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MANNEK IN WHICH THE AIR SUPPORTS THE AEROPLANE, SHOWN
i
The difficulty of keeping on a straw hat when motoring or driving may help to Illus
trate the Drst principle of governing the aeroplane, says the London Sphere. Setting out
on a calm day, It will ho found that the current of air rushing against one's hat Increases
with the speed of the car, and further. It will he noted that the tendency of this horizontal
current of air Is to lift the hat upward off one's head. The rim of the hat Is usually tilted
at a Blight angle, and it Is in effect a kind of aeroplane. The greater the speed at which
It Is moved through the air the greater Is the uplifting pressure of the air against It. Thi
upward reaction of the air gives support to every flying machine. Experimenters first de
signed gliding machines of light weight and with large bearing surfaces, and to gain the
necessary support from the air they leaped off hills or ran down Inclines. When the proper
speed was attained the machine rose In the air. Thus gliding was accomplished. He It
noted that for gliding machines man has departed from the bird type with flapping wings.
The gliders and the glider aeroplanes have fixed planes.
But It was soon found that these glides could only be of short duration, for the
forward speed of the machine rapidly declined, and thus the upward supporting pressure
of the air diminished. In the same way, when the speed of the motor car declined there
would bo less difficulty In keeping one's straw hat on. It was obvious that there should
be an artificial propelling force to keep up the velocity of the machine. This Idea was
tested with models by shooting them front catapults and other devices, and Is still em
ployed for toys and demonstration purposes. A bullet shot from a gun Is also in effect a
flying machine, the enormous velocity imparted to it enabling It. to make a long flight
through the air.
As continuous velocity was essential, It soon became evident, however, that the best
way of maintaining the velocity of a flying body was to have this propulsive power pro
vided on board of the vessel itself. Experiments made with the propellers mounted on
motor cars showed that a good speed could be obtained from a vehicle running on the
road by fitting It with aerial propellers. Acting on the air, the screws move the whole ap
paratus forward just as a ship's propellers drive It through water. Airship propellers
could thus be tested for their efficiency by use on road vehicles, and the method well Illus
trates the suitability of the air as a medium In which to use propellers.
5 -V .
OW much money can a
TTjST I woman spend? We dare
I anybody to give us a few
millions oi uoii.ii cimi
Jet us find out, writes
Mme. Qui Vive in the
Chicago Record-Herald.
How much money Is a woman likely
to spend? All that she doesn't save,
and saving Isn't her particular spe
cialty or profession. Is it importani
that she shall spend JIO.OOO a year on
ullky raiment, line feathers, toolsie
coverings of gold and bronze, silk ho
siery and sweet nothings of lace with
ribbons run through? It may be im
portant, but to most, of us it's not
true. Mrs. Howard Could says that
she requires $10,000 a month, or $120.
000 a year, in order to live decently
as bef'us a lady of fashion. The news
of it rattur dazed some who have
dashed iibout in grand style and much
fashion on $0 a week, and put iiemey
in the bank during th dashing.
If it were not for the women coin
dingers, what would become of tills
great country of ours, anyway? There
would be no need of tariff discussions
and the Infant Industries would die
from lack of nourishment. How many
male Kl'iijipers invade the bi depart
ment siores? A few timid, unuselike
ATCHISON GLOBE SIGHTS.
Every crors man Is a sick man.
The more money a girl bus, Mie less
jhe car. s for the men.
Von can't stuff some people R't much
that they will bo grateful.
There is tmrh a thing as showing In
justice in clatnoiing for JustiCa.
Everyone thinks he can te'l you
what Is the trouble with his toffn.
Every woman gives tho idea that her
social obligations ran her to death.
I t i I i titiS "-. . MX .7 J -r-
hfi iX mW3ht' &
creatures, who scurry to the neckwear
department and out again or who ven
ture into tho maelstrom of skirts and
i.arasoLs to nui-chase an occasional
pair of purple sunset socks. If wom
en didn t spend money the merchant
would be a rare curiosity to be seen
only in the dime museum.
