EFFECT OF FOOD UPON BREAKING
STRENGTH OF BONES
TTYBB PALMOS v?y
PRESIDENT TAFT'S
OFFICIAL FAMILY
SKETCHES OF THE NINE
EMINENT MEN FORM
ING HIS CABINET.
P. C. KNOX HEADS THE GROUP
PentiBylvanlan Is Secretary of State
Franklin MacVeagh, Chicago Mer
chant, Holdo the Treasury Portfo
lioJacob M. Dickinson, Tennessee
Democrat, to Manage the Army
Affairs of the Agricultural Depart
ment Left In James Wilson's
Hands.
Philander Chnso Knox of Potinnyl
vanlo, Boorotary or state In tho cab
inet ot President Tuft, wan born at
Urownsvlllo, Pn In 1853. I!o wob
gruduntod from Mount Union coUoko,
vOhlo, In 1872, and thrco years later
wis admitted to tho bar. During tho
years 187G nnd 1877 ho served as as
nltUnnt United States district attornoy
for tho western district ot Pennsyl
vania, In tho latter yoar ho formed
ti law partnership with James H. Reed
which utlll exists and which has rep
lcscnted many largo corporations, In
cluding tho Cnrneglo Company. Mr.
Knox ontorod Prosldont McKlnloy's
cablnot ns attornoy goncrnl In April,
1901, serving until 1004, whon ho vn8
olected United States senator from
Ponsylvnnla. Tho latter position ho
resigned to bocomo tho head of Presi
dent Toft's cablnot.
Wilson Retains Hla Place.
Only ono mombor of tho Roosevelt
cablnot rotaliiB his portfolio undor
Mr. Taft. That Is James Wilson ot
Iowa, socrctary ot ngrlculturo. So ox
collont had been his work In that posi
tion that thoro was no sorloiiH talk of
making a change Horn In Scotland In
JS35. Mr. Wilson cams to tho United
atntos In 1852 and thrco years later
Bottled In Iowa. In 1801 ho engaged In
farming In Tama county. Ho was a
member of tho Iowa nssqinbly for
three sessions and sponker of tho
houso for ono session, nnd nlso wns a
member or tho Iowa stnto railway
commission. In 1873 ho was olected
lo congress, Burvlug two terms, and
was sent to tho national legislature
again for ono term In 1883. Ho was
regout or tho State university o(
Iowa In 1870-74, nnd In 1890 was
mudo director of tho agricultural ox
porlment station and professor ot ngrl
culture at tho Iowa Agricultural cob
lege, Ames, In, In 1807 ho became
.secretary of agriculture-,
MacVeagh for the Treasury.
Franklin MncVeagh, secretary of tho
trcmeury. was born on a farm In
Chester county, Pennsylvania, grndu
sited from Yalo in 18C2 and from
Columbia Law school in 1 SO 1 . Ho bo
gan tho practlco of law in Now York
city but Ill-health forced him to aban
don it nnd in 18GG ho went to Chicago
and engaged in tho wholosolo grocory
business. In this and other cominor
clal pursuits ho bus amassed u largo
fortune. Iloforo entorlug the cabinet
lie dlsposod of hla holdings In tho big
jgrocory firm and resigned ns director
of tbo Commercial National bank of
Chicago. Mr. MaoVeagh Iibb always
been interested in movements for tnu
publlo welfare, Jocnlly nnd nationally.
Dickinson Is War Secretary.
Jacob M. Dickinson of Tennessee
and Chicago, tho now secretary of
war, was born In 1851 at ColumbuB.
Miss, Ho graduated from the Uni
versity of Nashville In 1872 nnd after
ward studied law at Columbia college
ry
at tho University of Lolpslz and In
Pnrls, He scrvod several times by
special commission on tho supremo
honch of Tonnosaeo and aviis assist
ant attornoy gonoral of tho United
States In 189C-97.
Postmaster General Hitchcock.
Thu first cabinet olllccr solcctod by
Mr. Taft after his election was Frank
II. Hitchcock of MnssachuBottH, who
gavo up his place as first assistant'
postmuster go no nil to inauago success
fully tho Taft presidential campaign.
Ho has been given tho ofiloo of post
master gonoral in the new cablnot.
Mr. Hitchcock was born at Amherst,
O., in 1807, and graduated from Har
vard In 1891 and from Columbia Law
school In 1891. Slnco 1891 ho has
been a government official.
Nagel Has Commerce Portfolio.
