tho Now York navy yard by Bovornmont workmen. Tho other, tho Utah, la to bo constructed by contract at somo prlvnto yard, tho award not yet being made. Iloth nro to be of tho now famous DreadnoiiRht typo and, In accordance with tho restrictions of tho law which authorized their construction, they must bo "similar In nil ossontlnl char acteristics" to tho battloshlpa author ized In 1000 these being tho Doln ware nnd tho North Dakota. This furnishes moroly another Illus tration of tho lack of Initiative which has so long characterized our mothods of nnval construction, says tho Now York Times. Tho Dolawnro and North Dakota nro of the typo now popularly known ns "Dreadnoughts" a typo which hns revolutionized nnvul construction ns radically as did tho monitor. But whllo tho Idea of tho nll-blg-gun ship hud its origin among American navy ofllcors tho revolu tion In navnl construction, It may bo noted, did not start from American ohlpynrdH, -Tho nation might have led nil others In tho construction of this now typo had tho plans drawn by Lieut Commnndor Homer 0. Pound stono (now a commnndor on tho ro tired list) been utilized nt tho tlmo of tholr Inception. It was in 1003 thnt theso plans of an nll-blg-gun ship wcro submitted to Uto navy department and pigeon holed. Thon cnino tho Jnpnnoso-rius-ulnn war. Ah tho ally of Japan It wns recognized that Great Britain would bo tho first to profit by any lessons which that war brought out. And directly nftor tho running fight that followed tho sortlo from I'ort Arthur cnino nows that ISnglnnd was hurried ly constructing soino great now ship of war. Other nations mado diligent efforts to discover tho nature of tho lesson thnt Clrcat nrltaln wnn so sedulously solidifying In stool, but tho British constructors kept tholr sccrot, and not until tho Drendnought had gono o vol board and floated Into tho vlow of outsldo oyes did tho world at lnrgo know that tho laBt gront war had taught tho lesson of tho nll-blg-gun Bhlp a lioavlly armored craft of tremendous Bpeed and wido steaming radius and carrying In her mnln bat tery an armament of tho heaviest guns that could bo outplaced on Bhlp board, and all of tho same typo, snvo a Blnglo buttery of smaller caliber In stallod for the solo purpose of mod orating tho enthusiasm of any ouomy contemplating torpedo boat attack. American Target Practice Tho Idqa of tho all-blg-gun ship was suggested, not by this war in tho east, not by any lessons learuod oft Port Arthur or In tho Tsushima Blralts but by target practice In the Amorlcnn imvy, It camo as a conse quence to Snntlugo, and whore only two por cent, qf hltB wns mado by tho Amorlcnn ships. America cheered long nnd loud over tho victory, but tho navy won who had fought It did very littlo of tho cheering nnd took silent ly and Bcrloualy to heart tho very Biunll number of hits that had been mado. They, mora than tho oxultlng patriots,- realized how disastrous might havo been this shortcoming had tho ships of tho blockading squadron faced most any othur foo. Thon, for tho first time in its his tory, did tho navy of this codntry mnko ovory otl$r consideration sub- Bldiary to target practice, tho olllco of target Inspector was created, and Commnndor V. S. Sims, that enorgotic and accomplished olllccr who hns dono so much to pluco our navy at tho head of tho straight shooting and rapid hitting, was chosen to 1111 tho post. Hitherto such target practlco us had boon hold hud been at short ranges. But the Introduction of smoko less powder and tho employment of tho toloscoplc Bight so changed tho lawH of gun tiro that practice at long rnngoa wan substituted for tho other. Thon it was dlscovorod that tho range Under a uiochauleal dovlce Intended to givo tho dlstanco botweon ship and tnrgot could not bo depended upon whonovcr there wns any rofrnctlon In tho utinosphoro, lyid it would bo u queer sea utinosphoro that has no re fraction. Gun as Range Finder. So it was to tho gun itself that tho navy tiirnod nB.tho ono dopondnblo range flndor. Horo again waa tin- other dlfllculty. By obsorvinB