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INCE the excavation In Crete, which
changed the Mlnoan myths Into his
torical fact and revealed the exis
tence of a great island empire that
existed in the Aegean long before
Greek civilization began, there have
been few discoveries of greater in
terest and importance than those
which have recently been made by
Professor Garstang at Meroo, in the Sudan.
Professor Sayce In 1909 located the site ot the
flty of Meroo on the east bank of the Mlo, be
tween the Fifth and Sixth Cataracts, and the ex
cavations carried on by Professor Garstang at
the end of 1909 enabled the details ot the Ethio
pian capital to become known. The Temple of
Anion, where the Ethiopian Kings were crowned,
was also discovered- Even mere interesting is
the excavation of the beuutibul Sun Temple, .
which was discovered at the cage of the khor.
or meadow, thus confirming the account of Hero
dotus, who tells us that Cambyses sent to the
Ethiopian King to inquire about ' the Table of
Ihe Sun ' in a meadow ''in the suburbs of the
capital, where cooked meats were set each
night." There is no doubt that this building is
referred to in the Homeric legend that Zeus
and the other gods feasted every year for twelve
days among the blameless Ethiopians. Many
others buildings were also explored, and the
Temples of the Lion and the Kenlsa were dis
covered. It may be noted that the lion emblem
was of frequent occurrence, and may probably
bave been the totem of the district. Many beau
tiful objects were dug up by the expedition. in-
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eluding forty inscriptions in the hieroglyphics
cf Meroe, two royal statues, and a great many
vases of a new kind of pottery, objects of wood
and glass, titles and pottery. Especially inter
esting was the pottery which is almost as thin
as biscuit china, and gives evidence of Roman
influence. Professor Sayce found Greek inscrip
tions showing how the city was destroyed at
the end of the fourth century A. D., by a King
cf Axum, since which event the city was un
occupied. Ethiopia was the name given by the Greeks
to a country couth of Egypt variously conceiv
ed as Including only Nubia (Aethiopia Aegypti),
or Nubia, Sonnar, Kordofan and Abyssinia, or a
region extending indefinitely east and west
trom the Upper Nile, but applied after the fall
tit Meroe more particularly to Abyssinia. The
name is said to have had its origin from the
fact that It was alluded to by the Greeks as a
country of sunburned faces.
Historically there were three distinct king
doms known as Ethiopia, those of Napata, Me
roe and Askum. There is no definite evidence
that either of these included at any time all
the territory between the southern border of
Egypt and Bab el Mandeb.
Already in the time of the old empire the
Egyptians had relations with their southern
neighbors. From the forests cf Nubia they ob
tained a large proportion of their timber, and
the city of Abu (Elephantine) derived Its name
from the ivory which found its way to this
place from the interior of Africa. King Uncas
(c 3290-32G0 D. C.) employed warriors belong
ing to six Nubian tribes in his war upon the
Hedoulns. The early pictorial representations
ef Nubian archers do not suggest that they
were negroes. A regular conquest of the coun
try south of Syene apparently was not under
taken until the twelfth dynasty (c. 2522-2323).
The most powerful Nubian people at this time
was Kash or Kosh, the Hebrew Cush. It Is
probable that the stock was originally Hamltlc,
though In course of time It absorbed various
'Negrillo tribes. Usertesen III (c. 2409-2372)
fstablished his frontier north of the second
cataract and built for its protection two forts
nt Semneh and Kummeh on opposite sides of
the river. Whether the Hyksos kings ever held
possession of this territory Is doubtful. At any
late it had to be reorganized by Aahmes (1575
"jn;i), the founder of the eighteenth dynasty
and bis successors. Napata piobably had been
Ihe capital of the independent kingdom, since
1t vai made the residence of the viceroy, en
iiik'd prince of Kosh, who governed the new
lv?v;ti;in province. In the time of Hanieses II
there was an unsuccessful rebellion. I'lanchl
who peenis to have reigned In Napata since 777,
5.:ii!ei! liiuui'-lf of the weaklier of Egypt at tho
ncl ni tlr; r ign of Uasarken III to mako an In-iii-l;ri
oi Egypt. He defeated twenty petty
rul'TK aul forced a treaty. Shabaka. ;i grand
ton of I'i:inchi, united all Egypt with Ethiopia
i :ii'!er one clown. Napata was destroyed by
C.w.l se.s in '21.
