— ""I.: The Monitor
NEBRASKA’S WEEKLY NEWSPAPER DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF COLORED AMERICANS
THE REV. JOHN ALBERT WILLIAMS, Editor
| $2.00 a Yoar—5c a C f OMAHA, NEBRASKA, FRIDAY, AUGUST 14, 1925 Whole Number 527 Vol. XI—No. 6
CONVENTIONS WILL
COST MART MILLIONS
DNRING AVGUST
Estimated That Colored Americans
Will Spend the Enormous Sum
of $25,000,000 Attending
Conventions
PLAN LAVISH ENTERTAINMENT
Richmond, Isruisville, Chicago, Tulsa
And Other Cities Wil Vie In
Extending Hospitaily to
Thousands of Guests
(Associated Negro Press)
Chicago, III., Aug. 14.—'Throughout ihe
month of August, it has been conserva
tively estimated that Colored America, !
alone, will spend more that $25,000,000)
for railroad fares and expenses during at- j
tendance at conventions and in having |
vacations. This does not include the other
amount, say at least another $1,000,000 [
or more that will be spent by those who)
travel in automobiles, buy thousands of
gallons of gasoline, oil, and other neces
saries connected with motor touring.
\ugusl is the “climax month” of con
ventions. The Knights of Pythias, 25.IXIO.
will swoop down on laiuisville; the mil-!
itarv end of the aggregation being under
tile direction of Major General II. R.
Jackson of Chicago, who will keep llie div
ision under strict military discipline dur
ing the entire period. The sessions of
(he Grand Lodge will lie under lln- di
rection of Supreme Commander S. W.
Green of New Orleans.
The national convention of the Inde- j
pendent. Benevolent ami Protective Order
of Elks of the World meets in Richmond.
Va. Thi“ will lie guided by the hand
of J. Finley Wilson of Washington, Grand
Exalted Ruler. It has been announced
that 40,000 will accept the hospitality ot
the famous capital of Virginia, and “make
the welkin ring" for practically a week.
This occasion will lie particularly enliv
ened bv the contest for Grand Exalted
Ruler, in which T. B. Watkins of Kansas
City seems to he the leading candidate.'
\ magnificent parade is a feature of both
Elks and K. of P.’s.
Tile National Negro Business I,cacur,
l)r. R R. Moton, president, will have its
day and say in Tulsa. Oklahoma, the land
of oil, wealth and hospitality. The entire)
state of Oklahoma has joined hands with
the Tulsaites in helping to make the or
rasion one long to be remembered. For
almost a year, business men in all of the
cities have been co-operating with the
host* of the convention in helping to make
the occasion a success. It has been staled
on high authority that every visitor will
he surprised at the genuine courtesies tnat
will be extended by all groups and classes.
\ number of surrounding places will be
visited. Spec ial consideration of business j
and e, onotnir conditions will lie studied.
Doctors in Chicago
The National Medical Association. Dr.
M 0 Dnmas of Washington, president,
will hold its session in Chicago. The at
tendance at this convention, while not as
lurge as that of some of the fraternal bod
ies, nevertheless, promise* to be the larg
est in the history of the organization. The
Chicago committee informs us that pre
para!ions are being made to entertain sev
eral hundred visitors who will be in Chi
cago a{ the time of the convention, “just
because Chicago is such a fine place to
visit." All Chicago organizations, includ
ing the Associated business Club, the Ap
pomattox Club, the newspapers, and indiv
idual citizens, will have special entertain
ment during the week of the convention.
Word has been received in Chicago that
coming and going many hundreds of vis
ifors attending other conventions will
spend a day or two in Chicago. Prepara
lions, are also being made by “Windy
City" folks to extend the glad hand of
welcome to these, “as though their main
objective wen- Chicago", a* one citizen j
j itil it.
There are always changes of progress
going on in Chicago, and visitors will find
that the last year has brought a larger
percentage of advancement than has ever
been known before. There has been more
building, more businesses established, and
more new homes provided in the most
exclusive sections of the city, than has
ever been known heretofore.
