fib
n.Mi.'JUwegaCT'
nmtominl.l...llll..il(Ht""""l"ll'to""
etween Two Suns
THE HORN FLY A GREAT
PEST TO DAIRY CATTLE
Early and Perulstent Effortc Will Succeed in Giving Relic
TO a ITr-n. -tout Tr
&
IH2
fj B
Ytff V7 jul-w ra t. ZXUL.
Considerably anxiety Is always evi
denced by Htock owners, especially
dairymen, concerning Hip midden mi
nunl uppeurunco upon their cuttle of
enormous numbers of ti Hinnll blackish
fly which Irritates the ntiltnuls ho
much with Kh 1)1 1 e mil disturbs them
ho coimtuntly tluit they full oil rapidly
both In flesh utid yield of milk. This
horn fly Ih a European pest which was
llrst brought to the notice of tlio Uni
ted States dlvlHlon or entomology In
September, 1877, nnd wnH probably
Imported with cattle from Europe,
where It lino been known hIiico 18.10.
Prof. J. 11. Smith of Now Jersey
worked out lt life history and pub
llMhed un account of IiIh work In bul
letln 02 of the Now Jersey agricultural
experiment Htntlon, In 1890.
One of our Illustrations shows this
pent much enlarged In all Its different
stages of egg, maggot, pupu-cuso nud
. .
How the Horn Fly Collects on Horn of
the Animal.
perfect Insect. Our other llliiHtratlon
shows the necullur habit IIiIh Inticct
bus of resting In huge iiiimborH on the
liaso of the horns, which Iiuh given Hbo
to Hh peculiar name. Iloth of thcHe
HguroB are after Hiohu lined by tho
entomologist or United States In an
nrtlclo In InHOct life, Vol, 11., pugo 9.'I
ton. In annual reports for 1881) and
1890.
Tho appearance or this lly Into Can
ndii was flrHt noticed near Oshawa,
Out., In 1902. In all cutum since then,
when the fly linn become generul all
over Ainurlca, runners have como to
be thoroughly aroiiHOd and to npprocl
uto tho losses they suffer by neglect
ing thin pent. Exaggerated HtntcmentH
of losses and injuries to the nnluialH
which aro quite Impossible, have re
ceived freo nnd exteiiHlvo circulation.
Cows liuvo been said to have been
iictuully killed by the flies which
.Homo nllego lay their eggs elthor on
the horns Into which the inuggotH bur
row nnd then penetrate the brain, or
In holes which thoy eat through tho
hide, lay eggs therein, which batch
out In large numbers and proceed with
their boring operations until tho vital
parts of the cow aro touched and death
fiiBUCB. None of these uluteiuuiitH u,ro
founded on fuct.
The eggs, In the first pluce, aro laid
tack on cattle. No Injury remits from
this habit of clustering around the
horn. The files merely resort to tho
horn ns u testing place from which
they cannot easily bo dislodged the
anlmul. Thoy also congrognto on tlm
neck and on I ho base of the tall.
Some animals are more susceptible
to the tortures of this pest than
others, according to their tompernmont
and texture or their skins. While
reeding, tho flies work their way down
through tho hairs so as to reach tho
Hklu or their victim, but they qulckh
take flight at the slightest disturbance
Die biles seem to produce great Irrl
tullon and sores are frequently formed
on the bodies of the animals by their
rubbing themselves against trees nnd
other objects or by licking bitten
places where the Irritation cannot bo
allayed by rubbing, as Insldo tho
thighs and around tho udder.
Successive broods follow each other
rapidly throughout the summer. I wo
weeks In about the time required rrom
the luylngor the egg to tho appearance
or tho fly, and thorn Is usttully time In
the summer niontbit for as many ns
eight generations or broods. Thb
rapidity or development accounts for
the lllos appearing In such large num
bers. Tho appearance of thlH liibcct
has been u great curBc to cattle own-
ors; so much so tliut tlio tormented
animals fall off In condition very much
and the ylold or milk Is roduccd in
Some Instances from one-third to ono
hair. There are, howover, several sim
ple remedies which will, If nttondod to,
greatly roduco tho loss, to suy nothing
or tho hundreds of advertised romo
dleB which are being sold at very mod
erate prices.
