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Home Course
In Live Stock
Farming
IV. Animal Parasites.
By C. V. GRLGORY,
Author of "Home Course In Modern
Agriculture," "Miking Money on
the ronn." Etc.
Copyright) 1909. bv American Pre
Attoclatlon
T
11UKK are two general classes
of parasites that affect ani
mals external and Internal.
Chief among external para-
sites are lice. These live In the hair
nest to the skin, feeding on It and
causing the animal great annoyance.
Xot only that, but animals bailly af
fected with lice run down greatly iu
llesh. look bad and soon become mon
ey losers for their owners. There are
many kinds of lice affecting horses,
cattle and swine, with n few species
thai confine, their attention to sheep
and goats. These lice are of two
kinds sucking and biting. The treat
ment is much the same for both kinds,
so that It will not be necessary to
treat them separately.
Lice are sometimes didlcult to Hud,
even when they are present In con
siderable numbers. This Is especially
true of long haired animals. The
neck, shoulders and root of tail are
the places uioxt frequently alTected.
Remedies For Lice.
One of the beM remedies for lice on
hogs mid tattle Is crude petroleum.
That which has been icp.ircd espe
cially for this purpose by having some
of the kerosene- lakeii out is best to
use. It can be purchased for about
$5 a barrel. The oil call be applied
with a spray pump or with a paint
brush, care being taken to sec that
the animal Is thoroughly covered.
Ouly one application Is necessary.
since the oil will adhere to the hair
for two weeks or longer, killing the
young lice as they hatch.
This treatment, because of Its greasl
ness, cannot be applied to horses that
are being used nor to milk cows. For
these kerosene emulsion Is a good
remedy. It is prepared as follows: Dis
solve one-half pound of soap in one
gallon of boiling water. Remove from
flro and add two gallons of kerosene.
Churn violently with n spray pump or
paddle until n white, creamy muss is
formed. This Is prepared for use by
adding nine parts of water to one of
the mixture. It can be applied with a
brush, or rag when only n few animals
are to be treated. If many are affect
ed they cau be shut In u small yard
and soaked thoroughly with a spray
pump. A second treatment at the end
of eight days will be necessary to kill
the young lice that hatch. Any of
the coul tar dips can be used In the
same way. Crude carbolic acid diluted
with 100 parts of water Is also a good
remedy for lice.
These liquid applications cannot well
be used In winter, and It Is nt that
time that the lice are the worst. They
often become especially troublesome
on colts toward spring. Pyrethrum.
or Insect powder, dusted Into the hair
will kill many of the parasites. To
bacco dust may also be used. Sulphur
oiid lard, mixed to form an ointment
und rubbed Into the Infested places,
are effective.
The simple way to handle lice on
hogs Is to dip them. A dipping tank
can be cheaply made by digging a hole
the required size and putting a thlc!;
layer of cement on the Inside. The
end at which the hugs come out should
be slopl ;- with deals to glv. them
VIQ. Vll. UO-i l.OUSE, INLAltGKD.
a toe hold. The tank should be deep
enough so that they will be completely
submerged. By having a chute leading
up to the tank a herd of hogs van bo
dipped In a very few minutes. Coal
tar dtps are as good as anything for
this purpose. The dipping will have
to be repeated iu eight to ton days.
Such a dipping Is also effective for
mange and other skin diseases and
will add to the thrift of the hogs.
Oue of the best means of controlling
lice as well ns other parasites Is pre
vention. Get the animals free from
them and then do uot bring a new
animal on to the place until you arc
sure that It Is free from parasites.
Ticks and Bot.
hi the southern parts of the United
States and In Mexico cattle are badly
troubled with ticks. Not only are
these ticks Injurious for the damage
they do themselves, but they also servo
as carriers for Texas fever germs, be
ing oue of the most Important means
of spreading this disease. Dipping is
the most practicable remedy for cattle
ticks. Dipping vats for cattle are ar
ranged much tho same as for 'hogs and
sheep, only on n larger scale,
Tho warblo causes considerable trou
ble with cattle. Tho eggs are laid dur
ing the summer on the shoulders and
necks 6f the animals. As thqy hatch
Mi
the tnagtrots make their way Into the
mouth and from there bore through
the llesh of the back, which they raeh
early the next spring. The best roue
dy Is to kill the warbles In tho backs
of the cattle by squeezing them out
and crushing them. Thus they aro
prevented from dropping to the ground
ami de eloping Into tiles to lay eggs
for next season's crop of warbles.