EDUCATORS ENDORSE KINDNESS
(Associated Negro Press)
Durham. N. C, Aug. 14.—During the
national convention of Teachers in Col
ored Schools here last week, the oonven
lion went on record endorsing humane ed
ucation in the schools of the country, and
elected Seymour Carroll, field secretary ol
the American Humane Education Society
of Boston, Mass., as the chairman of the
department.
Mr. Carroll, who makes his home at
Greenville, S. C, will speak at all the col
leges and high schools this winter in the
interest of kindness, justice and mercy to
every living creature, even Negroes down
here.
CHINESE STUDENTS PROTEST
BRITISH OUTRAGES UPON
THEIR PEOPLE
New York, Aug. 14.—The Chinese Stu
dents Club of Colorado college, Colorado
Springs, has sent to James Weldon John
son, secretary of the National Association
for the Advancement of Colored People, a
statement placing the blame for recent
disorders in China upon British police, and
asserting that unarmed Chinese students
were massacred.
The statement quotes from evidence
showing that most of the Chinest shot
were shot in the hack, that no British po
lice were wounded, that at least 70 Chi
nese were killed and 300 wounded and
that the massacre occurred during a parade
conducted hy the students in protest
against the arrest of fellow students by
the British police for making speeches and
! distributing handbills.
The statement includes a motion unan
imously passed by the faculty of Tsing
Hua college, Peking, including British and
American professors, which is as follows:
“Recently in Shanghai a number of Chi
nese students were shot and killed or
wounded by the British police. We wish
to voice our extreme indignation at this
I occurrence. For those who died and tor
the wounded, we feel the deepest sorrow
and we join in expressing our profound
' sympathy to the people throughout the
nation who protest against these atro
! cities.”
Moreover, in Peking 118 foreign women
united in issuing a manifesto, the names
including Mrs. Henry Houghton, wife of
the president of Pekin Union Medical col
lege; Mrs. W. J. Calhoun, wife of the
former American minister to Pekin, and
other well known women.
The Chinese students also ask for the
abolition of extra-territorial rights by for
eign powers, alleging that racial prejudice
in the European courts of justice main
tained on Chinese soil results in grave dis
crimination and injustice to the Chinese.!
BROWN BABIES RAISE OVER $22,000
< Associated Negro Prowl
New York, Aug. 14.—The Brown Babies)
of the United Slates were asked to raise
$25,000 during 1925, They; answered ny
raising just about that amount in the first
seven months. At the same rate they
would make it between $40,000 and $50.
000 by the end of the year.
This deed of the Babies is the biggest
single thing that any group ever did for
the Association in a financial way. Our
reports from Baby Contests for the N. A.
A. C. P. since January 1, 1925, until July
show $22,663.80, for the branches and the
national office, and we have not all of the
reports. There are still about 30 contests
pending and many others will he organized
PROTEST RENEWED A1TEMPTS
AT RESIDENTIAL SEGREGATION
I Associated Negro Press!
St. Louis, Mo., Aug. 14. A mass meet
ing called for the purpose of protecting
the property rights of the colored citizens
of this city was held last Monday night at
St Paul A. M. E. church. Efforts have
been made by realty dealers and neighbor
hood organizations here to establish agree
ments not to sell to colored people in cer
tain blocks and a temporary injunction
has been granted Dr. Holt, who purchased
in the 4500 block on Cote Brilliante, a
street in which many of the l»etter colored
homes are already located. 'Hie meeting
was called to protest and to arunge a de
fense fund to fight the encroachments be
ing made. It was held under the auspices
of the Inter denominational Ministers Al
liance, The St Louis Business League and
the St Ixrnis Negro Insurance Association.
NORTH CAROLINA LEADS
IN COLORED SCHOOLS
(Associated Negro Freest
Raleigh, N. C., Aug. 14. -North Car
olina. leading all other southern slates,'
! has 494 Resenwaid schools and fourteen J
teachers' homes, representing a total ex
penditure* of $2319,053, according to A.
L. Smith, general field agent of the Julius
Rosenwald Fund. The nearest competi
tor, so far as Rosenwald schools are con
cerned, is Mississippi, which is mighty
bad in many other ways.