All accounts agree that tho fly In
creases much tnoro rupldly early lr
tho season than Inter In the year. This
sIiowb tho advantngoor being prepared
before tho pest appears with the nec
essary materials and beginning prompt
work so ns to destroy as many as pos
slblo before breeding commences.
Preventive To quote from tho
United States entomologists, Messrs.
Hlley nnd Howard:
"Almost any greasy substance will
keep tho flies away for soveral days. A
number of experiments were tried In
the Held, with tho result that train-oil
alone and trnlu-oll with n little sul
phur or carbolic acid ndded, will keep
tho flies away for from live to sl
duys, while with a small proportion
of carbolic acid It will have n healing
effect upon sores which may hnvo
formed. Common nxle-greiiBo will un
swor nearly as well, and tho Bubstance
has been successful nnd extensively
used by n large stock-dealer In Vir
ginia. Tallow has alHo been used to
good advantage. Tho practice of
smearing the horns with pine or con!
A CutSiiowino tub Metamorphosis oktiic Horn Fi.v. aKr.n. h Ladua
thh Fhkdino Stag it. c Pupa or Cocoon Staou. i!-Adult.
(4
6vsr MfiDioooD rovers on
THE GOHTINENr PlVdtfm
By HARRY STILWELL EDWARDS
ooeoooocoooeoooooocoooooioo
H'upynglit. I: 5'iuiltor IMib. Co I
"rmimfnni
WAdTEFUL MWOD5 OFLUMBEPMG-
MXED SECOND GRQHffl NATURAL REEORE 5TAT0N
Tho region In Ohio under considera
tion conatltutes u belt through what
was at oiiu tlmo probably tho finest
hardwood forest In tho United States.
Here grow, In a high degree of per
fection, white nud red oak, walnut,
hickory, maple, elm, beech, locust,
sycamore, wild cherry, cottonwood,
jioplar, Kentucky coffoo-trco nnd chest
put, not to mention several less valu
able kinds of trees. Tho quality of
this timber was the very llno3t
throughout the ontlro bolt.
As In every timber country, the first
work of tho pioneers in this region wns
to clenr sufTlcieut land In tho forest to
rnlso tho necessary crojis. Much of
tho finest timber was "deadened," or
girdled, and when, after two or thrco
iieaBOUB it had dried sufllcleittly, it
wns felled In great heaps nnd burned.
Only tho straightcst most perfect
sticks of walnut nud oak wero used in
building the log houses nnd burns. Tho
sterling quality of this timber Is mani
fest In tho remarkably woll preserved
I
singly on the frostily dropped dung of
cuttle, chiefly during tho warm hours
of tho day, Thoy nro one-twentieth of
un Inch In length, brown In color and
tiro not easily seen when laid. Tho
young maggots hutch from tho eggs
In less thuu 24 hours und nt once bur
row a short distance beneath tho sur
face of the dung. Hero thoy remain
until full grown, feeding on tho liquid
portions of tho manure. This Ih their
only food, nnd all iitorles about their
boring Into tho horns, etc., aro untrue.
When tho maggots are full-grown,
-which tukes about u week, they aro
three olghtliH or an Inch In length,
shaped us shown In b, and are a dirty
white color. They doscend a short dis
tance Into tho ground to pupate, und
the dark brown pupa-ciiBcs aro one
eighth of an Inch In length. During
the hot weather of summer the pupal
jitulo lusts only four or live days, but
the lust brood pusses the winter In
this condition a short dlstnuco beneath
the fiurfuco or tho ground, und thu files
tunergo In tho Bprlng. The perfect In
ect (d) male, Is shaped much like the
common cattle fly (StomoxyH cnlcl
minis), or tho house lly; but It Is
munller, being only ono-slxtccnth of an
Inch In Ict.;;Ui, or about ono-tliird the
size of thoM) Insects, Tho head con
ulstti almost entirely nf tho dark-red
silvery edged eyes, but beam on its
lower surfuce tho black dugger-uhnpud
tongue which Is the cause of so much
Xorture to cattle,
The flies form a more or loss com-
Vk'to ting around the horn, extending
ooinutlmes from two to four inches
from the base of the horn toward the
tip us shown,
Thu clustering on tho horns seems
to be peculiar to this species. Tho
horn lly does not bllu homes and other
iiulmulB, but iiuumu to confine Us at
tar simply repels them rrom these
parts. Train oil or. Ash oil soeins to
bo ntoro lasting in its effects than any
other of tho substances UBed."