-. - i 41 11
and third centgrles A. D-
On a marble throne in Adults, Cosmos
Indlcopleustes found and copied in the sixth
century an Inscription commemorating the pover
of a great king whose name Is not given. He
is supposed by Borne scholars to be the founder
of the Askumlto kingdom, but it is more prob
able that he reigned at the end of the third
century A. D. King Aizana is known to have
reigned In the year A. D. 356. In his time
Frumentlus preached Christianity in the coun
try. The political relations that had long ex
isted between Askum and Rome were such as
to favor his mission. In 378 Askum was re
duced to its African territory. In A. D. 525
Elesbaas, king of Askum, with the aid of the
Sabaen and Hadramautian rulers, made an
end to the HlmyarJJte kingdom of Dhu Nuwaa,
and Ethiopia again controlled Arabian territory.
Before the end of the century, however, the
Askumites were driven back to Africa, and
never again extended their conquests to Arabia
According to a letter addressed to a king of
Nubia in the time of the Patriarch Phllotheug
of Alexandria (980-1002), preserved in the four-
A new kingdom
gradually arose In
the south after the
fall of Napata, with
Meroe as its capital. The kings, Arura, Har
slot, Nastasen, who reigned in the fifth and
fourth centuries, conquered considerable ter
ritory south of Meroe in Seunar and Kordofan,
and possibly In Abyssinia. While the suzer
ainty of the Ptolemies seems to have been rec
ognized for religious reasons. King Ergamenes,
by putting to death the priests vho had de
manded that he should abdicate in the time of
Ptolemy IV Philopator (221-204), paved the way
for independence. Ptolemy V. Eplphanes (204
181) was able to resist his attack upon Egypt,
but not able to prevent his asserting of sover
eignty in Ethiopia. Queen Candace seems to
have extended her power in the north, and
twenty-five provinces are said to have beeu
tributary to her. But her invasion of Egypt
was successfully resisted by Caius Petroniua
in B. C. 24. Napata, that had been rebuilt, was
destroyed by the Romans. Another Queen
Candace is mentioned In Acts vili. But gradu
ally Meroe itself fell into ruins. To guard
against invasion by the Blemmyans, a people
akin to the Bugaitae, the modern Beja, Diocle
tian moved the Nobatae, negro tribes of the
same stock as the population of Kordofan. from
the oasis of Khargeh Into the Nile valley.
The mountain region of Abyssinia was prob
bably Inhabited in very early times by Somites
as well as Karaites. Whether the original home
of the former was in Africa or in Arabia the
overflow population would naturally set in the
direction of this Alpine country. As the native
name shows, the Semitic Ethiopians were still
in the nomadic state when they entered this
territory, priding themselves on being wan
derers, roaming freely wherever they liked.
There were evidently successive waves of im
migration. If the Egyptian Hbst is of Semitic
origin, as can scarcely be doubted, they were
apparently kinsmen of the Yemenites in Eretrla
and on the Somali coast c. 1500 B. C. Sebaean
Inscriptions found in Yeha, the ancient Awa.
may be as old as the seventh century B. C.
As long as the Ptolemies domnlnate the
Erythrean coast from AdulU. Berenice and Ar
slnoe, a strong Abyssinian kingdom could not
well develop. But in the reign of Augustus,
when the Romans suffered brious reverses In
Arabia, and were occupied lr Africa with
Queen Candace, while the Arsacid conquests in
eastern Arabia forced the Yemenite Staten to
seek compensation for their losses elswhere.
the Semitic element in Ethiopia seems to have
been reinforced, and the kingdom of Askum
founded. The "IV-rlplus maris Krythroei," prob
ably written by Katies between A. D. 56 and
67, refers to a king of Askum by the name of
ZosraloB, who controlled tho coast from Masso
wuh to Bab el Mandeb, and was a friend of
Greek culture. It is possible that fome of the
Greek coins with Greek legends that have been
preserved should be assigned to the second
f if e
'1 J ' '
I! .
icenin century "Life of the Patriarchs" and in
tne fcthloplc Synaxar," a woman who reigned
oyer the Benl el Hamuna had recently Invaded
tne country, burned the churches and mona
teries, and driven him from place to place. Ma.
nanus victor pt?aks of thU woman as the foun
der of the Zague dynasty, und as having mar
ried a ruler of the province of Bugna, a namo
afterwards corrupted Into Benl el Zague,
Eleven kings of the so-called Zague dynasty
reienea until 1270.
