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TAe Day of yil Sanfe
Solemn Ceremonies Mark Its Observance
in European Countries Prayers For the
Dead and Decoration of Graves.
Open LongsSealed Graves
Explorers Find Remains of Great Egyptian
King Buried Fortyfive Hundred Years Ago
Splendid Paintings and Sculpture,
Salt Lake Is Drying Up
Utah's Great Natural Curiosity Threatened
With Total Destruction Business Men of
the City Are Much Alarmed,
(Special Correspondence.)
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(Special Correspondence.)
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HROUGHOUT Kttrope
the llrst nnt second
days of November nre
grunt church holidays.
No. 1 All Saints'
lay the Hainan Cath
olics and Lutherans
i ft TBrQii
obseive In .honor of
the sacred group of
martyrs and saints.
The follow in day All Souls' they
decorate to the memory of "the souls
of all those who have died In the
communion of the hod and blood of
our Lord." Chancing last November
to be In Munich the heart ot Gorman
Roman Catholicism 1 had the oppor
tunity in participating in homo of the
Interesting old-woild observances of
these festivals.
During the last week of October the
city underwent a trnnstoimatlon. Long
lines of scaffolding sprang up along
the street curbings and quickly their
buses weio hidden under w tenths of
lilies and immortelles and masses of
chrysanthemums. The business thor
oughfares wete deserted, while wom
en and men flocked to the cemeteries,
working like bees among the serried
graves. Hy the close of Oct. 31 every
grave had its floral decoration and
Munich's whole population was pre
pared to divide the time dating the
two holidays between the churches
and the burial places.
On the morning of All Saints', not
knowing what places would be the
most Intel estlng, I decided just to
follow the largest crowds. The stream
flowed into St. Boniface, an immense
chinch copied after the early Italian
basilica. Counting their beads the
people hurried down the long aisles
and descended stairways under the
choir. I found myself In the vault
beneath the church, where monastic
orders bury their dead.
Twelve-Year-Old Jesus on
The arrangement ot this subtetra
nean burial place was like that of the
staterooms of a ship Compartments
Eix feet thiough divided the sides and
centers of the vault. On either side
of these partitions weie narrow aisles
which lead into the center aisles.
Vines and flowers festooned the white
walls, making the heavy air of the
vault more oppressive with their odors.
The multitude paused to pray In the
aisles and to sprinkle holy water on
the flowers I peered mound to find
the graves. A big German poined a
finger toward the wall. A funeral
wreath encircled an Inscription cut
Head of Infant Christ.
(Murillo.)
into the calcimine: "hler legt B ru
der Johannes.'' Nothing more. Sealed
up In tho wall, "Bruder Johannes" lay
with only this meager inscription to
mark his narrow resting place.
It was a relief to come from these
tombs into the light and air of the
streets. The people were wending now
into old St. Michael's, where during
the feasts the royal vaults are thrown
open. Soldiers stood In the aisles
and marshaled the crowd into single
tile. While the head of this line In'
the rear end of tho church was going
down Into the crypt, the peoplo were
stepping Into place out on the street,
Tho Southern cemetery of Munich,
which contains the finest monuments
In Germany, is one largo flower gar
fln for All Souls'. So costly arc the
Sic-oratlons of the rich that they often
njL i-
must hire watchers to gtinrd them by
night. Fashionable people vlo with
each other In getting up striking floral
designs. 1 saw a largo winged angel
of white roses on one hnndsomo mon
ument. Ampng other artistic designs
were doves of white lilies and crowns
ol yellow chrysanthemums.
On many of the graves were photo
graphs of tho decedents. On somo
were evergreens decorated with burn-
Madonna of the Grotto.
(Carl Mullor.)
Ing candles, like a Christmas tree.
There was no grave so humble that
it had not some kind of festal dress.
As in Germanj whole families often
use one grave and one monument, be
ing buried one nbove another, the ex
pense of decorating for All Soul's Is
greatly lessened
The festival of A'll Saints had its
His Way to Jerusalem,
origin in the seventh century, In the
conversion of the Pantheon at Uomo
Into a Christian place of worship. Tho
Pantheon, dedicated In pagan times to
Juniter Vindex, was in tho seventh
century the Inst remaining monu
ment of heathenism. Pope Boniface
IV. obtained permission from Emperor
Phocas to re-dedicate the 'Pantheon to
the Virgin and all tho martyrs. Old
church annals relate that at this dedi
cation twenty-eight carriages bore
the bones of martyrs from all the
cemeteries In Rome to the Pantheon.
The anniversaries of this day were
celebrated In Rome on May 1. The
number of salni having Increased so
rapidly that It wa Impossible to dedi
cate a day to each one individually,
the rites of the feabt of all the mar
tyrs were changed to Include the wor
ship of all saints In the eighth cen
tury the observance of this day
spread to England. France and Ger
many, but has not yet become a uni
versal holiday.