A cheap and ofllcncloua romedy, sug
gested by Hoard's Dairyman, and
which In tho long run will he found
to bo tho beMt, Is kerosene emulsion.
Tho emulsion consists simply of a mix
turo or soap suds with twice tho
quantity of ordinary coal oil, mado as
roiiows:
Kerosene (coal oil), two quarts;
ruin water, one quart; soap, two
ounces.
Holl the soap In the water till all Is
dissolved; then while boiling hot, turn
u into tlio kerosene and churn ll con
Bluntly and forcibly with a syringe or
torco pump for flvo minutes, when It
will no of a smooth, creamy nature
As It cools It thickens Into n Jollv
nice mnss. this glvos the stock omul
slon which must bo diluted before us
lug with utuo times Its tneusure, that
Is 27 quarts, of water. It will bo found
to mix more easily If done at once, bo
fore It cools. This makou 30 quarts
or Hip mixture ready lor use. This
may bo applied to tho nnlmnls, by
menus or u sponge, or, what Is certain
ly more convenient, a rorco pump and
spray nozzle, Ono application often
lustH two or three days. Whore
small number of cattle only aro kept
the nand sprayer unswors well
enough.
Handle Incubator Right. An Incu
Imtor often gets a lot of blniuo thu
should go to tho operator. When
machine Is regulated wrong It will gc
wrong.
Oyster Shell for Ducko. Ther
should he a trough of cracked oyatot
shells In the duck yard nt all time
og structures still standing in consid
erable numbers throughout tho region.
ho roofd or these buildings wero made
f chipboards, rived with trow and bee-
lo rrom only the finest sticks of oak,
and It was not uncommon for such n
oof to last for 40 years or more
During tho first hulf of the lust con-
ury there wns n largo demand for tan-
bark to supply tho needs of the grow-
ug leather Industries of Cincinnati
and tho neighboring towns. To meet
this demand, the oak timber was ruth
lessly slaughtered over an area or 75
100 miles radius. The lino logs,
hen useless, wero piled together nud
burned. Theso old-time log-rollings,
with their attendant barbecues, wore
ho festival occasions of the frontier
communities.
To the early settlers those forosts
constituted tho arch enemy, to bo driv
en bad; nnd destroyed by ax and lire.
kittle did these men think of tho value
of the forests. To them It meant only"
a light for life and success against
tho forces and conditions of nature.
Unfortunately, thin InBtlnct for tlmbor
destruction, born of necessity among
tho pioneers, has dovoloped among
their defendants Into a blind, un
reasoning mania. Ono prominent land
owner und stockman of Drnko county
ieccntly oxpressed the vlow Hint "the
country would bo bettor off without a
timber tree standing In It!" This Is
no doubt un extreme case, but there
Is certainly very little sentiment In-
the region In favor of forest preserva
tion or renewal. The Inevitable result
of such an attitude on the part of the
peoplu Is being reached nt a rapid
rate. Over most of tho region the
first-class timber disappeared sevornl
years ago, and the second and third
class supply Is rapidly following.
Immense dnmago to the timber or
this region has resulted from too close
pasture of the woodlands. The writer
hud an opportunity to keep under ob
servation tor several years a tract of
tine oak timber In which wero kept
large numbers of hogs. Tho soil was
constantly overturned by the hogs, nnd
many of the smaller roots or tho troes
were oxposed and destroyod. After a
few yours the trees begnn to dlo nt the
tops, und the owner was obliged to sell
tho timber for only a fraction of what
it would hno been worth at the pres
ent time If it hud been more carefully
preserved. Close pasturing by cattle
and sheep has proved equally destruc
tive In many cuses.
While the general iclntlon of cll
muto to forests Is yet a mooted ques
tion, It seeuiM fairly well established
that, In the reKlon under consideration,
local "blizzards" are more fiequent and
more severe, while the summer winds
aro more often dry than thoy were n
generation ago. Spring floods and
sutnmor droughts, formerly quite un
known, nre growing more common.