tho fall of shot, short or ovor, to right or left, tho plotter stationed aloft could easily correct tho aim of any slnglo piece, but with ships or i mixed gun battery and tho various calibers llrlng at tho Bnmo tlmo it wub found to bo impossible to distinguish botweon the splashes, nnd, consequently, lmpoa Blblo to an root tho Initial orror. Thon It began to dawn on tho navy that tho notation of thlB problom was a ship carrying guns of ono caliber only, and us a corollary, this Blnglo caliber to bo of tho heaviest that could be mounted. Thon It was that Com mnndor Poundslonc, an nrdent co worker of Commnndor Sims, drew tho plans of tho "U. l8. S. Fonslblo" nnd tho "U. S. S. Possible" tho two types of nll-blg-gun battleships which now hnvo their prototypes in tho South Carolina nnd Michigan In ono class, the Dolawaro and North Dnkotn in the other. But that was away back In 1003. A yenr or bo after theso plans had boon pigeonholed In tho navy department tho Jnpancso-IlUEslan war broke out. As a result of thnt Japan's ally, Gront Britain, hurriedly began tho construc tion of tho Drendnought, the first of tho all-blg-gun ships to tnko tho water, nnd closely following tho launching of thnt vcssol tho Jnpaucso Aid went overboard. Other nntlons Immediately comprohonded what the building of theso two vessels meant. Germany paused only long enough to give ono regretful look at tho battleships alio wbb then building, nnd, making n quick revision of her nnval plans, has now committed horself to n program by 'which bIio Is to construct four DrcadnoughtB ench year up to and In cluding 1011, Great Britain has al ready laid tho keels for ten of theso great vcssols, having launched six during tho courso of tho last year; Franco hns laid tho heals of six and hns authorized tho building of six others. Brazil set about tho building of three, Italy mndo contracts for two, and Russia's program contour plates four of theso now architects of ruin. "Had Poundstono's suggestions boon adopted when thoy woro first submitted," asserts ono naval nu thorlty, "tho designs of tho four Con- ncctlcut8, which woro not yot laid down, could hnvo been nltorcd and small DrcadnoughtB llko tho prosont South Cnrollna nnd MIchlgnn hnvo been built. Tho monoy appropriated for tho Idaho and Mississippi, obsoloto beforo launched, could havo been turned into ono renl ship. Limit PoundBtono'B plans for his now typo novcr camo beforo congrcBB. In fact, thoro nro fow who know that had our nuthorltlea been nwnko wo would In nil probability havo had Dreadnoughts nlloat beforo liny other nation." Fifty Vessels In Four Years. Within tho short spneo of four ycarB moro thnn half a hundred vcsboIb of this now typo havo boon built or nu- thorlzod. Tho introduction of tho typo hna set a 'now standard of rlvnlry, nnd Hnglnud, Gormnny nnd Japan scorn to bo sotting tho pneo. In tho old typo of bnttloshlps ISnglnnd poasossod an enormous lond. Following hor frnnkly nnnouncod postulnto that, whatovor tho cost, bIio meant to maintain navy that would bo equal to tho navy of any other two poworfl, alio hail found no great dllllculty In living up to thnt 8omowhnt rough and ready standard. But according to an uu usunuy woii-iniorincd London corro spondont, (Sidney Brooks), who up- poarB to have boon making a special study of tho subject, tho advont of tho Dreadnought has brought to Gront Britain a crisis of unpnrnllolod com ploxlty nnd porl!. Tho typo has not only mado obsoloto all bnttleshlpB built In u provioua ora, but Iiub com mlttod all aoa powers which Intend to maintain mnrltlmo supremacy, or oven rolatlvo strength, to an unprecedented expense in newer construction. Cost to Great Britain. it is upon Great Britain, hb this In vestlgntor recently pointed out, thnt this oxpenso fnlls with greatest weight. Hera Is tho greater ileot that tho now typo mnkos lnofllclont nnd hers tho grouter burden in tho nocoa slty of constructing n now nrninmont to meet now conditions. Tho naval act of May, 1008, which authorized tho construction of two but tloshlps "similar In all