In 83.r. Gregory IV. induced Emperor
Lewis, tho Pious, to decree a general
observance of the Feast of All Saints.
Tho first of November was the day
appointed as being tho time when
men and women were resting from
the harvests. Fiom this time All
Saints became one of the great church
festivals ami was observed In all
Catholic countries
On All Souls day everything Is
done In tho honor of the sanctified, or
for tho sake of the souls In purga
tory In German villages the chll
dren go in bands trom house to Iioubo
on this day. crying out: "Oh, please
a cake for the poor souls!" Tho house
wife Is prepared to All their baskets,
hut the children offer no thanks, tak
ing leave with these words: "God
will repay you."
This custom was In vogue In old
English times. In country places It
was the practice for hostesses to keep
"soul cakes" In the house on Nov. 2
for visitors to eat. An old proverb
runs thus:
"A soule cake, a soulo cake, have
mercy on all Christian soules for a
soulo cake."
On the day of All Saints the pic
ture galleries of European cities are
crowded with visitors viewing tho
masterpieces of tho great painters.
Those dealing with sacred subjects
naturally attract the most lnterost.
We reproduce three of the most
famous.
N ALL tho history ot
excavation no such In
tensely human story
has been dug out ?f
the forgotten pnst ai
Jitr
&j&Su$
i& has been brought to the
light of day by the re
cent work ot tho Ger
man Orient society of
Beilln at the Pyramid
of Abusir.
Tho report of almost a ycur of ex
ploration has Just been nindo. It Is
couched In scientific, matter-of-fact
language. But In It Is tho whole
drama of life a tremendous sermon
preached by fallen stones and royal
corpses and the bands of the desert,
with mighty, all conquering Death for
their text
Tho German piofessors found a
great king So grent was ho that
the great gods, Sechmet, tho Lion
headed; Annuls, the Jackal-headed,
and the Nile gods are shown bowing
belore him Upper nnd Lower Egypt
were his. When he died men began
to build a vast temple ot tho dead for
him
Four thouband Ave hundred years
ago they burled Ne-woser-re, the king.
And tho centuries passed and his tem
ple, unfinished, disappeared below tho
drifting sands He and his fnmily,
his roynl lavorlto and his high prlcsta,
became hidden deep below the dwell
ings of succeeding kings and priests,
and their tombs were piled over all.
Then they, too, Bank away and were
forgotten. Others built and died
Egyptian, Greek and Christian in their
turns. The gieat clock of History
still wanted a thousand years to tho
time of the coming of Christ, and
Ne-woser-re, the king, was so utterly
lost and forgotten that tho poorest of
the poor were burled on top of tho
mounds that hid his Imperial tomb
that tomb which had been sot by its
mighty builders to defy eternity It
self. And the German professors dug out
dnit ortwe JAE
a song, too It was deemed to bo Im
mortal when written. So grand did
it seem 2,400 years ago that a singer
In Egypt had it put Into his tomb
wltli him. It Is a great roll of papy
rusa poem by Tlmotheos glorifying
the victorious fight of Marathon and
almost certainly the very oldest Greek
book ever found. The poem that
made such a vast stir once has lain
under the Egyptian sands for more
than 2,000 years and songs of Mara
thon have piled on songs and been
forgotten as the dead piled on the
dead over tho tomb of the Egyptian
singer.
Profs. Borchardt, Voelz and Decker
conducted the work of excavation.
Their first discovery w'as the foro
court of the Temple of the Dead. It
had been left unfinished and most
of the beautiful columns that had
been completed had fallen. But two
magnificent pillars wero left. In that
courtyard was found tho partly broken
figure of a Hon, grandly proportioned
and far beyond life-size. Its sculp
ture Is so flue that the scientists agree
that it was tho work of a sculptor of
extraordinary talent. The head was
perfectly preserved.
The next discovery was that of re
liefs depicting some of the most
famous Egyptians of that time, whose
names and deeds are mentioned in
many Inscriptions found In various
parts of Egypt. There are also de
plctlons of sacrifice. Ono wall paint
ing shows the slaughtering of animals
before tho tombs of the great dead
Another portrays tall, beautiful eas
ant women who bear offerings
Tho great temple relief of all was
found between tho hall of columns and
the holy of holiest. It shows tho king
himself with npron and lion's tall as
Insignia of his high rank. He wears
a headdress of feathers and herns, tho
mark of a god. The jackal-headed
god Anubls steps toward hlpa bring
ing him the blgu of life.
r
Ldttitor,meJeAE sywMo i-ToMrs ys,
vVTcomH m WmEsjiiV --" V
In a smnllor relief Ne-woser-ro 1
pictured with rnlsed club slaying a
group of men whom he holds by their
liair.