Mnny of tho hills, denuded of their for
ests and Inter of their soil, aro now
quite barren. Throughout tho loglon
the growing of fruit orohards Is becom
ing cfliiituntlv moro dlttlcult. This Is,
no doubt, due, In part at least, to tho
Increased exposure of tho trees to an
ever more fickle cllmato, us well as to
tho moro persistent attacks of tree
Inrestlng Insects, which nre deprived
nt once of their natural enemies. For
as u consequence of tho destruction of
the forests the insectivorous birds
have been greatly reduced In num
bers. The southern four counties in this
range have long been noted for their
3plendld natural water supply. Along
overy stream valley the ground-wator
outcrops at frequont Intcrvnls from
strata of course sand nnd gravel over
lying the ltmo8tono. Many of theso
springs for n hundred years never
known to fall, have, slnco tho removal
ot the back-lying forest, become hut
"wot-weathor springs," absolutely dry
In late summer. Over largo partB of
this nrea tho ground-wator level haa
fallen sovorul foot in tho last 20 years,
so that wells havo had to bo dug or
drilled to a greater depth to Insdro a
constant water supply. At the suine
tlmo tho problem of dralnngo Is grow
lug moro dlfllcult. Small creeks and
open ditches, formerly woll filled with
water tho year around, now run almost
dry during a good part of tho summer,
and become choked with a rank
growth or weeds which must bo re
moved, olso tho stream will bo com
pletely filled with slit nt tho next flood
season.
As stated before, however, thoro Is
but little If any interest shown by tho
people in tho inattor of treo planting.
It is true that shude-trce3 aro quite
commonly planted nlong tho streuts of
towns and villagos, and In public
grounds generally, but this practlco
lias not yet extended to the public
highway, or evon, to any oxtent, to the
rural school-grounds. Most of tho
counties report a growing Interest In
Arbor day among the schools, but that
lntorost seems for tho most part to ho
only short-llvod and Ineffective The
troes most commonly planted for shade
and ornament uro soft mnplo, American
elm, nnd Cnrollnn poplur. Fortunately
most of tho region has gotton over tho
crnzo for tho unsightly Cntalpa blgno
uloldes. Evergreens are but little
known, except for cemetery und luwn
decoration. .Tunlporus communis grown
native to some oxtent us an luslgnlfl
cant shrub. No doubt Hie moro UBotul
oaks and walnuts would be more geiv
ornlly planted It tho people knew how
to handle these less tolerant trees sue
cosstully.
In no region Is there more urgent
noed of popular education In mnttors
pertaining to forestry nnd timber sup
ply. For generations theso people
have boon learning and practicing tho
art of forest destruction. Heforo thoy
enn bo expected to show an nctlvo In
torest In tho preBorvatlon nnd ronewal
of forests, thoro must bo created In
their minds n totnlly now conception
of the wholo problem. Very Tew of
the land owners glvo tiny attention to
preserving and making tho most of
the farm wood-lot. No precautions are
taken to prolong tho usefulness of
fence posts and tlmbor. From sheer
necessity, substitutes for wood In
hoiiHo construction are being Intro
dured. llrlck, stono and concrete
blocks uro slowly coining Into uso for
this purpose. Fuucos, until reconlly
built of rails, aro now moro eommonly
made of wlro. Yet, the Bhorlago of
tlmbor and tho consequent inconveu
tetjeo are growing moro apporont every
year.
A. 11. PLOWMAN.
Di'puitnif nt of Hotiiny, lloavor College.
Men in jeans nud homespun, singly
and by twos and threes, rode Into the
outer grove. They spoke In whispers
and each, ns he came Into tho circle of
light from tho log (Ire. dismounted,
pressed forward und, touching his hat,
took tho fnthor's band.
The burning logs of pine sent up
ward fitful flames that summoned the
houso with Its dorlc columns from the
shadow behind iia magnolias, mnklng
flashlight pictures Hint came and van
ished In quiet succession. The aisles
among tho treos alternated between
solemn vistas and a gloom more solemn.
Behind, on the horizon, the lights
of a city ten mllos away shone llko
Betting stars.