Missouri lain boon vownrdod for Its
switch to tho Republican column by
tho appointment of Charles Nagol aH
socrctary ot commerce and labor. Mr.
Nagel Ih a leading lawyer ot St.
Louis aud tho west. Ho was born in
Texris In 1819, moved to St. Louis
whon a child aud graduated from tho
St. Louis Law school In 1873. Ho hns
been senior member of tho law llrm
ot Nagel St Kirby, professor In tho
St. Louis Lnw school and a trustee
of "Washington university. In 1881-83
ho was a member of tho Missouri house
of reprcsontattvos, and In 1803-97 was
presldont ot tho St. Louts city couu
cil. Ho Is a member or tho Ropub
llcnn national committee and for yours
has boon an Intlmato friend of Mr
Tart. He was ono or Mr. Roosevelt's
most onthuslnstlo supporters. As an
attornoy Mr. Nagol was ldoutlflod with
sovoral Important cases dealing with
tho numerous complications In the
affairs of tho Flvo Clvlllzod Tribes In
tho then Indian territory.
Navy Under Meyer'a Charge,
Prosldont Toft's socrotary of tho
navy, (Icorgo Von L. Moyor of Maasa-
chusotts, haB had wldo experience as
a business man, legislator, dlplomnt
nnd cabinet officer. Ho wns born in
Ronton in 1858 nnd graduated from
Harvard In 1870. Ho then ontorod
business and. has boon prominently
conoctod with a number of financial
nnd mercantile concerns. Ills career
ns a publlo official began In 1889, when
ho was elected to tho Doston common
council. Ha thon served on tho board
of aldermen, and In 1892-9G ho was a
member of tho Massachusetts isglsla
turo, tho InBt two yoars being Bpoakor
ot tho house. In 1900 Mr. Moyor was
sont to Italy us American ambassador,
and In 1905 wns transferred to Rub-
Hla. In Jnnunry, 1907, President
Roosovolt cnllod him homo to enter
his cablnot as postmaster gcnoraL
This portfolio ho has relinquished for
that of tho navy. Mr. Meyer's homo Is
Hamilton, Mass.
Balllnger Secretary of Interior,
After about ono yonr'a service as
commissioner or tho gonoral land of
fice, Richard A. Ilalllngcr of Soattlo,
Wash., has entered tho cabinet na
secretary of tho Interior. Ho Is n
natlvo of Iowa, having boon born In
noonesboro In 1858. After attending
tho University of Kansas and Wash
bum college at Topoka, ho went to
Williams college, graduating in 1884
and ntterward studying law and re
moving to Washington. Ho' was
United Stales court commissioner in
1800-92 and later was Judge or tho
supremo court In Jofforfion county.
Wash.
Attorney General Wlckeroham.
Goorgo W. Wlckorsham, who bo
conies President Tart's attornoy gen
eral, has had tho reputation or bolng
ono or tho ablest lnwyors in New
York city, lloru In Pittsburg In 1858,
ho studied civil engineering In Lehigh
university nnd In 1880 gnuluntod from
tho law school ot tho University of
Pennsylvania. For two years ho prac
ticed law In Philadelphia. In 1884 ho
hocanio associated with tho law llrm
of Strong ft Cadwalladaro, to which
Henry W. Taft. brothor of tho pros!
dent, belongs.
Interesting and Vnluatilo Experiment with Hogs By f
Burnett, Director Nebraska Agricultural College.
Showing Bone Between the Anvils of
The purpose of tho experiment was
to determine the effect of different
classes of food on the breaking
strength of bones In growing pigs, as
an Indication of the food require-
incuts for hogs which it re to he used
for breeding purposes.
A study of the breaking strength of
the leg bones In thu pigs, wkleh were
im u m re run uhm wai
tttl.
I ill i HMK MM tl
MM IM-MM Mf
til it x.n mm
, mi mm
, Ar- at 4 m mi r
Ml MA CUt! COM.HS.lL It rMI CT
t nit tw in im ?
m o iym tm-m Jrr
I n - n Hum isMitM mum
I l Hrw imrO IMIIW MMI
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urr i MrrHrtiirnmiiMui.rtniii-fNTMiii.i4ui.
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it dio ivo ixn iitmw mm ttm inir . ,
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M IUt IIJB-liM ML VTJ IW-IW IMH-IWU . . ..
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Tcble 1 Breaking Strength of Bones.