In digging out the chamber of sta
tues, the explorers unexpectedly came
upon a splendid painting. It was In
tended to show a door set Into the
solid wall The colors laid on by
hands and brushes of which there hns
been no estlge left on earth for 4,000
years were bright and glowing, shin
ing out of their long-kept darkness
Into tho light of today as If they were
still wet But scaicelv had the sun
streamed in betoio they begun to
pale Fortunately the expedition num
bered a skillful painter among Its
members, and he succeeded In making
a true copy In full size ot tho undent
work of nrt.
Then tho diggers reached tho tomb
of tho high priest Jen-em-Jachwet.
After breaking out the first stone the
Europeans peered In and for tho first
time In forty-five centuries human
eyes looked upon the coffins of the
priests of Ne-woser-re. Tho tomb had
been too small for the last coffins and
the handles had been sawed from the
ends before the stoneB were set In
place and sealed. Thoso cuts of the
saw were clear and sharp, Just as
ivWNO i-TDMrs
they had been left on that day ol
burial.
Here great finds were made. Large
ships of the deail were on the coffins
that they might be used for tho voyage
Into the under world Thtie were the
great stone Jugs that had contained
water to refresh the shades on their
journey. The last gifts of friends and
carved wooden statuettes of tho do
mestics nnd slaves were scattered
through the tomb.
Now came the question as to wheth
er or not the mummies In the stone
cofllns would be found In any state of
pieservatlon. If they were they would
be the first mummies or that period
that ever had been found In condition
to bear removal to Europe. The whole
party gathered around eagerly while
the wooden nails were diawn carefully
fiom the coflln ot the high priest and
he was found In it just as he had been
put to rest when Egypt was young.
Jen-em-Jachwet was wiapped in a
long brown linen shroud. A colored
mask of linen and gypsum lay on his
face. The mask had a nanow bide
beaid and a long chin-beard, and the
eye had been made larger by stieaks
of vermilion. A big wig, parted in
the middle, was colored bright blue to
Imitate lapis-Iazull, showing that the
dead man had already become a god,
for the ancient Egyptian gods had hair
of lapis-Ia.uli.
Under the head was a wooden rest.
It Is shaped exactly like the wooden
pillow that Is used to this day in the
Sudan. By his side lay a little wooden
statue representing him. According
to Egyptian belief this statue was to
do the dead man's work for him in the
under world.
A woman was found next. She wns
a Sat-Nofer, the favorite of the king.
In that gorgeous life of 4,500 years ago
no doubt she had been beautiful and
clothed with rich apparel and sur
loundod with loveliness and luxury
But in death she was not to He as
lay tho true queen or her master
Placed In a rude coilln of thin wood
she was put away In a bare chamber
far from the habitations of the rojal
dead. Hardly any gifts were laid with
her. Instead, as if in Irony a grim
joke that was to wait for Inconeeh
able time to make Its point they laid
by the coffin of tho poor, forgotten
lourtcban a bronze mirror without a
handle and a little stone used for
giinding rouge.
As tho digging piogiessed from this
point tho history of decline became
uncovered. When the explorers
reached the remnants of the period
2000 before Christ they found habita
tions of priests, bhowing that tho tern
pie had votaries. But they were poor
and meager, like the ruined graves of
the khallfs. And when the workers
reached the remains of 1,300 years be
fore Christ they found that dust and
Band had even then buried the glori
ous dynasty and over them wero bun
dreds of mean graves.
HE Irrigation ditch
anil the salt evaporat
ing plants ot Utah arc
rapidly drluK up the
Gieat Salt Lake. The
il ci line of Kb wntors
has at Inst alarmed tho
business men of Salt
Lake City to such an
extent that they havo
petitioned tho Department ot the In
terior to pievent If possible, the con
tinuance of such phenomena They
sn that tho subsidence of these wa
teis will he a shtinknge of their pros
perity as well. With the Gieat Salt
Lake a mere brackish pool. or. should
their worst expectations come true, a
halt en field of salt, the thousands of
lsitorn who now go thither nnd spend
their money In the hotels, the snna
toriums and tho bathing pavilions will
go somowhoio else On the other
hand, tho fuimer asset ts that It Is
more Important to reclaim the thou
sands of tulles of dosuil laud In this
region than to pto.sorvo a great sea
of stagnant water.
Ever since tho (lient Suit Lake be
.'nine known to the white man it has
been soon to bo slosvlj evaporating,
for Investigation showed that tho
ptesent surface of 2,000 or more
square miles Is only a little remnant
of the sen of former times. Up to ro
dent years, however, tho dectcaso of
water has tosulted simply fiom slow
ivnporatlon in the suu'b rays.