BROWN AND STEVENS
BANK SOLD AT AUCTION
(Associated Negro Press)
Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 14. The prop
erty at the northeast corner of Broad and
Lombard streets, formerly occupied b>
Brown and Stevens, bankers, was offered
by the sheriff at a public sale on Monday
August 3d, on foreclosure of one of the
mortgages.
The property, a very good looking one
! consists of twenty-one feet on Broad street
by ninety-three feet on Lombard street to
an alley, and is improved by a three-story
building, the top of which contains three
apartments. Two offices occupy the sec
i ond floor, the first floor the bank, and a
| side office.
Ninety-four thousand dollars was the
| consideration for which the building sold.
J and is considered by real estate operators
i to be a big price.
BISHOP DECLARES
FOUNDATION OF AMERICAN
DEMOCRACY BEING SHAKEN
( Associated Negro Press t
Round Lake, N. Y„ Aug. 14.—Bishop
Robert E. Jones of the Methodist Episco
pal church declared here Friday in an ad
dress before the Men’s Council that the
foundations of American democracy are
being shaken by race barriers and race
antipathy. The Bishop further pointed out
that the gitod-natured, docile Negro is be
ing transformed and he is becoming re
sentul of the treatment accorded him. “If
we will keep in mind”, said ihe Bishop,
“that the Negro does not want philan
thropy but justice, that he wants a chance
and not charity, we shall have un approach
to the subject of race relations that will
give us finally an entirely different result '
to which we have had heretofore.”
WILBERFORCE ORGANIZES
A SCHOOL OF MUSIC
(Associated Negro Press)
Wilberforce. Ohio, Aug. 14.—In making
his plans for the advancement of Wilber
force university for another year. Presi
dent Gilbert H. Jones has announced the
employment of high class artists for the
School o Music which is being established
there.
Prof. Norton E. Dennis, a graduate of
the (Chicago Musical College, is the di
rector. Prof. Dennis has for seven years
been director of the Department of Music
at Wiley university.
He is assisted by Prof. M. S. Stewart,
instructor in violin, band and orchestra
work, a graduate of Wilberforce university
and the Illinois Conservatory of Music.
Aunt Mandy’s Observations in next
weeks’ issue.
Prompt Action by Officers Averts Race Trouble
Letters of thanks have been sent by the
National Association for the Advancement
of Colored People to Mayor Charles Green
of Battle Creek, Michigan, and Brigadier
General Benjamin A. Poore, commanding
officer at Camp Custer, for their prompt
action in suppressing what threatened for
a time to become a race roit between white
soldiers and colored citizens of the city.
The Calhoun branch of the N. A. A. C.
P., through Geo. W. Corrothers, its presi
dent; C. L. Evans, chairman of the execu
tive committee, and Carrie E. Foster, sec
j retary, makes the following report:
“The trouble started on Sunday, July
19, between 3 and 5 o’clock in a house
with a questionable reputation, among the
lower element of our race, a white woman
and a white soldier. The outcome of it
was that the soldier was cut by a member
of our race, not seriously, however, but
just enough to form an excuse for revenge,
not upon the man who committed the deed
but upon the race. This soldier was sta
tioned at Comp Custer which is located in
the immediate vicinity of Battle Creek.
He returned to the camp and that night a
large bunch of soldiers came into Battle
Creek anil were joined by Battle Creek
civilians and startl'd the trouble which,
however, was not of any great proportion.
“We wish to state here that as soon as
the major (Charles Green I of Battle Creek
was informed of the existing circumstancesi
even though it was in the middle of the
night, he immediately communicated with
the camp authorities (Brig. Gen. Benjamin
A. Poore, commander-in-charge) and they
in turn sent military police into the af
fee ted district and with the assistance of
the police and detective forces of Battle
Greek and the sheriffs department of Cal
houn county, order was restored for that
night. The following evening, however,
several of our people were accosted and
beaten by men wearing soldiers’ uniforms,
in the outlying district, just outside of the
city limits, in another part of the town.
There have been no lives lost nor has any
one been seriously injured. Since Tuesday
the camp authorities have kept ‘all of the
soldiers in camp, by order.”