The earliest monuments of Semitic speech in
Ethiopia are the inscriptions found at Yeha.
These are written in the consonantal Sabaen
script and indicate that the writers used the
lesna Gees, the language of Semitic Ethiopia,
as early as the seventh century B. C. Geea
i louay represented by two dialects, Tigre and
Tigral or Tlgrlna. The latter Is spoken In
i igre, ana the former Is spoken in the dlstrlcti
norm ana northwest of Tigre, and shows grea
similarity to the old Gee.
Ways of Berlin Worn
en
"l believe that the typical German hausfrau
Is a myth," said a New York woman who re
turned the other day from a year's residence
in Germany. "I don't see how the average
German woman finds any time to be a haus
frau. I sometimes wondered when the Ger
man woman found time to do anything at
home.
"I spent eight months in Berlin with my
daughter, who was studying music. From
eleven to twelve In the morning the cafes
were packed with Herman women, who go out
to take their second breakfast In the public
restaurants, a thing unknown in America.
"They take along their sewing or embroid
ery and sit an hour or two over their cup of
coffee or glass of beer. At the concerts, too,
they take their work and spend hours day
after day listening to the music. You can spend
an afternoon listening to beautiful music, a
magnificent orchestra with fine vocal artists,
for 10 cents. That Is an Illustration of some
of the things that help to exile Americans.
"At threw in the afternoon again you will
see the cafe crowded with German women tuk
ing their ;,lternoon ten. i think American
women are more domestic than German bo-ca-i.ie
I never heard ot American women 'who
left their homes in the evening to pass the
ume at tho club. A German friend took m
one evening to the German women's club. Th
club has a magnificent suite of apartments, in
cluding auditorium, reading room, parlor, eafa
oiiu mnoHing room.
"When she took me Into the last apnrvment
it almost feazed mo for a minute. It was blu
with smoke I had never before soon a room
fl ed with elegantly gowned, cultivated women
all smoking. These were the wealthy society
women of Berlin, titled Eome of them.
"They were cosmopolitan In their dress and
manners and did not present any striking
points of dlferenca from the American women
except In the smoking. It made the occur
rence of last summer, when our Immlgratioi
officials detained a second class passenger i
woman art dealer, for Inquiry Into her san'm
because she smoked cigarettes, appear very
funny In retrospect. '
.v, "PleG:'rnia" "omen's clubs, like those ol
the Englishwomen, are based on tho same prln
c P e as men's clubs; these are places for so
cial enjoyment und for the convenience ol
members in taking meals, entertaining frlendl
and so on. They do not take up work in study
philanthropy, refouu und so on. like tho woire
en's clubs In America."
Styles in Sailors' Dish
es
fssiirr cf Wind-jammer Brings New
Fashion in Menu for Sea
Going Men.
"lw.-'s body?'" said the steamship
ffTner. in answer to a passenger's
i',ii"ry. "Why. 'dog's body' Is a dish
peculiar to the sailing ship and tramp.
There r.ie several others, hut they
M'eni to !) dying out with the wind
jai:r:.cr, us ycu seU'jni hear of them
tliesL- days. Tho new style of ships
and men brin8a forth new style dish
es. For Instance, there Is 'black pun'
and hoodie.' dishes seen regularly u
tho quarters of the seamen and sto
kers respectively.
" 'Black pan' consists of chicken
ham and roast beef. The variety, how'
ever, consists of scraps of food from
the saloon tables and is given to the
men by the chef as unfit for other
use. Every evening after dinner two
of the men go aft to the galley and get
a couple of punfuls of tho delicacies
which they wld otherwise never get
their tevth Info. All the grub des
tlned for the sailors Is thrown Into a
big pan in tho galley; hence the name.
