Miss ML Ruth Taylor
TEACHER OF PIANO
Home Course In
VICTORY FOR
Modern Agriculture
IV. Water In Its Relation to Plant Growth
By C. V. GREGORY.
Agricultural "Dl)lston. lotva State College
416 Niobrara Ave. Phone 381
MOW
THE L t Sill
and the
'(stem Office Supply Co.
DR. G. W. MITCHELL,
I'liyslclmi nnoHnrgeon Day and night crtli
OfflcooTor UoBuoBtore. Phono lJ&
H. A. COPSEY, M. D.
Pliyslclnn nnd Surgeon
Phono 3 00
I loPSSiiii Kir
Copyright, 1000. by American Prets Attoclntlon
in
I
v; r;
ii
h-'.jrfi
Ay.
Ctf
, 2
58s!k
"kUR Secretary, Mr. F. A. Pierson, while in
" Kearney, the County Seat of Buffalo County,
Nebraska, last week, closed up two deals with the
County officials at that place for two new L. C. SMITH &
BROTHERS TYPEWRITERS, the same to be delivered
at once: This was in competition with nearly every machine
on the market and deals of this kind give us greater con
fidence in our leader, the L. C. Smith. It is a ball-bearing
machine, the easiest running and most durable on the
market. Ask us to have one of our salesmen call on you
with a sample, or call at our headquarters jn Alliance.
llU.L-IIKTUNflS
fry
We also handle in addition to the L. C. Smith, machines of every
make that have been slightly used and some that have been rebuilt.
All prices, and machines of all descriptions. Help build up this west
ern country by buying your typewriters and office supplies here.
WE Imvc nlrciuly lenrned some
tiling of the value of wntcr
as a plant food. This la
only oni of Its minor uses,
how over. In addition to the water
which Is decomposed by the plant and
used In innktug Htarch and other prod
ucts, many times ns'inueh Is used for
other purposes. One of the principal
of these Is dissolving plant food and
carrying It upward to the leaves. Aft-
! er reaching the leaves most of tho wa
ter is evaporated, leaving In the leaf
cells the material which It brought
up.
The cells of which tho leaves arc
! made are very delicate and depend for
Western Office Supply Co.
Lloyd C. Thomas, President
F. A. Pierson, Secretary
llnll-bcariiiK
typo bnr
ALLIANCE, NEBRASKA
r
If You are in Need
OF ANY OF THE FOLLOWING ITEMS:
A Majestic Steel Range
A first-class Hot Air Incubator
A De Laval Oreani Separator
A new Model A Wind Mill
A first-class job of Plumbing
Any kind of Tinwork
Call on
1
Phone 98
3VcvesoiEYos.
They carry THE GOODS, and Prices ARE RIGHT
in
Mwifi$nH JKkM i
'When a Plumber is Needed
send for us. We have plenty of time
now to attend to all classes of work
This is not our busy season and it will
pay you to have your
PLUMBING. HEATING, FITTING,
etc., attended to now before the rush
of work begins. We are thoroughly
posted iu our business and an order
from you will promptly put all our
knowledge and skill at your service.
The cost will not be great.
Fred Bre n nan
mmmammmmmmmmm
Monuments
Largest Stock of Granite
Monuments in the West
All lettering- done by pneumatic tools
Strictly First-Class Work and Lowest Prices
Try My Flour
and you won't have any more
worry about your bread.
My brands of Ai and Cow are
not excelled anywhere in this
country, and ladies who have
used them are my best advertisers.
Phone No. 71
Res. Phone No. 95
their stiffness on tho water which they
contain. Without this water they
would collupso In the same way n bi
cycle tire does when tho air Is lot out.
This Is tho very thing that happens
when the leaves wilt. The rise of
water from tho roots has been checked
In sonic way, and as evaporation still
continues the leaf cells becomp partly
emptied and shrink up.
The leaves are not entirely helpless
at such n time, however. On each shlo
of the tiny- pores on the underside of
the leaf Is a cell known as n gunrd
cell. When the supply of molsturo
begins to fall, these guard cells shrink
up and iu doing so close the openings,
thus checking evaporation. In some
plants, like corn, the leaves curl up at
such n time, thus still further lessen
ing the rate of evaporation. Of course
when a leaf Is willed in this manner
tho work of building up plant tissues
Is seriously checked. This often hap
pens during the dry wenther- of July
nnd August, when the soil becomes bo
dry that the roots have difficulty In
obtaining the needed moisture. Tho
checking of development which results
often reduces the yield of corn ns
much as twenty to thirty bushels per
ncre and that of other crops In pro
portion. For every pound of dry
matter In n mature plant from 300 to
fiOO pounds of water have been brought
up by the roots and evaporated from
the leaves. One of the most Impor
tant factors iu the production of a
maximum crop Is the maintenance of
n plentiful water supply within easy
reach of the roots.