The small items are the ones that
count up the fastest and count for
practically nothing. When a worn in
gets a hat mad on and flutters iuto
a mlllluery-shop to go Insane for an
hour or two, there's no limit to the
number of hats she may select. As
Ions as she keeps from fainting she
can continue to pick out, even though
her hair net may fall by the wayside
and her false puffs give up the gho:t.
At a fashionable milliner's establish
ment few hats are listed under $10. A
sini'Ie plume may cost $200. A wom
an can spend $1,000 for skypieces
without great fatigue of mind or body.
And If she has a fortune she frequent
ly does it.
When it comes to jewelry, there is
of course no end to the outpouring of
gold. Iiiainond.i and pearls, filigree
and eim raids, rubies and turquoise all
cost real money of large denomina
tion. For veils and hosiery, handkerchiefs
When a man is asleep, and forgets
that he Is alive, is his happiest time.
Hunting is Greatly Encouraged by
the men who have ammunition to sell.
Speaking of great contempt; ever
hear a barber discussing safety
razors?
Being afraid you will earn more
than you are getting Is not the way to
get .more.
If the fools don't control the world,
it Isn't because they are .jt In th
majority.
5"
DIAGRAMMATICAIXY IN THREE
and gloves a woman can spend a for
tune every year. A pair of corsets of
good make will cost $23 and no cor
set Is considered fit to wear after a
month or six weeks that is, by the
coin-distributor who loves to let the
money fly away or fly by, as the case
may be. Handkerchiefs must be edged
with real lace, gloves must be of the
finest quality and discarded Instead of
cleaned, hosiery must never be worn
after a toe has peeked through or a
heel has developed little windows.
I'ndermuslins must be handmade,
trimmed with real lace edge or done
with finest hand embroidery. Negligee
flutters and frills can be most expen
sive, and dressing robes and kimonos
are no trifling matter.
Mrs. Howard Gould isn't the only
woman of extravagant tastes. There
are others, and we hear about them
frequently. Miss Guilia Moroslnl, the
New York girl of prominence, says
that she cannot dress well on less
than $200,000 a year. It was a common
report that she spent, half that amount
lor gowns for the horse show one
year.
Mrs. Russell Sage Is another money
11! tiger. It is said that her husband
earned $3,000 a day, and she has been
giving money away at the rate of
$.".,1100 a day, going him $2,000 better,
in one year she donated $14,000,000 to
charity. At tho death of her husband
.Mrs. Sage was estimated to be worth
$100,000,000. The Gould family con
trols $S0, 000,000. Mrs. Hetty Green's
fortune ranges between $!i0, 000,000
and $00,000,000.
Once again: How much money can
a woman spend? The reply to the
problem Is: First show us the wom
an. There are Katherine Could and
there are Hetty Greens, tho spend
thrifts and the misers. What would
bring Joy to Mrs. Gould would create
misery in the thrifty soul of J let. The
talent of one Is to waste and the abil
ity of the other Is to save.
Few women can say how much
noney a woman can spend. Tho ma
jority have never had a chance to lind
out. I'erhaps it Is just as well since
the genuine supreme testacy of ex
travagance is to buy something you
don't need when you cannot possibly
afford it. Yes?
The use of chlorine in the propor
tion of live parts to one million, ac
cording to the Geological Survey, will
ptactlcally disinfect ordinary sewage.
The tungsten incandescent lamp Is
the first artificial light by which all
colors can bo dist Inguishcd.
A horso census of England, conduct
ed by the government, revealed that,
while the number was not decreasing,
there was an alarming lack of ani
mals of suitable lyi.es.
Electricity has replaced mules as
the motive power on the street rail
ways of Sautn, the Brazilian city from
wlih h bo nr i coffee is exported.
