DAKOTA COUNTY HERALD; DAKOTA CITY, NEBRASKA.
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Such a Building Is a Valuable
Part of Most Farms of
Moderate Size.
LIGHT AND AIR ESSENTIAL
Special Provision Must Be Made for
Feeding and for Cleaning Out the
Litter and Storage Capacity
Should Be Large.
By WILLIAM A. RADFORD.
Mr William A. KadTord will answer
Questions and rIvo advlco PUEB OP
"OST on nil subjects pertaining to the
subject of building work on the farm, for
the readers of thla paper. On account of
his wldo experience as Editor, Author and
Manufacturer, ho Is, without doubt, tho
iilKhcst authority on all these subjects.
Aildrosi all Inquiries to WUUam A. Rad
ford, No. 1S27 Pralrlo avenue, ChlcaRO,
111., and only incloso two-cent stamp for
reply.
A Darn which will accommodate both
cows and horses la a valuuble part of
most moderate sized farms. It seldom
pays to construct tho largo number of
buildings which will separate tho dairy
herd and the beef herd from the horses
unless the farm is quite large and each
building may bo of fairly generous di
mensions. Iii case one barn Is used
for all purposes, there must bo arrange
tuenra inndo whereby the advantages
of separate housing for tho stock may
1)0 realized as folly as possible in that
part of the bam where tho stock Is
kept. Tho essential necessities to
maintain a healthy condition of the
f storo a grent deal or good feed In a
comparatively tmall space.
A size of barn design for use as both
n dairy mid a horse barn Is shown In
tho accompanying illustration. This
design Is tound to be very convenient
i on the average size farm requiring H1I3
typo or barn. The width Is J5U feet and
tho length Is 74 feet. The plan Is In
tended to represent si barn capable of
accommodating 22 cows and sis horses
In the standing stalls. In addition
there are three bos stalls which may
be used for any kind of live stock,
since they are separated from tho rest
of tho bnrn and may bo entered from
any sldo of the building. Tho bos
stnlls are very large and well lighted
nnd each has a hay rack built into one
corner of tho wall next to the feed
alley. The horso stalls are arranged
along the opposite side of tho building
from the box stalls and are provided
with strong 2 by 8 plauk partitions built
with air spaces between the planks to
facilitate ventilation. Tho horso sta
ble end of tho barn Is separated from
tho cow stable end by n wnll hi which
there arc three sliding doors. Four
Dutch doors nnd one slldlug door open
Into the horse stable.
Each cow stall has an Iron stall par
tition separating it from Its neighbors
on both sides. These partitions take
up practically no room and serve a
very good purpose In preventing the
cows from turning sideways and crowd
Ing the smaller animals. These par
titions really effect a saving in room
because they allow each cow just thG
right amount of space and, since they
, arc thin, they do not themselves deduct
from tho available space. Dairymen
who have iron stall partitions very sel
dom caro to get nlong without them
afterwards. Two steel mangers run
along the sides of the feed alley in the
center of tho bnni. A track Is fitted
overhead down tho center of this allej
from tho horso stable cud of the barn
to tho silo. This carrier track wlK
prove to be a great help In feeding the
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Horse Barn and Dairy Combined.
herd are thai, first, plenty of good light
ami sunshlno Is furnished, and, second,
that u generous Supply of clean, fresh
air Is always caused to circulate
through tho stalls.
In a barn used to house all tho live
stocfc oa the farm there Is a very Im
portant requirement which must bo
met In order to facilitate maintenance
of Uio animals without undue expense.
This is that special provision must be
made for feeding and for cleaning out
thd Utter.
SInoo tills building is no doubt tho
only ono in which feed may be stored,
It Is necessary that the capacity bo as
largo as possible, and in order to meet
tills prerequisite the roof must be care-
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Floor Plan.
fully desigucd. in include a maximum
eu in crosa section. Cross braces are
'jothersomo in filling tho mow and they
reduce- tho amount of material which
tho bnrn will hoM unless care Is taken
tor fill in around them compactly. The
best roof, then, r self-supporting roof,
usually of Uio gambrel type. FarmcrH
who becomo accustomed to feeding
their cattle- on ensiwgo and hnvo de
termined tho proper ration to use for
t'ach typo of emjr ur generally won
fTec to this method of feeding. They
rin rcqnlro a silo 1c connection with
their bom and win thus be able to
stock. Furthermore, a track Is placed
behind tho stalls for a litter carrier.