There are three classes of water lr.
tho soil. The tlrst Is .known as ground
water and Is that water which col
lects In a hole dug lit a wet soil or
runs oit through tho tile In drained
land. The second Is the capillary
water and Is that which Is left be
tween the soil particles after tho
ground water has been drawn off.
The ground water Is affected by grav
itation, while the capillary water Is
not.
If a sample of soil that looks per
fectly dry Is placed In an oven nnd
heated for sonic time It will be found
that Is has lost considerably In weight,
owing to moisture being driven off.
This Is the third class, or hydroscopic
moisture. This, of course, Is of no
value to the plant, since the roots
cannot extract moisture from an air
dry soil. Neither can they use the
ground water. This Is really n dam
age in the upper two or three feet of
soil, since It so 1111s the spaces that
the roots cannot get enough air.
During a rain tho ground water
passing through the soil draws con
siderable air with It. As soon as the
J. ROWAN
THE FLOUR AND FEED MAN
w
J. F. BLOOM & CO.
Wm. James,
Exclusive
Dealer in
COAL &
Office and Show Yard 1815-17 Farnam
OMAHA, NEBR.
Mourn
I,
Your Correspondence Solicited
...WOOD
'Phone Alliance,
No. 5. Nebraska.
u I
mmmmsmmmmmmmmmmmw i
Palace Livery Bain
C. C Sail Til, Prop.
(.Successor to S. II. Ilcsch)
one iu t-CK west of Good turnouts, strict attention to our business,
THE NK vvuilNDRN and courteous treatment to all has won for us the
lU'Il.iiiN'G. "Phone excellent patronage we enjpy, Trv us.
A. D. NEW
AUCTIONEER
ELLSWORTH, - NEBR.
Col. New has had 25 years'
experience and is one of the
most successful auctioneers in
the northwest.
Dates made at this office
Kin. via now tile diiainb avfkct tub
, WA'JKU TAIlMi.
IS, surface or tho Kioiiiid; V5, utor ta
ble; G, ground water; T, tllo drains.)
soil becomes saturated, howeyer. so
that the water is no longer moving,
the air coun heroines used up, and tho
crop will turn- yellow and rouse to"
I grow. The remedy, of course, Is to
1 provide drains to remove the ground
1 water quickly.
The only kind of wutu,r which the
roots can use Is the capillary water.
: When this Is present In the right
amount. It tills' about half of the
spaces between the soil particles. Tho
the rest are lillcd with air. The water
easily dlssohes plant food from the
soil grains which It surrounds. Thus
the two essentials for rapid root de
velopment, air and plant food, are
present In the proper amounts and in
u readily available form. As fast as
the water Is 'taken up by the roots
' more Is brought up bj capillarity from
the supply lu tho .subsoil In the man
lier noted In nrllvle No. 2.
The place where the capillary water
Joins the ground water Is called the
wuter tNhle. ' If this water table Is
too high, tho fowling ground of the
roots Is greatly restricted, flnce they
Ainiiut go bulow It. If, on the other
hand, the water table U too deop,
'capillarity cannot bring tlie water up
as fast as It Is used by the roots.
In dry weather the water table low
ers rapidly, but the roots are also
growing downward nt the same time.
! The greatest dnmnt'e from drought
comes when a sudden dry period fol
lows n few weeks of excessive rnln
fall. The abundance of moisture dur
ing the early part of tho season has
kept the plants from sending their
roots down very deep. When dry
weather does come, tho soil bnkes nnd
cracks nnd evaporation goes on very
rapidly. This, together with the de
mands made by the plants", lowers the
water table so rapidly that root growth
cannot keep pace with It. As n result
the caplllnry moisture within reach of
the roota Is not replaced as fast as It I
Is used, and the growth of tho plnnts
Is seriously checked.
Fields with a clay subsoil withstand
dry weather much better than thoso
with a subsoil of sand or gravel. The
latter, becauso of their looser texture,
CiiIIr Answered iiromntly dny mid nlclit from
otlilen. Onicest Alliance National Dunk
UulldliiKovurthe PostOfllco.
rid. IX CUV12II1NU Till! TlUt lHTC'tr.
nflow tho water to filter down out of
reach Instead of retaining it for fu
ture use. as do the clay soils.
The farmer cannot Influence the
amount of rainfall, of course. After
the rain has fallen, however, It be
longs to him to do with as he sees fit.
The way he handles it from tills time
on determines to a largo extent the
size of the crop he will harvest when
fall comes.
The first problem Is to get rid of the
surplus ground water quickly, and tho
second Is to waste as little of tho cup
llhtry water as possible. An endeavor
should be made to lower the water
table to three or four feet below the
surface. uajjOuiLiis ppssiblc nfter each
rain. If this can be accomplished lu
two or three days the growth of the
crop will be Interfered with very lit
tle, A few soils are so well drained
naturally that little artlllclal drainage
Is necessary. On almost any farm
there are hills and ridges where tho
natural dralunge Is HUlllelent. Tho
hollows between these elevations, how
over, nnd all the Mat lK'lds will yield
much larger crops If tiled.