Horses are considerably bothered by
hot flies. The hot tly lay Its eggs on
the front legs and breast of the ani
mal. As these hatch the larvae arc
taken Into the mouth of the horse and
And their way to the stotnach, where
they attach themselves to the walls.
If present ouly In small numbers the
effects are not noticeable, but In large
numbers they seriously affect the
health of the horse and sometimes
even cause death. As there Is uo way
to dislodge the hols after they have
once attached themselves to the stom
i.h, the only way to combat thorn Is
by prevention. This can bo accom
plished by scraping the eggs off the
horse's legs every day or so with a
blunt knife or rubbing over them n
rag wet with kerosene.
Files.
Among the most troublesome ex
ternal parasites of horses and cattle
are tiles. During the summer months
they cause great loss of llesh and re
duction of mill; flow, The numbers of
these pests can be greatly reduced by
preventive measures. Kilos breed In
manure piles mid refuse of all kinds.
By keeping tho yards as clean bb pos
sible and sprinkling any manure that
Is left with lime the multiplication of
FIO. VIII. HOItN VIA", UNLAltOlil).
the pests can be greatly discouraged.
The worst of the fly family is the horn
fly. This Is n small black tly, attack
ing cattle chiefly. It has a habit of
gathering about the shoulders and
horns at night, which gives It Its name.
One of the most effective menus of
dealing with the horn fly Is to npply
repellent mixtures to the animals.
Equal parts of fish oil and tar or axle
grease cau be used. One application
will last a week or ten days. Spray
lug with kerosene emulsion helps,
though this will not last nearly as long
as the o.her remedies. Kerosene emul
sion or carbolic acid solution is oue of
the besl remedies for horseflies. Oils
cannot be used on horses because of
their disagreeable character. Good fly
nets do a great deal to keep tiles away.
Sheep Parasites.
Sheep are more frequently affected
with parasites than any other domes
tic animal. The worst of the external
parasites is the scab mite. This Is an
Insect so small that It can hardly be
seen without a magnifying glass. It
causes the formation of scabs, under
which It hides. Any of the standard
dips cau be used to combat It. The
lime-sulphur dip Is usually regarded
as the most effective. It Is made by
slaking twenty pounds of fresh lime
and t went;. -live pounds of sulphur to
gether with water to make up to 100
gallons. Boll twenty minutes and
Htralu before using. The scab mite Is
a hard pest to kill, and the dipping
must be thorough. The mixture Is
more effective If kept heated to 110
degrees F. The sheep should be held
In the solution until the scabs tire
thoroughly soaked. Itubblug the dip
Into the scabs with a stiff brusli in u Ices
tho treatment more certain. It should
be repeated In ten days. Dipping In
the spring Just after shearing and
again iu the fall will do much to keep
the scab mite In control. The same
treatment is effective for ticks and
lice.
The worst Internal parasite of sheep
is worms. They cause more losses In
the sheet) business than all other para
sites anu disease cominueo. . -uesi
remedy for worms has not yet been
discovered. As good a plan as any Is
a tablespoonful of turpentine In live
of milk. This Is more of a prevention
than a cure. Begin when the lambs
arc three weeks old and give u dose
every three weeks until the last of Oc
tober. Keep them off feed twelve hours
before drenching. Great care must be
taken lu drenching a sheep to keep
from strungllug It. Another good rem
edy Is one-half ounce of nrlca nut mix
ed with three grains of santonin and
dissolved lu three ounces of milk.' For
lambs only half this dose should be
given. Give a dose every day for three
days.
Worms In Pigs.
PJgs are often badly affected with
worms. Much of the so called hog
cholera Is only a bad case of worms.
Uuthriftluess and coughing are the
most common symptoms. One of the
best remedies Is powdered sulphate of
Iron given at the rate of ns much as
can be piled on a ten cent piece to
the hundred iounds of pig. Mix with
slop and give every morning for a
week or two weeks if the pigs are
badly affected. Be sure that each pig
gets his share. If they are not given
any supper the night before the reme
dy will be more effective. After the
treatment the Utter around the yard
should be raked up and burned to de
stroy the worms and eggs. This Is a
precaution which It will be prudent uot
to neglect If It Is expected tnat the
!t will be eradicated.
w
Home Course
In Live Stock
Farming
V. Some Common Diseases.
By C. V. GREGORY,
Author of "Home Course In Modern
Agriculture," "Making Money on
the Farm," Etc.