LAW AND ORDER
BILL PENDING
IN GEORGIA
Seeks to Make End of Riots and Mob
Violence—Sheriffs Held
Responsible
ATLANTA, Ga., Aug. 14. (Special).
—Georgia will join the growing list of
Southern states which are taking
active steps to end rioting and mob J
violence if the Legislature enacts the I
Law and Order bill introduced in the
House of Representatives.
The bill, entitled “An Act to Main-1
tain Law and Order,” provides that In j
any case of riot, riotous assembly, or j
mob violence, careful investigation
shall be made by the Judge of the i
Superior Court. If it apepars from j
this investigation that any sheriff, j
deputy sheriff, jailer, or other peace j
officer was negligent or incompetent
in dealing with such disorder, the
Chief Justice or other Justice of the
Supreme Court shall appoint a special
Law and Order Commision to hear all i
the evidence in the case and render j
judgment as to the faithfulness or \
negligence of the officer in question.,
If he is found by the Commission to |
have been negligent, judgment to that
effect shall be communicated to the
Governor, who in turn shall remove
the officer from his position. Proof
that any person was taken from the
custody of the officer by the mob, or
killed or injured while in his custody,
shall be prima facie evidence of ne- [
gleet, to be offset only by affirmative i
proof that the officer had in fact |
used all reasonable precaution and ex- :
ercised the utmost diligence in the ef
fort to maintain order.
The bill provides further that in the
case of an officer so adjudged negli
gent in the prevention of riotng or
violence, the Attorney General of the
State shall bring suit against such
officer for the full value of any prop
erty destroyed by the mob and for the
sum of $5,000 or each homicide com
mitted by it. Any person removed
1 from office under the provisions of
the act shall be disqualified for a
period of five years to hold any peace
office of the state, county, or munici
pality.
Friends of the measure point out
that it is in line with similar laws en
acted in other Southern states which
have been found very effective in
the reduction of mob violence. It is ,
said to be widely suported by re- j
ligious, civic and welfare organiza
tions over the State.
MISSOURI JUDGE FAILS
TO GRANT REQUISITION,
(Associated Negro Press)
St. l,ouiB, Mo., Apg. 14.--C. F. Heth
| ington of Charleston, So. Car., who is al
I leged to have travelled half around tne
world in search of his brother’s slayer in
! the past twenty years anil who thought his
I search was at an end. must now cover the
other half as Circuit Judge Mix refused
to grant the requisition of South Carolina
authorities for Sam Brown, whom Hetli
ington had claimed he recognized as tin
man who killed his brother. At the hear
ing here Friday, Brown, who says he is
Nat Winston and has never been in South
Carolina was granted a writ of habeas
corpus because of insufficient evidence.
I “FARM IS BUSINESS AND HOME”
(Columbia Press Bureau)
WASHINGTON, Aug. 14.—“The
farm is a business, but it is is more—
it is a home” recently declared the
Secretary of Agriculture. Continu
ing, he said: “We want men and
women to stay on the farm, not mere
ly because they have been able to
make a living there but because they
have been profoundly satisfied with a
farm life. We must have good
I schools, good rural churches, good
roads, wholesome recreation and pleas
ure if farm life is to prove attractive
in the highest degree. My efforts will
lie directed to help bring about an ef
ficient, stable and profitable agricul
ture which will provide a standard of
living which is in accord wth Ameri
can deals. A firmly established, en
lightened and prosperous land-owning
population is not only a great national
asset but it is the safest balance wheel
in our civilization.
HELD IN RECORD BOND *.r>00.(XX>
(Associated Negro Press)
Chicago, 111., Aug. 14.—Robert Sneed
and John Mitchell whom five persons tes
tified held them up with guns were held in
a half-million dollar bond by Judge H.
Lyle in the Criminal Court hero Monday.
Judge Lyle is a storm center because of
the heavy bonds in which he has been
holding suspects.
HAWAII AN INTERRACIAL
EXPERIMENT STATION
(Columbia Press Bureau)
NEW YORK August 14.—
“Hawaii is not a land of hulu hulu
dances, grsais skirts and "ukeleles,”
writes Dr. Albert W. Palmer in his
book, "The Human Side of Hawaii.”