The distance n line of tile will draw"
is In windy soils often us fnr as 100
feet on each side, while In heavy clay
soils It may not be more than sixteen
feet. This dlstnnce Is also affected by
the depth of tho tile. The deeper J hey
are placed the farther they will. urn w.
Tile are usually placed at nn average
depth of about three feet, though In
many Instances four would bo belter.
The extra cost of digging the ditch a
foot deepor Is something of an objec
tion, but Is balnnced by the fact that
tho lines of tile do not need to b as
close together. Deep tllu are not ns
easily displaced by freezing, and a I
deeper feeding ground for the roots is j
provided.
A mistake made more frequently
than that of not putting the drains lu :
deep enough Is that of using too small .
tile. The character of the soil, the fall
and the amount of surface drained are
the factors which lnrgely determine
tho proper size to uso. Almost every
book or bulletin of tile drainage gives
tables for tlgurlng the size of tile re
quired under various conditions. If
there Is any doubt It always pays to
get a size too large rut her tlmu u size
too small, ovon If the cost Is a little
more.
It Is usually better to let the Job of
tiling to a contractor rather than to at
toiupt to do it yourself. Them are re
liable tilers lu nlinoht every locnllty
who can be depended upon to lay the
tile to grudo and do a liiift clans Jub in
every particular. Only the hard burn
ed tile should be used. Those will last
for a lifetime or longer If properly put
In. When tile go within llftcou or
twenty foot of trees the Joints should
be cemented. Otherwise tho tree roots !
will lind their way through the Joints '
and lit up tho drains to Mich nn extent
! that the tlow of water will be cut off.
i . i .. .. .1....1.. i
lliv must iiiijiuiiuui (ran ill ii uiuiii-
ago system Is tho outlet. The tile ,
should empty Into a stream If possible.
Water should not be allowed to stand -over
the mouth of the iutll If It can
be avoided, an this checks the current
and cause the drain to puril till up ;
with silt, thus reducing Its cajiaclty
Just that mil h.
With n thoiough system of tile drain-,
age In good working order the problem
of getting rid of surplus water is
solved. Tiling also helps to sjlve tho
problem of luck of wator. The roots
go down so much deeper Iu n tiled
soil that they are iu position to with
stand a drought belter than If they
wore a foot or two farther above the
water table, llemoviug the surplus
wnter by drainage also hastens tho
warming of tho soil In the spring.
DR. CHAS. E. SLAQLE
with
DR. BELLWOOD ,
Special Attention
Paid to Eye Work
GEO. J. HAND,
II O .M V. O P .V T It I G
PHYSICIAN AND SO KG EON
Formerly Intcrno Homeopathic Hospital-University
of. Iowa.
Phone !j. Ofllco ovpr Alliance Shoe Store
Itdsldcnco Phono at.
DR. C. H. CHURCHILL
PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON
! ' (SuceosMr to Dr. J. E. Mooro)
OFFICE IN FLETCHER BLOCK
I onico lioiirs-lt-lU a.m., 2-4 p.m. 7;80-P p.tn.
I Office Phono 62
1 Kes. Phone, 85
!
1
Drs. Bowman & Weber
PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS
First National Hnnk lildg. Rooms 4-5-6
Office hours, 10 toji2 n. in., j
1:30 to 4, 7 to 8 p. m.
Office Phono 65 Res. Phono 16 & 184
Drs. Copper noli & Petersen
OSTEOPATHIC PHYSICIANS
(Hucoimwrs to Ore. Frcy A Uatfe)
17 and, 18 Rumer Block
Office Phone 43, Residence 20
AUG. F. HORNBURG
Private Nurse
Phone 492
T, J. THRELKELD,
Undertaker and Embalmer
OFFICE PHONE 498
KES. PHONE 207
ALLIANCE, NEBR.
ALLEN H. MORRIS
Licensed Embalmer
and
Funeral Director
with GEO. D. DARLING
WILLIAM MITCHELL,
ATTORNEY
AT HW.
ALLIANCE, NEBRASKA.
EUGENE BURTON
Attorney a't Law
Office in rooms formerly occupied by
R. C Noleman, First Nal'l Bank blk
'Phone 180. ALLIANCE. NEB.
H. M. BULLOCK.
Attorney at Law,
A LLTANCIC. TV1CB.
SMITH l TUTTI.K.
UtA E. TABU
TUTTLE & TASH,
TTORNEYS
iT Uvw.
REAL ESTATE,
North MiilnHt..
ALLIANOE. NEn
3
WILCOX & BROOME
LAW ANI LAN!) ATTORNEYS.
Long experience in state and federal
courts and as Register and Receiver U. S.
Land Office is a guarantee for prompt and
effirient service.
Office In Land Office HuUtling.
ALLIANCE - NEJIHASKA.
G. G. GAOsm
T. J. TllRBLKBLO
THE GADSBY STORE
Funeral Directors
and Embalmers.
riNERAL SUPPLIES
OFFICE PHONE 498
RESIDENCE PHONES 207 and 510