ossontlnl char iiuiuiiBiu'8 io mo two oldor ones brings our list of building nnd project en up to tiio formldablo list of four upon thoso two Inter vosaola are t bo bestowed tho numoa of Florida nnd Utah. No limitation Is placed upon tho displacement, but It la understood that It will bo approximately 20,000 tons, although tho two now shlpa may each bo about hovou feet longer than tho Delaware. This Increase In length will bo brought about If tho doclslon Is roached for the Installation of tur bines. Ono reason why Pnraons tur bines could not bo Instnllod In tho Delaware Is tho fact that thoy would occupy moro space than was nvullublo In that ship's hull, unless chnnges were mndo In tho doalgn. Curtla tur bines woro ordorod for tho North Da kota and engines of the loclprooatlng typo for tho Dolawaro. No decision is understood to havo been reachod yot respecting tho typo or engines whether turbluo or reciprocating that nro to bo Installed in tho Utah and Florida. It 1b pot unlikely, aayo tho Navy, a woll-lnforined sorvleo Journal, that the new battloshlpa will also be provided with an ontlrely now nrrangoinont of military nuiBt, Homowhut similar to I ''"''''"''''ii''''1111111 m - t Tjrc'?M33A.v' Gzxwxjrr TS fGVrs 79000 stxrra. m " v s J the openwork tower of lnttlccd Btcol tubes which wns tested during tho re cent oxporlmont with tho monitor Florida. Tho department nppeara im pressed with tho porformnnco of that mast, nnd Is bellovcd to bo contemplat ing its uso on tho newly authorized battleships, although no ' announce ment to that effect Is yet authorized, Comparlcon of Gunfire. A writer for this Bnmo publication draws an Interesting comparison bo tweon tho gunfire of n Dreadnought fleet and tho 1G battleships which Ad miral Evans took to tho Pacific If, sayn tho writer, a Dreadnought fleet of 12 vessels, which the royal navy will havo at tho end of two years, were drawn up In lino of battlo con fronting any 12 vessels In tho Amorl cnn battleship cruise, tho former would present 00 brondsldo guns of 12-Inch cnllbor to tho 61 brondsldo gunB of 12-lnch nnd 13-lnch caliber on tho latter ships. Besides this advant age, tho Dreadnoughts uvcrngo 21 knots for tho battleships nnd 25 knots for tho cruiser battleships of tho In vlnclblo class, whllo tho nvcrago speed of tho Amorlcnn vossols, nccordlng to tholr trlnl performances, would run frpm 17 to 10 knots. Efficiency of Dreadnoughts. Any two of tho Dreadnought class would present as many 12-lnch guns on a brondsldo as any four of tho American vcssols nnmed. X division of four Dreadnoughts would present a brondsldo lire of 32 guns, none of which would bo of loss than 12-lnch caliber; whllo a division of tho same number of units, consisting of tho (Copyright, 1309, by Dally Story Pub. Co.) Connecticut, Kansas, Louisiana and Vermont, would bo nblo to present a brondsldo flro of only 10 guns of ' 12 Inch cnllbor, 1G guns of eight-Inch caliber, nnd 24 guns of sovcn-lncb cnllbor. Tho former division would hnvo 21 knots trlnl speed, and the latter would nvcrago a fraction ovor IS knots dial Bpeed. ThlB comparison Is not mndo for tho purposo of considering tho vessels of tho Connecticut nnd Vermont typo as in tho same class as tho Dread nought; but, on tho contrnry, to Indi cate that tho latter nro not ship for ship equnl to tho all-blg-gun vessel. Tho Gorman Nnssau, which was re cently launched, Is credited with be ing tho mqst formldablo of any "Drendnought" yet constructed or planned. Tho biittory of this Touton giantess Is Bald to bo 1G 11-luch rifles. Another statement Is that bIio will havo 12 such guns with 12 G.G-inch and'somo smnller. With rognrd to tho rate nt which she has been built, It must bo understood that for months previous to laying the vessel down vast quantities of material hnd been mndo ready, and woro alongside tho jdlp. The nctual tlmo occupied Is al leged to havo been 7Mi months, but tho launching weight Is not given. However, this period considerably abridges that occupied In tho enso of somo other recent ahlps. From lay ing down to