“Rather,” says the author, “Hawaii is
America’s and the world’s experiment
station in interracial relationships.
The sugar industry has changed
Hawaii from a simply Polynesian par
adise into a seething interracial pot.
All the racial groups have come by in
vitation. From a population of 57,
000 in 1872, the total has grown to
“07,100, of whom 63 per cent are
Asiatics, 40.8 per cent being Japanese.
Hawaii is an integral part of the
United States, and the greatest single
problem in Hawaii is the Americani
zation of her polyglot Oriental popu
lation, especially the children, who are
American citizens by virtue of their
birth under the American flag in
Hawaii.”
DEAD AFRICAN’S HEAD
LARGEST IN THE WORLD
(Associated Negro Press)
New York, Aug. 14.—Word has just
been received here from Cape Town, Af
rica, that the professor o anatomy in
Cape Town University has just got pos
session of the skull of a native who re
cently died, that is probably the largest
in the world. It is scientifically interest
ing, because of its resemblance to the
famous Boskup skull, which is said to be
the oldest in the world. If it should be
established that the Boskup skull was na
tive to Africa, it would mean that Africa
is the cradle of humanity.
GORILLAS AS HEALTH
INSTRUCTORS OF HUMANS
(Associated Negro Press)
London, AUK- 14.—According to Dr.
Hubert Pocock, who spoke before the an
nual meeting of osteopaths in this city,
walking on one’s tiptoes is one of the best
cures and preventives for ailments. He
claimed it to be especially helpful in cases
of diabetes. "Watch the gorilla and you
can see how the human frame can best
he supported,” he explained. “The gor
illa’s tremendous chest is the result of its
posture. Men must learn to walk on their
toes.”
WINNERS OF URBAN
LEAGUE FELLOWSHIPS
(Associated Negro Press)
New York, Aug. 14.—The National Ur
ban League announces the following suc
cessful candidates for its 1925-1926 Fel
lowships: Miss Miriam Atkins of Winston
Salem, N. C.; C. Glen Carrington of
Richmond, Va.. and D. S. Yarbrough ot
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Miss Atkins, who is awarded the Ella
Sachs Plotz Fellowship, is a graduate of
Fisk university and studied for a summer
at Columbia university. She has taught
for three years at the State schol and in
the city high school of Winston-Salem, N.
C Mr. Carrington is a graduate of How
ard university, class 1925. He was very
popular in connection with student ac
tivities, having served as editor-in-chief of
the university year book, “The Bison.”
Mr. Yarbrough was an honor student! at
Sprinfield college, where with very tine
marks he received the degree of Master
of Humanics in June, 1925. Miss Atkins
and Mr. Carrington are assigned to tne
New York school of social work. Mr.
Yarbrough is assigned to the University of
Pittsburgh.
These selections were made from a to
tal of 39 applicants—26 of whom took the
competitive examination. The scholar
ship award amounts to aliout $900 which
includes $70 a month stipend and free
tuition at the respective schools.
Applications for the 1926-27 Fellowships
may be filed until April 15, 1926, with
Eugene Kinckle Jones, executive secretary,
127 East 23d street, New York, N. Y.
TEXAS COLLEGE CLOSES
LARGE SUMMER SCHOOL
Tyler, Texas., Aug. 14. (Special).
—Texas College closed this week the
largest Summer School in its history.
In reality it was the second largest in
the state of Texas. Dut to the fact
that the College is ranked as one of
the accredited schools of the South
west—by Standardizing Agencies—is
responsible for teachers coming from
every section of the state.
In connection with the regular work
there was in operation a Practice
School under the competent super
vision of Miss Elizabeth T. Perry for
the benefit of those studying Primary
Methods. This phase of the work,
proved to lie a most valuable and pop
ular feature of the session. Every ef
fort was made by the institution to
give those who attended an opportun- J
ity for the very best training along
the lines of their profession.
The members of the faculty for the
regular session are studying this
summer at Hampton Institute, Colum
bia, Illinois and Chicago Universities.