Pigs Fed for Twenty-Two Weeks on
Different Foods. Initial Weight of
Plga About Sixty-Two Pounds.
under the tost brings out hoiho inter,
ostlng fnctH. An effort wns mudo in the
soled Ion of nil tho pigs in ouch lot to
secure animals of uniform character
' '
Skeleton of Hog Showing Boneo Broken In Experiment. A, Femur; B, Tibia;
C, Humerus; D, Radius and Ulna. Flbulu Not Used,
nnd weight. All tho pigs usod were of
ono breed, Thoro Is still, considerable
dlfforonco In tho breaking strength of
tho honoH In different lndividiuila of
the uamo lot, which must ho consid
ered as an Individual dlfforonco and
which wo have not boon ublo to over
come by solcctlon. As thoro wero
eight log bones brokon In each hog, or
32 bones In onch lot, tho very marked
dlfforonco In tho avorago breaking
strength can only bo attributed to the
effect of difference In the food of thu
animals while thoy wore undor experi
ment. Tho lot of 20 pigs put on experiment
August 2, 1907, woro continued for 22
Radius
Lot. Ration. Famur. Tibia. Jlumorus, and AH bones
ulna,
1 Com 376 852 -134 311 325
2 Com and shorts 3-13 300 555 370 300
3 Com and nkim-milk. . . -10'J 300 OSfl 529 509
1 Com and tankage Ml) -109 710 011 5S0
5 Com nnd ground )Q"e. fMfl -105 SOS 715 081
Table 2 Average Breaking Strength
of Hogs at Tim
weeks until January 3, 1908. They
woro killed at South Omaha, January
8, 1908. The carcasses hung for IS
hours In thu cooler nnd the huuierus,
radius and ulna wero removed from
each fu:o log, and thu femin and tibia
from tho hind log. Those wero brought
at once to thu o.xpurlmeut station and
olonuod so that they could be subjected
to lest.
Insist on Stnblo Cleanliness, In the
production of cnuuuerolal milk, the
dnlrymnu must not only keep himself
and his uows cluuu, but he must not
draw tho milk from tho cow in a
stable lllled with dust. Ho uver
should feed hay hofore milking. He
should not food grain nor disturb the
budding bofoiu milking. 1 may gut
Into an argument In rogurd to thin
statement, deolurofl'n writer In I) range
Judd Farmer, for thoro are Minim who
Testing Machine After Breaking.
They were bioken under the super
vision f the department of nppllet
lrfchnnlcs. lCvery effort wan mndo to
secure a very accurate test. The points
of contact In the machine were made
exactly the nam for all bones of the
same class, though for short bones
like the humerus the bearings were
necesHBilly closer than in the fomurfi
and the radiuses aud ulnns. In two
Instances Ikhich which were found to
have been previously cracked vero re
Jectrd, Tho rosultri aro shown In ta
ble 1
Although this machine did not break
the hones with n blow, such as might
be expected when broken In tho nnl
mal, they woro all broken under exact
ly the name conditions and henco theli
relative strength could ho cnrofully do
dennlned.
It will be seen from this table that
there Is a gradual Incroase In the
strength of these bones pur hundred
weight of hog and that tho ' grcntet
strength Is not n mattor simply of the
moro rnpld growth and heavier weight
of tho pig resulting from those supple
mentnry feeds.
Tho laboratory anamination of tjiesu'
bones nlso roveala a marked difference
In the tlilcknuss of tho walls as shown
by tho X-ray photogrnphH.
The laboratory testa havo alsc
shown that thoro Is no apparent In
crease In tho oxtomal measurements
of thu bones resulting whon protein or
mineral mutter Is added to tho food
nutrlontB, but that these additional nu
trlents, so far as they are nsHlmllnted
havo greatly addod to tho thickness
of the bono wnlls by uccrctlon on the
Inner aurfneo of thoso walls, thoreb)
reducing tho marrow within tho bono
Tho thickness of tho bono wall In
creased about 50 per cent. In thoso fed
bono monl over thoso fed only corn
Tho per cont. of mineral matter uno
tho specific gravity In tho green bones
inoreasod In nearly tho buiiio propor
Hon ns tho thickness of tho walls.