launching tho Braun schweig wns I I months, tho Elsasa 17 months, and tho Hesseu nbout 10 months. Thero can bo no doubt that tho Germans nro expediting tholr ruto of wnrshlp construction by Improved facilities at tho building yards. "Say," said Tommy, "did I over toll you about tho circus wo had ut our house tho other night?" "No," said I, settling back In my chair, "let her rip." "Well," continued Tommy, "It wns a peacherlnc, considering thnt tho con tor of disturbance wns nothing but n chlnn bathtub, like a canary bird's or a hotol vegotnbjo dish Bamo blame thing only larger. "Well, as I wna saying, It wns on n Saturdny night, and 1 camo homo very early, nbout 2 a. in. I wasn't particu larly anxious for tho folks to know what tlmo I got In. ns tho dad had had a notion to mow down my allowance for, a cfuipln of moons past. Ho'a al ways preaching nbout early worms and birds nnd opportunity nnd things. "I could sco my fond pnrcnts wait Ing up for mo with tracts, but 1 braced the gamo nnd In I went. Noth ing doing no parental greeting houso llko a tomb. Then I heard n soft peep from tho head of tho Btalrs: 'Tommy, Is thnt you?' " 'Sure,' says I , 'woro you looking for somo ono olso?' '"Como qn up,' says sis, 'there's a lot doing.' " 'In a minute,' says I. I located tho ice-water tank nnd Imbibed gonerous ly. Then, with somo difficulty, 1 nt; conded to tho upper deck. "Tho proud and happy author of my being and tho publisher of tho samo woro doing somo kind of a splash net. 'O, Tommy,' Bays sis, 'I'm bo glad you've come wo'ro all going to bo drowned!' "Sis wns skylarking around the mnln cabin In a mosquito netting she called n bathgown, nnd tho fond and dutiful pnrcnts woro llkowlso attired. 'Thomas,' Bays tho governor, 'It Is thrco o'clock, nnd you may as well spend tho rest of tho ovenlng profit ably. Wo are nil much wearied with the unaccustomed exertion.' With this lie hands mo n pall. ' "Tho city's reservoir wns backing up into om- tub, and tho -family was dipping It out nnd pouring it Into tho PITIES THE BURDEN BEARERS Writer's Sympathy for Those Who Have to Pay for the World's Armaments. In tho ilays Just boforo gunpowder camo Into general uso, tho armorers of Huropo woro very busy people. For a hundred years tho coats of mail and plato worn by knights and men-at-arms had boen getting heavier and henvler. Tho BwordB, lances, maces and battlo axes had also been getting henvlor, until boiuo of them becamo of an almost Incredible weight nnd slzo. A lioavlor corselet called for n henvlor ax to crush It; tho heavier ux demanded n now wrinkle In tho con struction of coraelotH. And so on, un til tho. mnn-at-nrmH, nt tho latost period during which complete minor wns lined, wns Incnsed In auch a heavy shell that onco unhorsed and on his back ho was almost us helpless na u bootlo, nnd was quite at tho mercy of any low-born vassal or vassallno who cared to pry ma visor up wan n butcher knlfo and probo him on tho subject of ransom. At tho period when armor waa licavl eat It wns also moat oxpenslvc, Bays Don Mnrquls In the Homo Mugasdno. A really Bportsmnnllke tourney mennt goldon thoiiBnndB to tho smiths, of whom thoro woro nlmost nH many In existence thon 'is thero nro now. Tho boat armorers began to buy country homea, eat gooso-llver pie, marry their daughters to Impecunious nrlstocrata and get tholr nniues In What's Swat A fow suits of really fashionable armor woro worth u Jook's ransom, tor each garment had to bo tailor mndo, so to speak, to lit tho poraonul peculiarities of tho woaror; only tho lower classes woro hanil-mo-down urmor. Often single suit was worth a whole farm ponaiintB, phonsuntB and other llvo stock on tho hoot Included. Are not our military and naval ex perts of tho present day getting ready to holp history repeat ltsolf? Somo ono invents a gun powerful enough to plorco tho heaviest armor plate. Then somo ono conceives tho wonderfully brilliant nnd original Idea of putting on a thicker armor plate. Whereupon Boinq ono olso invents a moro powerful gun, And so on, Tho people for whom wo