A novel potato digger Invented by
an Indiana man loads the tubers by
an t'lidless chain Into the wagon to
wukn the machine Is nttachd
STAGES ON THE GROUND, LEAVING
The last btage was to obtain the gliding machine, mount an engine on this, and
set It, to drive one or more propollers. The action of the screw was to force the machine
along the ground first, and then as spiVd Increased and air resistance grew greater, the
whole apparatus would be lifted bodily off the ground, provided the upward nlr pressure
was able to overcome the downward pressure due to the weight of the apparatus. As
long as a certain minimum speed Is obtained and a certain minimum air pressure kept
up the vessel will move In the air, always controlled by two main forces the downward
pull due to gravity and the upward thrust due to the reaction of the air against which the
machine is forced. The balance and control of the machine In the air, the action of vary
ing wind currents, etc., nre other Important factors, however, which govern the machine
In the treacherous aerial sea.
The methods of control on the various machines show many differences, hut the main
functions are much the same. The essentials are:
1. Control of upward and downward steering.
2. Control of side steering.
.1. Control of the engine.
4. Halanclng.
Levers nre generally employed, but In some cases wheels, serve to govern the various
organs, and pedals are used In a few Instances also. In the biplanes the rudder or elevator
for up nnd down steering Is placed In front, whilst In the monoplanes It is usually In the
rear. The rudders for steering from side to side are generally at the rear. In the
Wright machine they nre coupled up with tho balancing device which warps the main
planes. Machines of the Volsln type are not provided with balancing devices worked by
the driver, as they have automatic stabilizers In the Bhape of a box tall and vortical side
panels between the main planes. Most of the monoplanes havo balancing devices under the
driver's control.
Engine control very often merely consists of a device for cutting off the ignition
and thus stopping the engine. This, in many cases, takes tho form of a wire or loop near
the aviator's hand, so that he can Instantly stop the motor.
GUNNER BLOWN TO PIECES
AT A CANNON'S MOUTH.
Standing In front of an old-fashioned
brass cannon, ramming tho wad
ding down, Paul Paulson, a member of
the Escanaba division of the Michigan
Stato naval reserves, was literally
blown from the muzzle of the gv.n
when the charge exploded premature
ly. The reserves- had been called out
to attend a celebration given In honor
of the organization of the Grangers In
that section and were about to Are an
honorary dilute to Mayor Rose, of
Milwaukee, the principal speaker of
the day, when the accident occurred.
Fully 10,000 people were In attendance
when tho tragedy occurred and at
least 1,000 of them were eyewitnesses
to the deatih of young Paulson. So in
terested did the fanners become In the
work of loading the old-fashionod
piece that they crowded In among the
gun crew and hampered t.hem In their
work. Several times they were or
dered back, but without avail. The
work of Inserting the fuse and prim
ing powder brought many of tlhemi so
close to the breech of the weapon that
they crowded about the wheels nnd
powder boxes. Paulson was at the
fey
mm
Ik.' L"
muzzle ramming home the wadding
when a criminally careless spectator
flicked the ashes from hLs cigar. There
was a liny puff of flame and smoke
as the priming owder blazed, a deaf
ening explosion and the frightened
hundreds saw the gunner fall beneath
the cloud of dense white smoke.
HARRIMAN EPIGRAMS.
I have worked hard because I like
the doings of things.
As I grow older I am beginning to
think more of my fellowuian.
It has always seemed wiser to me
to sleep on the roof than In the base
ment. To achieve what tho world calls suc
cess, a man must attend strictly to
business and keep a little ahead of the
times.
Success is the accomplishment of
any one task as well or better than the
same task can be accomplished by an
other. People seem to take more stock In a
man who talks than in a man who
acts. But this is a day devoted to
buns, and it will pass.
I havo always been too busy to think
much about .myself. The doctors are
beginning to tell me that tho other
fellow ought to have a chance to do
something.
Every tide has its rise and fall, and
one would bo living in a fool's para
dise not to take the ebb Into consider
ation In llguriug out his future re
quirements. We have bad monkey dinners and
the idle and foolish vaporlngs and
routs of society. Now Is the time for
less champagne and truffles and more
roast beef and milk.