There are two of these extending from
one end of tho barn, nlong each side,
to the other end and on out to the
dump. There is no reason why this
barn cannot be kept clean and sanltarj
at all times and the saving in laboi
mado possible by these track carriers
for the manure, and also those for tho
feed, will pay tho cost of the equipment
In a very short time.
Tho construction of this barn Is dif
ferent from that of most barns In that
tho foundation wall extends up four
feet above tho ground line. Tho wall
Is of concrete started two and one-half
feet below grade with wide footings to
ensuro against settling or cracking.
In fact, it might bo said that tho whole
substructure of this barn is mado
in ono lnrgo piece, since the con
crete floor nnd foundation wall aro
poured together. This method of con
struction Is very practical for It not
only furnishes an exceptionally solid
base upon which to set tho wooden
superstructure, but It assists in reduc
ing the labor of cleaning tho barn due
to the smooth, hard floor surface.
Tho framework of tho building Is
plank frame construction starting from
tho top of tho wall. Plank frame truss
work extends from the top of tho wall
to tho peak of the roof. This frame is
solid, allows a clear mow Bpace with
out projecting cross-tilo members, and
when set upon tho concrete wall nnd
secured with anchor bolts will constitute-
a skeleton for the barn which will
Insuro long life nnd low depreciation.
Tho ventilating system consists of
four foul-air shafts, which reach from
near the floor to tho metal vcntllatora
on the peak. These four-air shafts aro
protected by tho corners of the build
ing next to the stable doors. There
aro three ventilators on tho roof, the
two end ventilators being used espe
cially to take care of the foul air from
Uio shafts, and tho ventilator at the
center is for the hay mow only. In
take pipes are provided tn the walls
in such u way as to tako the air In
from just above tho concrete wall and
deliver it Into the stable near the cell
ing. Tlds ventilating system Is partic
ularly efficient and forms a further Im
portant device for maintaining sani
tary conditions In the barn.
A modern barn structure of tho typo
discussed In tho previous paragraphs
Is an Investment which no owner of h
moderate sized farm will regret. It
will yield him long service with little
or no expenso of repairs nnd in Its life
time will more than pay for itself in
the labor saved In the prevention of
.sickness among the live stock miid
possible by the Ideal conditions unihc
which they may he placed.
David Starr Jordan, noted ed
ucator and pacifist tells what
fright fulness has been brought
by conflict in the tittle coun
tries of Eastern Europe :: A
grave problem still unsolved
(Courtesy American Museum Journal)
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T WAS my fortune, not long ago,
with three good friends and two
soldiers, to follow In a king's
automobile along the trail or
war. This was In Macedonia.
The line of nn army's march Is
not pleasant to look upon even
though the people along It had
not much to lose. The pinch of
suffering is very real even If, ns in the I'alkans,
folk have grown used to It. There aro two plain
marks by which you may recognize the path ol
war In a land of fanners. The ono Is tho charred
village, with its whitewashed stone walls black
ened by lire. Tho other is the presence here and
there In the plowed fields of throe poles fastened
together at the top, and from tho crotch a bnby
suspended just high enough to balilo Inquisitive
dogs or goats. Somewhere In tho Held, anywhere
in tho Ualknn valleys In May, you will sec one
woman driving or lending a bullock or a hulfnlo,
while another behind her holds the plow. The
men aro In the army or else they .were there.
The memory I shall longest hold of Montenegro
Is a picture taken by my guide, Antonio Hclnweln,
of this land of stony graves, of the resolute people
of tho Hmestono crngs who have never done hom
age to the Turks nor to any other outside power.