feel the most sympathy, in connection with all this expensive machinery of wnrfnro that is building and to bo built, aro not tho ones who will oporato it nnd fnco it; for they hnvo a eertnin amount of option. Tho peoplo who will huvo to stay nllvo mid do twlco as much work as thoy should, and pinch tholr stomnchs nnd freeze their bncks, pay Ing for Its construction and mnln lennnce; tho peoplo who nro compolled to foot tho bills day In and day out In this endless competition between man ufneturera ami Inventors of man-kill Ing machinery, without any of tho ex cltenieut or uplift of n Joined battlo to qulckou tholr blood, nro tho ones to bo pitied. Present-Day Press Agent. Tho development of tho press agent's functions from his former humble duty of distributing circus nnd theater tickets and arranging for nowspnper and blllbonrd advertising luiB been remarkable Indeed. Ho has become the official mouthpiece of cop pornttons and lnrgo Interests, thelt spokesman nnd tho Interpreter their motlvos whoro theso are liable to misconstruction by a captious pub lie; tho organizer and uceelerutor opinion through statements plctur oBquoly sotting forth tho merits of tho company In question, whether tho sub ject In hand Is tho superiority of brand of sugar or of train sorvico t Chicago, or vet tho bearing of n IiIkI or tariff duty on tho ultimate happl ness of consumers. Now York World II Wit Ml psfe " 0, to Sweep the Dust Off the Lake, Says I Sarcastically." washbowl. I could boo what would happen If wo didn't ball It out the anch would float down tho street In about two hours by tho clock. Tho moro 1 bailed the less good It did. 1 took about 97 palls of water out of that thing, nnd it wns no Joko, either, ns my roof wns full of bats from tho evening's merriment. '"Who found It?' aaka I. " 'Me,' says sis. 'When I got ready to hit tho sheets, I camo In hero for my ovonlng'a swim and found tho tub filled up of Its own accord. I blow the tho whistle and piped nil hnuds on dock.' Of course, that waan't her ex act language, but It's tho idea. 'I balled for two hours straight, with sis encouraging mo nnd begging me to omit mutilating tho English, Tho hlngo on my back got rusty nnd my brain colls began to work. 'See hero,' says I to sis, 'you ball a while. I'm going after a plumber or something.' "'Plumbor,' scoffed sis; 'whnt plumber would como out horo nt half past four on a Sunday morning?' '"It'll bo llvo by tho tlmo thnt I pipe bin nobs,' says I, 'and plumbera ought to bo up early, oven If It Is Sun day morning. Tho early bird catches tho worm. Monoy'll bring him, nnd ho can look to tho governor for It.' " 'All right.' says ala, 'I'll ball.' "While wo went on talking the tuo filled Itself again. Tho water roso In distinct Jerks, or tldos, and I couldn't seem to make uny headway. Sla said that when I had a good start, sho'd yell for holp, and get tho rest of tho family at it again. They'd boon Bleep ing now for two hours, not. Well, 1 hiked off down tho uvcnuo without tho slightest notion of tho plumber quar ter. I woke up a druggist, who cussed mo good and plouty nnd thou somo when ho found thnt I only wanted to look at his directory, and ho banged the door in my map without giving mo a look at his sainted book. Then I piped a Jay to port, rolling towards mo, and as he looked rospectablo, I (lagged him. " 'Kind sir,' says 1, 'can you put mo wise to n plpo specialist?' Says he: 'Young man, 1 don't understand you; I am a throat doctor mysolf.' 'Thnt don't fill the Bpeciflcntlons,' says 1; 'I don't want a bacteria slmrp, only a lead-pipe doctor.' " 'O,' says he, nnd ho located a Joint for wo whoro tho plumber slept ovor his office. 'Is there n night boll?' says I. 'Donno,' says he. 'You'll hnvo to rap.' I picked up a brick to rnp with and sot sail. I mndo moro nolso than ono of thoso steam organs. "I pounded and rapped until I war hor8o; thon a drowsy volco asked, from tho Inside: 'Did somo wan rap?' " 'Somo wan did, says I. 'I want a plumbor doublo-qulck.' 'What for?' asks tho voice. " 'O, to swcop tho dust off tho lake.' says I sarcastically. 