T-i&Ai Sty" .ur
11
THE GROUND AND IN FLIGHT.
KICK SAVES A FARMER'S LIFE.
J. M. Underwood, an Illinois farmer,
no doubt owes hLs life to the
of mind of A. T. Woodstock, a brake-
man on the Chicago, Peoria & St.
Louis PuUlroad. Rldlm; unon he ii-
lot of hl.s engine, whle.h was pulling a
last freight train. Brakeman Wood-
stock was horrified when ho aw the
body of a man lying across tho rails
directly In front of the train an It
rounded the curve. Slgnallne thn Pn.
gineer, who slowed down tho r;.tn
with the emergency brakes, he extend
ed himself forward on tho pilot as far
as possible, and with his foot shoved
underwood from the track. When m,0
train was stopped Underwood was
picked up at the foot of a steep em
bankment. Other than a painfully
bruised shoulder from comlnir In mn.
tact with the brakeman's shoe. Under
wood was uninjured. He had mlort
his train and started to walk home.
Becoming tired. Underwood h.ivh ho
sat down on tho track to rest, and that
is the last he remembers until ha
came to at the bottom of tho emhnk.
merit.
LITTLE CURTAIN LECTUEES.
"For heaven's sake, mv dear .h,.
ever else you do, don't become stingy!"
'There's something mighty mys
terious about the way you've been act
ing lately, and I'll get to the bottom
of It, mark my words, sir!"
"Do you want mo to go out wlt
you looking like a perfect frump nnd
dowdy, or are yon going to give me
time to dress?"
"I'd like to know, so I would, why
P. Is that some women's husbands nre
glad to take them everywhere with
them, while you are forever making
up excuses to get out alone!"
"That's It. you heartless brute
laugh! It Just shows how much un
derstanding or appreciation you have
of tho feelings of a woman!"
"Coming home in the car this even
ing an awfully fine-looking middle
aged man. beautifully groomed, i(Ppt
staring nnd staring at me," etc
"I don't want you to be a Wllllo
boy, of course, but, merciful heavens,
that hat makes you look to be a thou
sand years old!"
I-ead pipes may be polished by rub
bing them with pulverized pumice on
a wet rag until bright, then drying
them and applying a coat of white
varnish.
Italian contractors nnd engineers are
planning to link Egypt to Syria by a
railroad that will be tho first to cross,
the Suez canal.
i
pits
01 HUNDRED YEARS
Domestic Duties Have Been Won.
derfully Lightened in the
Past Century.
SKILL OF OLD-TIME MATRONS,
Our Grandmother! Were Capable of
Doing Everything, from Making
Candles to Spinning Silk.
To-day the whirr of a thousand
looms hum In a spot that once echoed
to the trc.idle of one. The man who
sheared his sheep, and his wife who
carded and spun and wove the wool,
are asleep on yonder hill. The card
ers have fallen Into rust, the spinning
wheel Is silent. Another generation
wears woolen garments woven into
shape by knitting mills, and fine lin
ens and silks that havo come from
power looms In mammoth factories.
Wliat If the thread Is more brittle and
the color less enduring than fingers
in tha past were wont to spin and
dye? Fair and fine and frail are the
lilies of to-day. The woman who
wears them thrusts rosemary out of
sight with her last season's gowns.
She does not want the things that en
dure. The woman who by the pressure of
an electric button Illuminates almost
an entire house seldom recalls the
method which her grandmother' em
ployed for furnishing light to her
hrusehold by means of candles fash
ioned by her own hands. She, per
haps, was able to procure beef tallow
and wax from the beehives stocked
with bees more for the purpose of sup
plying comb than honey then so
largely used In place of sugar. But i
her mother, doubtless, depended upon J
the tallow shrub, bayberry bush and
candelherry tree to furnish a meager
quantity of waxy substance which she
might boil to a stiff consistency and
Into which her row of candle wicks
mlsht be dipped.