Why the pan Is called black I cannot
Bee.
'"Hoodie" Is a dish peculiar to the
stokers. It is also made from scraps
from the saloon tables, with the ex
ception that occasionally raw pork and
beef are used in its make-up. So far
as I can learn. It Is made as follows;
Elrst, all meat la stripped from the
bones and thrown on a chopping
board, along with some raw onions,
potatoes and the like. After It Is
chopped Into small pieces a liberal
quantity of salt, forecastle butter, bay
leave and other seasoning Is added,
the whole being thoroughly mixed
Each stoker has brought a tin bucket'
ubourd with him. und Into his buck st
he places his 'whack' of the mixture,
"fter giving the bucket a liberal cost
ing of butter. Then tho cover Is blared
over (he whole. On going duty ht
carries his bucket down with him. and
Places It among the ushes under his
H--. Hy the end of his watch It Is
-noroughly cooked, us you can Imag-
ne. and Is carried up the ladders as
he goes off duty. When cooked if Is
hoodie, and. to Judge by Its aroma.
Is a rich and rare dish. H,w It d
rived tg Hni0 l8 uore tl(n caj
A souvenir by any other name would
probably be called trash.
Mr. William A. Hartford will niuwrr
(urMlons and ntve ailvlcn KREK OF
COST on alt utiUvtx pertaining to the
aubjoct of building for the reader of
thla paper. On account of lils wide expe
rience aa Editor. Author and Manufac
turer, he la, without doubt, the blsrheat
authority on all thrae auhlecta. Address
all Inquiries to William A. ICndforil. No.
194 Fifth Ave.. Chicago. III., and only en
close two-cent atamp for reply.
It often seems that the stylo or ap
pearance of the houso doesn't make
so much difference as the site on
which it Is built In every town and
village there are examples that prove
this. There are delightful llitle
places set back among shade trees
and flowers, the house renDr vnrv
plain and ordinary in design, which
give one a restful, homelike feeling
ay walking past.
Then for every one of this kind
there Is one of the other, to keep the
Daiance, probably. Every town hna
them. The house la lartre and nnm.
pous, quite an architectural creation,
In fact; but It is set down on a small
lot, crowded in, with all the trees and
snruuDery cut down to make room
for it. In spite of its slz n and rant
a residence of this kind is very far
rrom attractive. The home builder
would scarcely take such as a model:
yet many times the real element of
success in planning the erection of a
home are overlooked and barren.
uninviting place is the result.
Tho experienced home builder will
always, U possible, select a rnni?h and
wooded site; If It Is slightly hilly so
much the better. It is true the labor
and expense for grading and prepar
ing the site for the building and for
smoothing op the ground afterward
is greater, but the satisfaction and
success ef the project is also greater,
and the attractiveness ot the place
Increases as the years go by, while
the extra labor at the beginning is
very soon forgotten.
Almost any style of house harmo
nizes well with such stirroiindlnira nnfi
Is Improved la appearance by the
natural Deauties or tho buildfno- nit
Some materials and sonio styles of
Douse architecture eem especially
aell suited, however, for such use.
The accompanying design is one of
Jiese.
It is planned something on the bun-
wlth a living room occupying the en
tire space at the left, while the dining
room with the kitchen back of it I
at the right. On the second floor
thore aro three bedrooms and a bath
room, also four clothes closets.
H is a design and arrangement
FEW5
Second Floor Plan.
thnt would be hard to Improve upu
for anyone desiring a comfortable res
idence of artistic appearance. The
cost Is estimated at $4,000, Including
a good grade of plumbing and lighting
and first-class basement heating plant.
KEEP WIFE AS SWEETHEART
Schemes by Which the Husband May
Retain the Love of Hi
Spouse.
If your wife does not love you as
she did when you were married, you
must have fallen off In your attentions.
Remember that a wife is only a sweet
heart a few years later. Make be
lieve that sho is still your sweetheart.