It will be remembered that all these Balkan folk
were for years under the dominion of tho Turk,
nnd that none of them have been free for half a
century. The Turk was most acceptable when ho
was asleep. When he was awake, ho had his own
Ideas of "Union and Progress." Union meant uni
formity. A nation should huvc ono ruler, ono flag,
one religion, one language. Progress was his way
of bringing about this condition. This was by mas
scarce. And ns the actual Turks were few In num
ber, ruling over nn empire of Slavs, Greeks, Ital
ians, Jews, Armenians, Albanians, Kurds, Egyp
tians, Moors and Arabs, It demanded elernnl vlg
Hanco to keep them nil In n state of union and
progress.
Theso people have had constantly before them
tho cholco of revolt, conversion, nsslmllntiop, bnn
Iflhment nnd massacre. And at ono time or an
other, some of each race have chosen pnch one of
these, often two or thrco of them nt once. Mean
while, following tho wicked lead of Bismarck nnd
Disraeli, Europe has kept tho Turk alive, because
from financiers In each nation, the Ottoman sultnu
has borrowed considerable sums of money.
Macedonia lies along tho southern slopes of the
Balkan peninsula. It Is a fertile region crossed by
chains of rounded mountains, with green valleys
and Bwlft streams, in physical conditions not un
llko the south of France. It has 45,000 square
miles of territory, Is about as large ns the state of
Maine, with a population nearly two-thirds that
of tho city of Now York, and before tho war of
liberation it had about S.'-'SO.OOO people. Tho ma
jority of these were Bulgarian In blood nnd they
were allowed to have their own churches and
schools.
As to the campaigns which have desolated
Macedonia In the last few years wo need say only
a word. Tho history of the two Balkan wars Is
given with accuracy and Justice in the monumental
report of tho Balkan commission of tho Carnegie
endowment, n document of especial value in any
study of tho conditions preceding the "third Bal
kan war" which today has set tho world in flames.
Tho first Balkan war was altruistic as far as
any war can he. Its purpose was tho relief of a
distressed people, suffering for centuries from the
laxities of Turkish rule, always Incompetent nnd
everywhere unscrupulous, nnd on tho other hand
continuously overrun by tho outlaw patriots which
kept the land In incessant turmoil.
The Bnlkan alliance was a Russian Inspiration.
It was planned by Hartwlg, Russian minister nt
Belgrade, "the ovll genius of tho Bnlkans," It
ended In tho treaty of London, whero tho blind In
termeddling of tho powers, bullied by Austrian In
trigue, agreed only on the kingdom of Albania,
leaving the states to tight It out so far as Mace
donia wns concerned. This brought on tho second
Balknn war. In which Bulgarian diplomacy inndu
nil the mistakes it had a chance to make.
The treaty of Bucharest left Mncctl mla crossed
i'wom7 dizmj2?j?oJr
by artificial boundaries. The effect of Intolerance,
worst In Greece, bad enough everywhere, was to
drive out of each nation all who belonged to the
wrong language or religion. I do not say race, for
they arc nIlvof the .same general stock, oven the
bulk of the "Turks" and Greeks. This has filled
tho region with refugees, men nnd women whose
fault Ik that they lived on the wrong sldo of tho
boundaries mado for them In tho treaty of
Bucharest.
Passing down tho long highway which leads over
200 miles from Sofia to Saniokov nnd Duhnltza In
old Bulgaria, then across the border of Macedonia,
down tho Struma river past Dzumala to Pctritch,
wo found everywhere tho Bulgarian refugees from
tho Salonlkl district In Greek Macedonia. Theso
have been roughly estimated at 50,000 In number.
Home of these hnve been given fnrms or houses
abandoned In Macedonia by Turks wlu followed
the Turkish army away. Others received farms
left by Greeks when the Greek army Went bnck
after the treaty of Bucharest. The government
grants each person some fourpenco n day. Some
find work, but after tho war there are few employ
ers. Tho cost of living has doubled, tho means of
living has fallen. At Petrltch, near tho present
boundary of Greece, there were hundreds of these
waiting about on the stone sidewalks day by day.