The innumerable Inventions to sim
plify work in the kitchen, and which
to do practically everything except con
sume the food, are considered indis
pensable by the modern housewife, but
would have been gazed upon with won'
oering awe by the housewife of a
hundred years ago, who thought her
self lucky Indeed If she owned a Dutch
oven In which to hake her cakes and
broad, and a twisting string, clock
Jack or turnspit dog to keep her roast
revolving before the fire.
TlilnKH Women Did 1O0 Year Ao.
A hundred years have wrought as
many changes In other respects. The
belle of to-day who numbors her toilet
soaps and face powders and creams by
the scoro can scarcely realize that her
grandmother made a preparation of
starch or eggshells and cologne as a
face powder, and collected grease and
manufactured lye of wood and ashes,
with which to boll soft soap for house
hold purposes, some of which was re
fined for personal usage. Nor do the
families who respond to the call of
soft chimes or an announcing butlor
at the dinner hour think upon the
time when their ancestors were sum
moned by the sound of a drum, a horn,
a gun, an iron triangle or a loudly
blown conehshell.
In the long ago women had few
spare hours for Idleness, for reading
or amusement. There were stockings
to knit, undergarments to stitch, rugs
to braid and weave. Jellies and fruits,
pickles and preserves to put up in
season Knitting mills have relieved
tolling fingers of the labor of con
structing stockings and underwear;
rugs and carpets are wrought cheaply
In factories, embroidery Is done by
machinery, and If a housewife prefers
to continue canning vegetables and
fruits for her table the work Is made
light for her by porcelain lined pre
serving kettles, air tight, rubber sealed
Jars, and patent lifters, holders and
sealers for filling and sealing the jars
with boiling hot fruit with a rapidity
that makes It possible to put up fifty
Jars of fruit, with less effort than our
grandmothers expended to preserv
five.
PIE EATING SNAKE.
On entering Hie pantry of Mrs.
Louis Longbrake near Eindlay, Ohio,
Mrs. George Young was horrified to
see a big snake swallowing a pie that
had just been set there to cool. Her
screams were heard by men who were
m ar, and they killed the snake.
THE DP-TODATE HOUSEKEEPER.
Is not conservative about trying new
Methods.
Saves her timo ami strength when
ever "ho can.
Brings business principles to run
ning lo r houKe.
Believes In modern conveniences,
and will make KacrlhVo to own them.
Makes It her business to know
prices, qualities and quantities, to Is
not easily fooled In running ei-peuses.
TAJSHI0N3 OF OlD RETOMT. .
That Hnlp.1 Im the 'TO Ibm
flnenee the lrlea f To-llf,
Curious as It nmy s.im, the pre
dominating Influences at wsrk among
the new styles are thos borrowed
from the fashions of the 1870s mcA
'80s. says Mrs. Clara E. Sfmcox in th
Delineator. I say "curious"' berausw
there could hardly be an uglier, mor
Impossible period for the designer to
draw on than those awful '80s. Yo
remember the little tight-fitting, narrow-chested
basques, the bouffants
draperies over the hips, the scant un
derskirts and the foolish bits of lac
and ribbon, of fringe and headwork,
that passed for true elegance in those
unenlightened days?
Yet, with all their flagrant disre
gard of the laws of simplicity and re
straint and beauty, they have fur
nished us with the basis for some
really lovely things. The fishwife skirt
and the laveuse tunic, which wer
truly terrible when hips were huge and
waists were wasplike, are positively
charming In combination with th
present silhouette. The oversklrt is
caught up across the front and allowed
to trail downward toward the back,
quite as it used to do thirty years ago.
The underskirt is generaly plaited, but
instead of the formidable array of organ-pipe
plaits that used to delight the
eye of our mothers and grandmothers,
we content ourselves with a slmpl
kilted skirt that rails In straight flat
lines around the feet.
1 saw a great many on the other
side with the underskirt of one mats
rial and the fishwife tunic of another.