Changes In the annual rainfalls may
aavo affected the depth of the waters
jllghtly Irom year to year, hut the de
cline of the wnteis was extremely
slow.
Tho question of preserving tho
Jlrent Salt Lake, therefore, enn slm-
Assembly
ply be pinned down to a fight between
the farmer and tho city man. Tho
farmer has learned that by Irrigation
he is able to transform tho arid, burn
ing, alkaline soil of the western coun
try into fields of luxuriant nlfalfa and
orchards of peach and plum. Accord
ingly, thousands of pioneers have peo
pled what was once a wilderness, and
vast areas in the debert have been re
claimed. Tho farmer has taken his water
from the streams which had hlthetto
flowed into the Great Salt Lake, the
final drain of all watercourses with
in the great confines of what is
known ns tho Great Basin, including
an area of about 210,000 square miles,
and comprising the western half of
Utah, tho greater part of Nevada and
portions of Eastern California, South
eastern Oregon, Southeastern Idaho
and Southwestern Wyoming. It was
Salt Palace.
(Bait I-nko City)
not long, therefore, before this diver
sion of water resulted In the rapid de
crease of tho volume of tho lake, and
in tho last fifteen years the surface
has fallen ten feet.
Ono evidence of the great commer
cial value of this lake to tho people
of the metropolis of Utah Is to ne
heen In the vabt amount of money ex
pended in a single bathing pavilion,
known as Saltalr Beach. Here a rail
road was built out on a trestle four
thousand foot Into tho lake. Tho wa
tors are bo shallow that even at this
distance from the shore they are
only waist deep. The pavilion Is like
i
a little city In Itself, with a central
dome sltnped building, a root much
like tho egg shaped covering of the
Mormon tnbornnclc, towers and bal
conies of Mooiish architecture, and
long sti etches of bathing rooms,
which oxtend on onch side llko tho
wings of a bird. The whole length
of tho strut ture Is nearly a quarter
of a mile, supported on piles, which
had to be driven through a bed of salt,
where holes weio made by means of.
jfete ga.tfVSI
Brlgham Young'a Grave-.
hot steam. Tho total cost ot the pa
Villon was $300,000.
Tho enterprise, however, has proved
a prospeious ono. The peculiar qual
ities of the water, In which the hu
man body floats as lightly as a cham
pagne cork In fresh water, brine 160,
000 lsltora hither annually. Next to
tho Dead Sea, these waters are tho
bilniest In the world. They hold so
much solid in solution that the mo
ment tho body which has been mois
tened by a dip is exposed to the air
It Is covered with glittering scales ol
Hall.
salt. If a bather does not take a fresb
water shower bath afterward, he will
get somo Idea of tho meaning of Mil
ton's expression, "cased In alabas
ter."
It is difficult to swim these waters,
as the foot fly out or the water. It la
a stiugglo oven to keep tho hands un
der, and a splash of the brine In the
eye or on the mucous membrane ol
tho nose or mouth causes sharp pain.
Tho easier method of propulsion is
simply to sit lu tho water as one
would In an easy chair, dipping tho
hands In n few Inches for an occa
sional shove. The boats that one finda
there have also to accommodate
themselves to the stubborn water.
They are built almost perfectly flat.
An ordinary craft in this heavy liquid
would prove top heavy. Salt gllstena
on the piles or the wharf, and on the
shore the- little wave of a foot In
height crashes on the beach with the
roar of a ponderous ocean billow.
Another bathing lesott Is at Garfield
Beach, which has an attendance ol
84,000 visitors annually, on the Ore
gon Short Line railroad, .which runs
from Salt Lake City to Portland. Ore.
Although at present nearly the size
of the State of Delaware, the Jake
was once 300 miles long and 180 miles
wide, and as large as Vermont and
New Hampshire, with Rhode Island
thrown in. It Is only necessary to
look at the wall-like mountains that
surround the present lake to see the
ripple marks of centuries ago. On
the slope of one ridge thirteen succes
sive benches, or beach marks ran hR
I found, which marked the varying
snores of the lake It is thus esti
mated that tho original depth of this
body of water was six hundred feet.
Its greatest depth now is less than
forty feet.
Suffer from Mississippi Trip.
Nearly every man who went with
President Roosevelt to shoot bear In
Mississippi came back with malarial
or "break-bone'' fever. Secret service
mon and others are having chills and
fevers. They were knocked complete
ly out by the miasmatic conditions of
the swamps. Tho President's secre
taries and stenographers did not es
cape, but apparently the trip had no
III effects upon the President.
To know temptation does not dishonor.
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