When you go home from business
havo the maid send yonr name up
just as In the old days. A wife like
these little attentions, and if she Is
the right sort she will send down word
that sho will be down in a few minutes.
Then put a five-pound box of candy
In a prominent place and wait patient
ly. When you hear her coming, run
to meet her and kiss her in a manly
way as if you had waited all day for
the privilege. Then give her the
candy. If there Is but one chair In
the room let her sit In it while you
stand". Now toll her the events of the
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galow order, with prominent roof,
broad on the ground and not overly
high.
A distinctive feature of this design
is the use of cobblestones in the large
chimney and fireplace. These could
also be employed very effectively for
the foundation of the building.
A cobblestone wall can be made
very attractive If the man laying it
properly understands the work. In
any kind ot stonework the mason
must use his head as well aa his
hands. The more variety of color.
shape and size can be obtained the
more attractive appearance will a
cobblestone wall present The stone
should be rather large and laid at
I
H
First Floor Plan.
random, not la rows, and should fit
together closely so that few ot the
mortar Joints are more than one-half
Inch thick. The Btones should stand
out prominently and should not be
plastered to a smooth surface with
mortar, neither should any broken
edges be visible. A good workman,
by the proper use of cobblestone, as
shown In this design, can secure a
very ornamental effect and one exact
ly in keeping with the general atmos
phere of the rustic site on which the
house is built.
For the walls of this house either
clapboards or shingles may be used.
Shingles are always appropriate for
the walls of a house of simple design,
especially In connection with cobble
stone work. There are various pleas
ing ways In which shingles may be
lu.i.1 to suit those who consider the
ordiuary method of laying the shingles
in uniform rows, five inches to the
weather, too monotonous. A pleasing
variation Is to place the shingles lu
alternate rows of two and eight Inches
to the weather. This requires no
niore material or labor and gives a
very attractive appearance. The
shingles on the roof, however, should
always be laid In the regular way.
A glance at the floor plans will
shew a very convenient and comfort
able arrangement of space in this
bouse. There is a large central hall.
day In the office in a witty way that
will appeal to her love of fun.
When the dinner bell rings, hand
her a bunch of American beauties, pull
out her chair for her and tie her nap
kin round her neck yourself. Then,
with a low bow, seat yourself opposite
ber and begin to praise the food. Ask
her to make sprightly remarks, and
laugh heartily at them. Urge her to
tell you about the cook's doings. Just
before dessert, show her the orchestra
seats you have bought for the opera
for that night
Never light a cigar until you have
asked her whether she objects to
smoke. She may always say no, but
there is no telling when ber taste may
change, and no gentleman will smoke
when his wife objects to it. Give her
twice as much as she wants for aa
allowance, and always forestall any re
quests she may be about to make.
In this way you will retain your
wife's love and forever lead a Darby
and Joan life. Charles Battell Loo
mis in the Delineator.
Seared Would-Be Thief.
Coroner's Physician O'Hanlon was
riding in the subway recently when h
drew from his side pocket of his coat
his gold watch, which he had hurriedly
dropped there upon getting it baclc
from the watchmaker. He was about
to fasten It to his chain and put it la
his waistcoat pocket when he noticed
a straphanger looking Intently at him.
The face was familiar, and in a mo
ment Dr. O'Hanlon recognized the
straphanger as a pickpocket that he
had several times seen in a police
court. Instead of putting his watch
in his waistcoat he slipped it back
Into his coat pocket Every few min
utes he drew it out and looked at it as
though in a hurry. Meanwhile the-
pickpocket gradually shifted hla posi
tion near to Dr. O'Hanlon. As the
train drew into the Seventy-second
street station the thief was immediate
ly behind the doctor, and preparing to
try to sit down next to him. Again
tho doctor put his hand In his coat
pocket, but instead of hla watch he
brought forth his badge of officer a
shield that very much resembles the
shield of a captain of police:
"You should have seen that fellow
get off that train," said Dr. O'Hanlon.
"A snowflake In August wouldn't van
ish quicker than he did." New York
Sun.
Near.
"Did I understand you to say h
was a near relative of yours?"
"Yes. He Is a second cousin."
"I shouldn't call that very near." j
"But he's Scotch."