Copyright, 1009. by American Pre
Attoclatlon
o
NE of the most comtuou dls
eases among horses Is colic.
This may be caused by moldy
food, a sudden change of food
or anything elso that affects the di
gestive system unfavorably. Itefuslng
to eat, pawing, groaning, looking
around nt flank, lying down and get
ting up again are some of the common
symptoms of colic. A good remedy to
have on hand for colic Is turpentine,
one ounce; cannabis Indlca, ouc-lmll
ounce; nlcohol, four ounces; water, one
pint. This should bo shaken welt and
given as n drench. In Bovere cases a
veterinarian should be sent for.
Barbed Wire Cuts.
Wherever horses nro allowed to run
In pastures fenced with barbed wire
there will be frequent need of treat
ment for wlro cuts. Iu case the cut Is
deep, with considerable bleeding, tbe
flrst thing to do Is to stop thu flow o
blood. Alcohol, vlnegnr or alum wa
ter Is good for this purpose, A solu
tion of chloride of iron is still better.
If the bleeding Is from n large vessel,
compression will have to be applied,
toward tho heart If an nrtcry is cut or
away from it In the case of a vein.
Usually, however, barbed wire cuts do
not bleed seriously. They should lie
cleaned thoroughly with warm water
to which carbolic acid has been added
at the rato of 1 to 100. If tho wound
"iuattcratcs"nuopcnlugshould be made
at the lower part to allow the pus to
escape freely. Tho wound should bo
washed dally with n solution of chlo
ride of zinc, one drum to oue pint of
water, nnd a little powdered Iodoform
sifted on it. This Iodoform aids heal
ing, prevents the formation of "proud
flesh" nnd keeps tho tiles nwny. A
very bad cut should be dressed by a
veterinarian, ns proper treatment will
reduce tho size of tho resulting scar.
Galls.
When horses nro put to work lu tho
spring, galls aro very likely to form on
their shoulders. This can be prevented
by the use of collars and by accustom
ing the horses to work gradually, Tho
use of pads Is seldom advisable, ns
they become filled with sweat nnd ore
hard and Irritating. A hard leather
collar that tits' snugly to tho horse's
neck is the best thing to use. Tho
hames should (It the collar snugly.
Washing the shoulders In warm water
every night helps to keep them from
galling. Sugar of lead, twenty grains
to one ounce of water, or nitrate of
silver, ten grains to one ounce of wa
ter, Is n good remedy. The following
salve Is one of the best cures for galls
after they have once formed: Pulver
ized alum, four ounces; pulverized
bloodroot, four ounces; white lend,
four ounces; calomel, two ounces. Mis,
with glycerin, sweet oil or lard to make
nn ointment,
8weeny.
Sweeny, or a wasting nway of tu
muscles of the shoulder, occasionally
occui-s In farm horses. It Is caused by
a strain by pulling with only one tug
FIO. IX. A TllllIFTT HTFKlt.
hooked or by putting lieuI! on a ma
chine with a great de.il of side draft.
A sweei.ied animal sh uM be turned
out In the pasture until the shoulder it
filled up'agaln. Inject lug leu drops of
turpoiiilue under the skin at Interval.;
not (loser tlmn one Inch will great b
li.isten the process.
Tuberculosis.
Tuberculusls affects cattle, swlneuud
man. It has been clearly proved thnt
tuberculosis can be transmitted to
swine through the milk of affected,
cows, and It Is very probable that It
cull be transmitted to humnu beings iu
the same way.
Tuberculosis cun seldom be told by
the appearance of the animal. Often
the best looking cows lu the herd will
be the worst nffected. Tuberculosis Is
easily transmitted from one cow In a
herd to another. The only safe way to
do Is to get the herd on a heulthy basis
and keep it there. The tulereul!u test
applied by a competent man Is a sure
means of detectlug the disease. The
diseased ajiimals should be sold to'u
soap maker at once. If the disease
Is present only lu certain local parts of
the body the rest may be all right for
use. After the herd Is ouce denned
up no animals should be brought on
the place that have notbeen subjected
to the test. In this way only can a
healthy herd be maintained.
Abortion.