They were waiting for the powors to revise the
treaty of Bucharest and give them bnck their
homes In the region above Salonlkl. Somo local
Journal had said that this revision was coming
soon. It was my duty to assure them that It would
never come. Tho phrase In Sofia, "Europe exists
no more," Is tho truth so far as Balkan affairs aro
concerned.
The reason for that Is clearer now. Europo was
paralyzed by the great terror which has since
i-ome on It In nn unthinkable catastrophe. There
were some In the "concert of powers," who were
striving to bring on this catastrophe. Tho "war
of steel and gold" was about to glvo plnco to real
war, which would end, they hoped, In speedy vic
tory and world power. It has not ended In thut way.
It has not yet ended at all. But those who moBt
looked forward to war were the ones who had
least conception of Its certain consequences.
In the wholo length of tho Strumn valley In
western Macedonia, towns hnvo been burned In
wholo or pnrt by tho Greek army which pursued
the Bulgarians us far n the old border of Bul
garia. In Greek Macedonia, at tho hands of jonie
one or nil of tho threo successive nrmles Turkish,
Bulgarian and Greek most of tho towns between
Salonlkl and Orama have suffered tho same fate.
Each of theso towns has now Its share of Greek
refugees from Turkish Thrace. Theso have been
estimated by Greek authorities as numbering !UK),
000. They have come bv railway from Adrinnople
In box cars belonging to tho Greek government.
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These cars are left nt tho various stations, n dozen
or moro at each. In these the people keep thelt
bedding and their scanty effects. The government
of Greece allows them two or threo sous u dny,
with rlco which they cook on iltn of thistles nnd
other weeds.
in a Turkish Journal, vigorous complaint was
mado against the Albanian refugees In Thrace as
more "proficient with tho Mauser than with the
plow, and skillful only ns cattle thieves." A' plea
was nindo for bringing back tho Bulgarian farm
ers as far moro desirable neighbors. "Tho Bul
garians aro now our friends."
In tho larger towns, as Salonlkl and Kllkush, tho
refugees are ranged In tent cities, ten thousand or
more In ono encampment. There were perhaps
00,000 Greek refugees a llttlo moro than a year
ago along tho road from Drama to Salonlkl.
When I was at Salonlkl tho Turks were leaving
In great numbers: 212,000 took steerage passago
for Stamhoul In ono month. Salonlkl (Thessn
lonike), benutlfully situated, In full fnco of Mount
Olympus nnd with a noble hnrbor, bhould bo one
of tho great cities of the world. In the aftermath
of tho second Balkan wnr It lost half Us populn
Hon. It Is no better off today than in tho tlmei
when St. Paul called out for help In Macedonia.
Harsh and often terribly brutal operations
In Serbia and Greece result from the unchecked
operations of the military element. Tho soldier,
as such, considers neither oconninle conditions nor
tho soul of man. It was claimed that tho two wlso
ministers Pashltch In Belgrade and Venlzelos In
Athens were both opposed to the policy of repres
sion. Both would, If they couhl, Imvo proclaimed
religious linguistic tolerance In those parts of Mac
edonia turned over to them by tho treaty of
Bucharest. But tho fact of victory, and especially
victory over their sister state, Bulgaria, Intoxicates
tho military, and fills the moli with thp "enst
wind." In such times the civil authority cannot
hold its own against the military.
Bulgaria recognized better the value of toler
ance. A Greek church nnd school stand undis
turbed In Sotln. In the Bulgarian national assem
bly there are about a dozen Turkish deputies, rep
resenting Thrace. These Turks, supporters all ot
the king, hold the baluneo of power against tlm
combined democrats nnd socialists, the group op
posed to all war. Tho spirit of hate Is still ver
strong nmong tlm people of Bulgaria. They hato
Hounmnln, ns the robber-state who lifts done them
the most harm. They hate Greece.
There can never be settled quiet In the Ent
until the "Bnlkaus belong to tho Balkans," until
civil authority everywhere dominates tho mllltar?
and until customs unions and other unions rnusA
these people to realize that one fate befalls thutu
all nnd that the welfare of each state Is bound up
In that of Its neighbor.
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