No search of the promisee was
made experience hurt taught thtme
men the futility of search. Thoy wnlt
ed. Thnt which they waited for enme
at last, a dog of the "July" breod, ob
tained from tho camp of the county
convicts miles away, a dog small, list
less, with long drooping ears and awk
ward limbs. Ho could pick up u human
trail und follow It with unerring skill,
faulting novor, excopt when tho scent
merged perfectly with sotuothlng fa
miliar. And, oven then, if left, pa
tiently to work out his problem, ho
would succeed.
Tho cotton planter turned to tho
negroes who, coming to tho scene of
excltoinont, Btood waiting Just outsldo
tho circle of light. He spoke gently:
"Go. now, boys, to your own homes,
nnd do not move about to-night. I
thank you all tor coming, and I know
thnt tho man wo are after doesn't bo-
long hero. Wo don't raise that kind.
You Aleck nnd Uncle Peter nnd Sllus
mny remain with me. Your mistress
Is too 111 to bo left, nnd our friends
will do all that Is necessary."
Tho negroes dispersed silently, tho
three named excepted. And then the
owner or tho dog took the nx which
had been found In the house and suf
fered tho animal to sniff nt Its handle
a moment, which ho did with Increas
ing Interest, and with full comprehen
sion of what was expected of him.
?Io was next taken on to tho porch
whoro the entrance had boon uindo,
nnd whero ho recogulzod at onco :i
kindred scent. Ho followed tho In
visible trail through tho window Into
the room, whisking his tail in growing
excitement. Ho placed his forofeet
In tho opposlto window, looked Into
tho night and down on the ground
eight foot below, and whined.
Taking him by tho collar, his own
or reached outwurd and downward as
far as possible and dropped him. Al
most Instantly ho rushed into the dark
iti ii in la ii m i mi
"Don't Do It, Mlsay-
For God'a Sakel'
Virtue In Tantalum Lamp.
Tho tantalum lnmp Is very deslrablo
from tho fact that It is of high cltl
elency, but it Is not adapted for many
or the fixtures at proseut in uso, tor
the reason that It must hang vertical
ly, whorons more often than not tho
lumps In existing tlxturos hnng nt un
angle. An adaptor has boon recently
Invented by which this discrepancy U
overcome.
iioss across tho flower garden, baying
loudly, jumped a fence, passed through
tho orchard und into a cotton field.
Tho mounted tnon In the yard gal
loped around to a farm gate and lb
sound of the rushing foot of the!
horses grew fnluter and fainter and
died out in thu direction of tho dog'
voice, which was rocedlng straight
away.
Thirty minutes lutor tho cnvalcad
roentered tho grove, the planter nd
vanclng to meot them. Hy a mighty
effort, ho had up to this moment re
strained himself, but at sight of
low, thickset barofoot negro, with el
bows bound, and led by a plow lino
ho lost control. Seizing the ax
rushed upon tho wretched man nnd
but that sovoral spurred their horses
acroBs his path while others throw
thomselves fiom their saddles and ills
armed him, the night's excitement
would have ended thoro.
"Hold, colonel!" said a gruy-hulrcd
man, wno nan uoeu acting as leader.
"Wo mustn't mnke or mistake. Let
yo daughter Identity him und we'll
'tend to the rest. Gentlemen." he con
tinued, turning to the crowd, 'it will
bo ombarrnssln' tor tlf young lady to
fuco so many. I think Hint wo outshter
draw aside till It's over."
Ho sot the example hy riding out of
the circle of the light, till following
oxcept the two who hold the prisoner.
Obedient to her fnthor's whispered
summons, tho girl rumu from the
house nud stood by tho blaring logs,
nud us alia wulted, pala nnd trembling
on finding hem-lf the focus of so many
eyes, the negro was brought forward.
She had seen the face of tho robbur
who entered her room, nud whom Bhe
had beaten off, In u dim light only, but
its overy featuro wub Indelibly upon
her memory. Tho sight of that face
again stilled her beating heart and
calmed overy nerve. Her level gaze
sought his eyes, but thoy would not
meet It. Once, once only, thoy rested
on her face. No pity, no mercy, wan
thoro. It wns the face of n Judge and
an oxecutlonor. She had not spoKen
when shrieks broke the stillness and
nogro woman, who hnd como across
the cotton Held, plunged Into tho light
and, fulling, clasped the girl's knees.
liio woman was almost breathloss
with excitement and exhaustion. Sho
had run from the distant cabin whero
the negro had been seized. He was
her hoy, and came but seldom to this
plantation, and thou only to escape tho
eoneoquoncca of crime elsewhere.