This oxtromo dlfforonco In tho break
lug strength of tho bones of tho differ
out lots Indicate that tho sklm-milk
tHj tankago and tho ground bono each
contained sumo Hitbstanco In which the
corn was deficient that was nvallable
of Bones Per 100 Pounds Live Weight
o of Slaughter.
for bono building purposes. Slnco the
lucreiised mineral matter in tho bono
Ih lurgoly phnsphnto of lime, and since
the sklm-inllk, tankage aud ground
bone tire onch rich In phnsphnto ol
lime, It Is fair lo look upon tho phos
pli.Rtae in these foods ns tho determin
ing fHOtor In thu building up of the
I hones In tho pigs fed.
claim that the stable should be
cleaned before the milking Is dono. I
maintain not, for you know the mori
you disturb sumo things thu worse
thoy smell. Thu dairyman must not
lead bihme before he mllH,. for If con
lamination of the air of tho stnblo oc
utn s with the uold odor of sllnge, the
milk will oertnluly bo tainted. It may
not he detauted at onco, but tho city
neighbor who attompts to uso this
milk 4s hours old, will certainly detect
an unpleasant tlnvor.
A fM CATCH :. J:9& 13.
Campbell river empties Into tho
channel between Valdez Island and
Vancouver island, and is tho Ideal
place for catching tho great tyeo. The
tides at Campbell river arc a very se
rious factor In tho calculations of vis
iting anglers, for the channel between
Valdez Island nnd Vancouver Island, at
this point less than three miles wide,
lias the wholo Hood of tho Pacific pour
ing through. Much scheming has
thereforo to bo devised to cheat tho
tides from tho Willow hotel up to
Campbell river mouth, a wearlsomo
row of a mllo and a half, should tho
current bo contrary. This pleco of
water Is nearly always good for a fish
or two; hut as a rulo boats aro In a
hurry to reach tho best of tho water
opposite tho actual mouth of tho river.
This cream of the flsblng lies Imme
diately off tho big sand bar that pro
jects Bexiward from Campbell River
point. There Is plenty of room Tor
everybody and llttlo feat- of the sport
deteriorating, ns long as Uho present
rules regarding tho prohibition of not
fishing In tho channel is rigidly en
forced. Tho solo danger to bo feared
off Campbell river mouth Is from tho
mnsBeB of lloatlng kelp or seaweed into
which these monster fish havo every
Inclination to burrow. This learthery
weed Is of bucIi a nnturo that whon'
fouled It Is un even chanco ngalnBt a
fisherman recovering any part of his
itacklc. Tho first evening we left tho
hotol and rowed some hundred yards
clear of thq banks ot seaweed In tho
mnln tideway. Hero the lino Is lot out
for 20 yards, and you troll uorthwnrd
for half a mllo to the Indian vlllngo
whoro tho finest llshlng ground 1b situ
ated, As tho evening falls and tho
tlmo of feeding approaches .gonornlly
about tho turn of the Hdo at low wa
tor, a llttlo army of Blwnsh ennocs push
sllontly out from the village, and,
forming a line, row rapidly up and
down tho stream from tho village to a
beacon at tho mouth of the rlvor. Hero
tho tyeo rost under tho tlontlng sea
ward, and If tho luro Is properly pre
sented to tho fish ot tho tuomont of
feodlng-tlmo, tho anglor Is sure to hare
at least ono run In tho evonlng.
Two days of Ill-luck coiwlncod mo
that something wns wrong with my
methods of llshlng, so I took tho oppor
tunity of visiting tho Indian village
and extracting somo Information on
tho subject of lures from the IndlniiB.
In 1907 tho chief attraction hod been
a largo lead spoon polished on one
side; but during 1908 none hud been
successful with this artifice, tho In
dlnns thomsolves using a small, bright
nlckfl spoon. 1 bought two of them
'roin a local storo and got an Indian
to InBh on with string a shvash-hook
of approved pattern. With this bait
confldonco revived, nnd I resolved to
go and "buck tho tide," Hint is, row
against the heavy stream when others
woro Btlll uahoro nnd waiting for tho
evonlng run. Coming homo on the
provlous day at 3 p. m., I had aeon
three or four big tyeo leaping at a
point well out In mld-Btroam, opposlto
tho old Indian grnvoyard. Mac, my
guide, said ho could work the boat
thero for a short time, bo undor tho
blazing aftornoon sun wo set out amid
tho solemn warning or othor moro ex
perienced flshormon Mint we wore giv
ing ourselves n lot of hnrd work for
nothing.
Hut the ways of the salmon aro
straugo, aud you often tako a fish
when till things look uupropltlous.