'Como out, I need a plumber.' "After a long discussion Insldo, tho plumberhlmself condescended to sponk to me. "I can't wurruck on a Sonday,' says he. 'It's aglnlst tho rules of mo union.' '"Union bo smothered,' says I; 'flvo pooplo nro drowning. It's twenty for you If you will como and save our lives.' "Til come,' says ho, 'for tho sako lv tho errand Iv morcy. Ho wanted to stoko the sugar first, bnt I told him that my filthy lucre was In my other vest on tho pldno, so ho hooked up his kit, nnd wo started, llo wont to Bleep four or flvo times on tho way, but wo finally mado tho harbor and dropped anchor. "On deck there was no change In tho scenery. Author, publlshor and bIs woro still balling when I Introduced tho plumbor. "'Thomas, says tho governor, 'you nro a credit to tho family.' Sis flev tho coop on account of not . being dressed for company. "'How long havo you been doing this?' nsks tho plumber. " 'Since 11 p. m. last 11 p. m.,' saya tho governor, mopping his mnrblo brow. '"Why didn't yo put In tho plug, lay a brick on top Iv It, and go to bed?" nslis tho plumbor. " 'Never thought of It, says I, feel ing foolish. The plumbor got his kit, nu- screwed tho trnp of tho washbowl and gave something a push to tho right. 'Yor trap waa stopped up,' says he, 'and thnt sent tho wntor to tho tub. 'Tls tho samo water,' says he. 'Yo can sco how soiled it is from balling it so frequent.' "Wouldn't thnt got your goat? We'd been transferring tho samo water all night from tho tub to tho bowl nnd bnck again! " 'Givo mo tho twenty,' says tho plumbor. " 'Not on your tin-typo,' says tho governor, getting red. " 'Tho young buck promised It,' says tho plumber, 'othorwlso I wouldn't havo como. It's aglnlst tho rules lv mo ' " 'All right,' says tho governor, 'you shall annex It. It'll como out of your allowance, Thomas.' "I lot tho man out, and ho says: 'Can I leavo mo kit out in tho entry till I como bnck?' "'I suppose so,' says I, feeling grouchy. 'Whero aro you going?' " 'I'm going to early mass,' says ho, 'to pralso God fer mo brains. Top o' tli' mornln' lo yer honor!' "Cheap? No namo for It; I felt llko a bargain-counter shirt that had been marked down to 59 cents." Food of the Forefathers. Judging from a passage In Harri son's "Description of Britain," break fast eating in tho sixteenth century was held to donoto cffomlnncy. "Hero toforo," ho writes, "thero hath beon moro time spent In eating and drink ing thnn commonly is In theso days; for whereas of old wo had broakfastn In the forenoon, boverngoB or nun Hons nftor dinner, and thcroto rearo suppers when It wns tlmo to go to rest, now these old repasts, thanked bo God, aro vorlo woll loft, and ech ono (except horo and thero sbniG young hungrio stoninch that cannot far,t till dinner tlmo) contontoth him self with dinner nnd suppor onllo. . . . Tho nobllltlo, gontrle, and students ordlnarlllo go to dinner nt 11 beforo noon, nnd to supper nt flvo, or between flvo and six nt nftcrnoon. Thu morchnnts dine nnd Blip seldom beforo 12 nt noon, nnd six at night, ospoclallo In London. Tho husbandmen dluo also at high noon, nnd sup at seven or eight; but out of tho tearmo, in our universities, tho ccholnra dine nt ton." Cuba Is to Repay Debt. . Tho recent Intervention in Cuba cost tho United States somo six millions of dollnrs. And Cuba Is oxpected to "pny tho freight." But tho terms are oasy. Tho president 1b empowered by con gross to roceivo from tho Cuban gov ernment "from tlmo to tlmo such amounts to reimburse tho United States as he may considor tho Cuban treasury then nblo to pay without seri ous ombarrassniont." Thero Is n chanco horo for a dllTerenco of opinion be tween tho Cuban Bocrotnry of tho treusury and tho president of tho United States In regard to tho moan ing of the Inst six words of tho condition. Talkative. "1 wouldn't objock to do man dat hoops talkln all do time," said Unclo blbou, "if ho didn't insls' on th'owin' In a quofctlon evory ton minutos or so dat you got to answer to show you'a keepln' uwuke." Washington Star,