They are especial. y good for the somt
dressy trotteur a street toilet that cast
be worn between seasons without a
wrap. It Is a youthful-looking style,
and one that promises to have an Im
mense vogue. Abroad they are being
made in serge, in bufellne another
name for whipcord In a new dlag
onal worsted that Is known aa Alma
Victoria, In wool crepe, Alette and
cashmere. The retrousse tunic, as it
Is called, Is really a welcome innova
tion among the gowns of the sergs
category, for the plain narrow skirt la
a heavy material has rather tha effect
of a blanket on women who hare suo
needed In eliminating their hips.
Krotn,
Running water is usually the last
thing to freeze Bolld, and when It
does so the cold must be extreme. J.
Claude White, In the Wide World
Magazine, gives the following descrip
tion of this very rare occurrence
the freezing of a monntaln torrent la.
a single night.
The phenomenon was one that I
have never before experienced a run
ning river frozen solid in -a night!
When we arrived the waters of thia
stream, tumbling over the great boul
ders and rushing through the tortu
ous channels, made a deafening roar.
Gradually, but almost Imperceptibly,
the tumult decreased, while, worn out
after a hnrd day, we fell asleep.
A few hours later, when we awoke,
a deathly silence prevailed, and look
ing out, to my Intense surprise, I
found that the rushing torrent of the
previous night had been transformed
lnt a solid mass of Ice!, In this re
gion of extreme temperatures I had
sn other occasions seen torrents fros
n, but never under such startling
conditions. On looking round we found
that everything we possessed was also
frozen Bolld, including our saddle of
mutton, which was merely a block of
Ice. We were ravenous, but we got
no satisfaction from gnawing at
lumps of rock which ought to have
been a succulent Joint, and, so, despite
our hunger, we had to content our
selves with a little tea to make
which we melted Ice and a few bis
euits.
Bound to Get th Slae.
The Ingenuity which the lady la
this story from Tlt-BIU displayed
might more profitably been exercised
in inventing a new sort of gift for
the popular favorite.
The curate had Just arrived. He was
young, handsome and single, and con
sequently very popular with the ladles
of the parish, whose appreciation took
the usual form of worked slippers.
Recently the following episode oc
curred: Fair Caller You see, I wanted t
make Mr. Chasuble a pair of slippers,
and I thought you might lend me one
of his old shoes to get the size.
Curate's Landlady Law, miss, tha
shoes is all a-given out four days ago!
And it was only yesterday morning
a lady as had heard his shoes was all
bespoke came here a-lmplorlng of me
to let her measure the wet footmarks
In the reverend gentleman's bathnionj
Immediately he had gone out
nought by Kli.a; Geo rue In 17T1.
The old house standing on the cor
ner of Batavla and Roosevelt streets,
New York, one of the few buildings
left Intact as a relic of colonial times,
Is about to be torn down to make way
for an apartment house. The house,
a bit altered, has been standing since
the middle of the eighteenth century.
It Ls one of the landmarks of the
Fourth Ward. In the year 1771 King
George III. Ihiught the house and prop
erty for the Rum of 75. The deed
of sale, with the signature of the king
a.ttaehed. Is now In the possession of
the present owner, Thomas Farrell,
of 7- West 137th street. An option
on the property has been given for
ibout $ino.(Hl0.
The Slit lihe Wunlrd.
A woman went into a bookstore, sayt
a writer in the New York Times, and
asked for a globe. The clerk showed
her several, und turned them on theli
pivots, so that the pink and blue coun
tries could be 'seen to best advantage.
"What size do you want? he asked.
"I think, said tho women, "that you
may givo me one life Rlze."
ISo ( baoce to l.eara.
('losefist You don't know the Talus
r money.
Mrs. Closenst I think I would learn
If I only had Bome Illustrated Bits.
Anyway, there's no danger of an old
toper'B dying of water on the brala.
The msu who figures in an explosion
begin at the bottom and goes up.