Abortion Is of two kinds, accidental
-and ohroule. Accidental abortion may
occur In almost any class of animals
ns a result of cioldy feed, strains or
Injuries of any kind. Contagious abor
tion Is seldom troublesome except la
the case of cows. All coses of nbor
tlou lu cows, unless positively known
to be due to some other cause, should
be treated as contagious. If once In
troduced Into a herd this disease
spreads rapidly, iilmoM destroying tho
usefulness of the entire herd for breed
tug purposes.
An soon us u cow has aborted, the
calf. If It Is dead, should be burned,
together with the afterbirth. Tho
stall nnd the hind quarters of the cow
should be disinfected thoroughly. A
2 per cent solution of some coal tar
dip or n Wj per cent solution of car
bolic acid Is all right for this purpose.
The genital organs of the cow should
be syringed out with this solution
every three or four days as long as
there Is any discharge. Cows that
havo aborted should be kept well
nway froih the rest of the herd. They
should not be bred for at least teu
weeks after aborting or until nil dis
charge has ceased. The reproductive
organs of the bull should bo disinfect
ed both bofore nnd after service. Tho
bull Is ono of the most frequent means
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FIO. X. A HEAIiTIIV FLOCK.
of transmitting the disease from one
cow to another. All litter In the stall
where the affected cow Is kept should
bo burned as soon as cleaned out.
For Internal use the carbolic acid
treatment has given the best results.
One of the best ways to give this 1
In salt at tho rate of 2 parts to 100
parts of barrel salt. Pure carbolic
ncld comes In crystals and will have
to bo llquelled by placing the bottle In
hot water for n few moments. The
ncld should be poured over the salt
and stirred In well. This makes nn
excellent preventive. It should bo
placed where tho cows can get It at
nil times, beginning nt least live
months before calving with cows that
hnve previously nborted nnd threo
mouths with those that have uot.
All new cows should be kept sepa
rate from the rest of the herd until It Is
certain thnt they nre free from Infec
tion, If there Is any unusual discharge
they should be returned to tho seller
or subjected to n strict course of pre
ventive treatment.
Milk Faver.
Heavy milking tows nre often af
fected with milk fever soon after calv
ing. The first symptoms appear from
ten to twenty hours after calving. Tha
cow becomes uneasy, ceases to eat or
to notice the calf and seems to be hi
considerable pain. The walk U un
steady, and the animal soon fulls and
Is nimble to rise. If uot attended to,
death Is very likely to lesult.
The cause of milk fever Is not def
initely known. Since It occurs only Iu '
heavy milkers It may be due to p:irt of '
the milk being reabsorbed again u:i,l
m ling as a poison to the nerves. I.lght
feeding for u week before and after
parturition Is j.ood preventive treat
ment. One to two pounds of epsom
sails given a fen days pilar to calving
will e.'u e the liability t the disease.
. '. . udder I greatly enlarged
piv uo l ttlving it is well to milk It
ust oTecllve remedy for mills.
w'nt Is known ns the alrtre.it
i '.j.s iMi.: in pumping the
'. 1 of air, one quarlvr at a
i d wi r'.:hig I: well In get the
ii'i-i't
nt' ' '
lime.
air into'
lurK , A oiuuion bicycle J
pump in.
W twe.: If a regular mlllc
fever outfit I not :t h;- Both thei
udder and ti.. ! ' 'tun,- should he
disinfected behie i: treatment Is
given. 4
Hog Cholera.
Hog cholera and the closely allied ,
dNease, swine plague, are tho greatest
sources of loss in the swine Industry.
The first symptom Is n refusal to eat.
There are red and purple blotches on
the skin and a sticky discharge from
the eyes. The walk is often unsteady. .
and there Is more or less coughing. !
There Is no Internal treatment that
will cure hog cholera. The best means
of handling It Is by prevention. Dogs, I
crows and pigeons enrry Infection from J
one herd to another nnd should be
kept away with n shotgun If ueces- j
sary. Banning streams also curry In- .
fectlon. When there Is cholera In the '
neighborhood no one but the regular (
feeder should be allowed In the hog j
lot. The pens should be disinfected '
frequently with whitewash or coal tar
dip. Having the hogs divided Into
small lots helps to keep tho dlsense
from taking the whole herd If It onco
gets n stnrt- All hogs thnt die should
be'burled nt once. When new nnlmals j
nre brought on to the farm they should
bo kept In quarantine for at leasts a i
week". ,
A'systetu of vaccination ha? been de- j
veloped recently JAt is proving very J
successful.