With inllnlto toll Mnc bucked the tide,
md after half an hour's labor against
a six-knot tldo succocded In reaching
the spot I had marked. Wo had scarce
ly arrived whon my rod wns almost
:orn from my hand. No cohoo hnd
Jtreugth llko this oven in a tidoway,
and ono minute of strain, In which my
17-foot Hardy rod felt all too weak,
convinced mo that I had hold of a ver
itable tyeo and a big ono.
With such strong tncklo one could
tako certain liberties with n fish, how
ever largo; so, forcing his head to tho
boat every tlmo ho uttemptcd a sim
ilar cruise, I gained the mastery over
him before 20 minutes hnd passod. A
difficulty now presented itself inliugo
masses or floating seaweed, into which
I fonred tho fish might run and break
mo. So on Mnc's advlco wo forced
tho fish shorowards towards tho
shingly beach below the graveyard,
whoro absence of weed and gravelly
sand gavo hopes of a safe termination
of tho contest. Tho gallant tyeo, how
ever, allowed every disinclination to
fnco the shallow water, as ho seemed
to know by Instinct that therein
danger lay. The nearer wo got to tho
land tho strongor ho seemed to get,
and It was only by using such strength
as would havo been fatal In tho case
of a rlvor salmon and great euro that
I at last forced him into such a posi
tion that I could spring nshore. Now
each successlvo rush became fainter,
nnd the greatest back and tall 1 had
over handled began to show up. For
ono moment ho heeled over on his Bldo
and gavo us our first view of tho ilsh.
"He's 50 pounds If an ounce," I cried,
trembling with excitement.
'All that," quoth tho laconic Mnc.
The end booh came. Tho gallnnt
fighter rolled Into shallower and shal
lower water and found It harder and
harder to right his weakened body.
"Now go for him, Mnc," I criod. No
sooner snld than done; tho boatman
ran Into tho sea up to his knees, made
two shocking attempts with tho gaff
and finally emerged dripping, hut trl
umphant, with tho struggling monster.
Wo speculated on his weight, which
the hotol scnles, whoso accuracy wo
had proved, gavo at 55 pounds.
Tyeo-fishlng with a spoon may not
bo tho highest class of sport, but tho
act of playing tho fish Is, without
doubt, great fun. I am not blaso,
though I havo caught plenty of salmon,
so tho joy of kllluga 55-poundor as
ono's first fish was unalloyed. I meant
to catch a bigger ono and then Btop;
but who over does? Thoro Is nlways
a bigger ono still. That Is tho worst
or the best of man's ambition. Wo
always create n fresh Ideal aftor each
dchlovomont.
Damning with Faint Praise.
Relng engor to know how his off
spring, Haymow, Jr., was gottlng along
In tho big metropolis, Haymow, Sr.,
ono day ropalrod thither from his rural
habitat and sought Information of his
brothor, long since established In the
city.
"Wal," said Haymow, Sr., "what do
you hear about Ebenozer?"
"Oh, I understand," romarked tho
young hopofurB undo, "that ho is In
valuablo In his new job."
"I 8 wnn!" -
"Moreover, I understand that tho
boss slmijly can't do without him."
"How you talk!"
"And Ebenezor'll bo a partner with
in a year or so, according to what I
hoar from tho Bamo source."
Haymow, Sr., stroked his board,
highly satisfied.
"P.y the way, who told you all this
about Ebonezor?" ho inquirod.
"Ebonezer."
"Oh!"
The Mud Sllngers.
Mrs. Clarence Mnckay, at a dinner
In Now York, discussed tho rocont
Buffraglst uddroas wherein sho had
retorted upon Prosldont Roosevelt
Hint woman could holp hor children
more by entering intolllgontly Into
politics thnn by performing at homo
tho, somewhat menial dutlos of tho
nurse-mnid.
"Is there room for woman In poll,
ties?" said Mrs. Mackay, with n smile.
"Yes, .thoro Is room and to apnro for
hor. For Instance:
'"Your husband Is nbroad, is ho
not? 1 said tho othor day to tho wife
of a wostorn ninyor.
"'Yes,' said sho. 'Ho is taking a
course of mud baths In tho Pyrenees.'
'"For rheumatism?' said I.
" 'Oh, no,' said sho. Sho smiled gay
ly. 'Ho'b Just training,' she oxplalnod,
'for tho nppronchlng municipal cam
palgn.' "
Dodging Observation.
"Do you moan to say you are going
back to the blcyclo?"
"Yes," answorod tho spood maniac.
"Tho police aro so busy wntohlng an
tomobllos that n man on n blcyclo.
ought to bo able to scorch as much
as he chooses those days,"