"Don't do It, missy foi God's Bako!
It warn't him! No, 'fo God, It warnt
him! he been dere all night! Say It
warn't him, honey yo' mummy's boy,
oney! An' sho missed you an' yourn!
Yo' slBters died In my arms! Speak,
mlBsy! Toll 'em quick, honey, It
rnrn't mammy's inuinmy'B boy!"
Tho girl reached down and rested
her hand on tho hend of tho old wo
man. Her face was white and her
nice barely audible.
"Hush, mammy!" She looked Intent
ly on the brutal face of tho prisoner,
who had been brought closer. A shud
der shook her form, but sho did not
turn away hor eyes. The words alio
poke then wero Inaudible to any of
the group except her father. He start
ed violently.
"Child! Child!" he cried, a look of
fear on his face. "Remembor what you
are doing!"
"What does your daughter say, col
onel?" asked the leader.
Tho planter paused nnd lookod on
tho girl, whoso struggle to bo calm was
apparent to all. He waited In vain.
"That this Is not the man!" he said
at length.
Tho ainnzoment of tho crowd was
evident, though there was no Immedi
ate response. The members drew
slowly into little groups. Tho leuder
oat his horso, thoughtfully regarding
tho girl.
"IT slie'r. sartln, thar ain't nothln
for us to do but turn him looso nud try
igin. My young frlcn' uro you surtlu
that this ain't ther man who went Into
yo' room to-night?" The girl looked
uppenllngly towurds him, the negro
woman patting her hand and moaning.
"I am certain," sho said, und her
while race was not turned uwuy. Tho
old man gazed steadily into it and
lifted his hat.
Every man in tho party read tho
meaning of his action and every hat
was lifted as tho woman and girl withdrew.
"Colonel," ho said, when thoy wero
gone, "under this statement of th' case,
wo can't do nothln' but turn th' man
loose. In a courthouse, If she went
thar, as you wouldn't have hor, yo'
daughter would acquit th' prisoner.
Public opinion wouldn't Indorse any
vl'lenco on our part. Hoys, untlo him!"
Tho negro was being untied, his
hands extended for the purpose, when
tho man who was working at tho khot
paused, looking intently at the pris
oner's wrist. Ho cnllod the leader and
whispered to him; and as ho whispered
the negro sought to draw tho wrist
back under the rough shirt nleovo.
'in th' struggle, colonel," said tho
leader, coming now to whero the, fa-
therstuod thoughtful and depressed, his
eyes bent on the flickering lire, "did
yo' daughter t.ay nnythlng orbout er
wound she mudo? Try an' remembor.
please, sail It may save her cumin
back."
"Nono whatever. Tho pistol sho
held was selzod and would have been
wrenched from hor but that in her
desperation she succeeded In Wult !
Walt'" he cried, rushing forward.
There must have been n wound! Look
for n wound on his wrist!"
The negro's arm was seized nnd, In
splto of a frantic struggle on his part
to conceal It, tho print of tho girl's
teeth, where they had sunk Into tho
Mesh, became visible. He would havo
cried out but a hand was laid over
his mouth until a gag had been round.
"Stay here, colonel," said the lender
as tho party mounted nnd rodo away
with their prisoner. "We won't need
no help!"
The planter romalnod. Ho waited
sndly hy tho Hro until Peter extln
pulshed ll and then passed slowly to
i the house.
'through tho still ojion window he
Siiw his daiiKhter on hor knees, con
vulml with tlio ngony of romorso for
her llrst lie. Her "Mammy." bonding
over hor, was powerless to comfort.
Tho girl wns crying.
"Thou knowost my heurt! Thou
knowest IT I have sinned ngnlnst Thee!
Thou Thou hnat Bald, 'Vengeance la
mine 1 will repay!' "
Tho rather bowed his hoad and
passed on In silence. As ho stood at
the ond of tho porch, muto and op
pressed, thero came across tho fields
tho faint echo of a volloy.
Hay fever differs from a question
lififoro thu legislature In tho fact tliut
tho &s and noos both havo It.