COLLECTOR NICHOLS APPOINTS
COLORED STENOGRAPHER
(Columbia Press Bureau)
BOSTON, Mass., Aug. 14.—On recom
mendation of William C. Matthews,
Malcolm E. Nichols has appointed
Miss Irma Pack a stenographer in
the Department of Internal Revenue.
Miss Pack’s appointment was sanct
ioned by Senator Wililam M. Butler.
Miss Pack is a graduate of the class
of 1923 of the Girls’ High School.
She is a very efficient stenographer,
and has been assisting Mrs. Newman
at the Settlement House af St. Mark’s
Church. She lives at 504 Shawmut
Avenue.
Mr. Nichols has also appointed Miss
Doris Dandridge of Cambridge, a niece
of Mr. Charles H. Shepard, as a clerk.
Like Miss Pack, Miss Dandridge is a
recent graduate of the Girls’ High
School.
Mr. Charles E. Newman has been
1 promoted to a position of Deputy Col
lector of Internal Revenue, while two
other colored appointees have been as
signed to the Warehouse Department.
All of these appointees have had the
indorsement of Senator William M.
Butler.
Two building and loan associations,
controlled by Negroes, and with capi
tal of $225,000 are doing business in
the State of West Virginia.
fRaising tne Kami IV HaiucKyParouna inoCuspiaoc wnen Madldl , __ .. --
BLOOD-STAINED
POCKET BOOK DIS
CLOSES MORDER
Body of Well-Dressed Woman Dis
covered With Throat Cut in Corn
Field Off Ft. Crook Boult
• vard. South Side
BODY IDENTIFIED BY COUSIN
Zeno White, Husband of Woman,
Identified As Man Last Seen
With Her Near the
Scene of Murder
About noon Wednesday the body of
Mrs. Emma White, 27, of 2634 Hamil
ton street, was discovered in a corn
field, partially buried under dirt and
com stalks, in Sarpy county, near
Twelfth and Edwards streets. This
is some distance south of the terminus
of the Albright car line. The woman’s
throat had been cut, and her clothing
was badly tom, indicating a struggle.
Harrison Stephens, ice man, found
a blood stained woman’s purse and a
hat in the road near the scene of the
murder and notiifed the police, who
upon investigation, found the body.
Osie Nolan, 2505 P street, cousin of
of the slain woman, identified the
body.
Zeno White, 4724 South Twenty
sixth street, her husband, from whom
it is alleged she separated two weeks
ago, since which time she has been
making her home with her broiner,
Charles Johnson, 2634 Hamilton
street, was arrested Wednesday after
noon by Detectives Keane and Nelson
| at the Swift plant, where he was at
work and is being held for investi
gation. Harold Munan, 1317 Edwards
street, and Charles Rashus, Route 5,
I Fort Crook Boulevard, identified
White as the man whom they saw
talking with the woman at the end of
the Albright car line, the couple hav
ing alighted from an Albright car
shortly after 9 o’clock on the night
of the murder.
According to information given at
the Johnson home, where Mrs. White
was living, White telephoned his wife
Tuesday night to meet him in South
Omaha and she left home to keep the
appointment. That was the last time
they saw her alive.
WOMAN RETAINS? HOME
WHICH SHE PURCHASED
IN “EXCLUSIVE” DISTRICT
LOS ANGELES, Calif., Aug. 14.—
In January of this year. Miss Frances
Henderson purchased a pieec of prop
erty at 230 East 45th street. It after
wards developed that 135 property
owners in that neighborhood had
signed an agreement which they called
a covenant to prevent any non-white
persons occupying any lots in the
community at any future time.
The man who sold to Miss Hen
derson signed this agreement.
Miss Henderson purchased this
beautiful modern home and occupied
it with her mother. The 135 white
neighbors filed a suit in court to oust
her from possession of the property.
This suit was decided July 29th in De
partment 4, before Carlos S. Hardy,
judge, in favor of Miss Henderson.
The “covenant” was declared void as
to her and she was allowed to retain
possession of the property.
Miss Henderson was represented by
Attorney Willis O. Tyler who has
made a careful study for the past ten
years of race restrictions and who Is
an authority on real estate law in the
state of California.
The decision was by trial court and
the opponents have threatened to ap
peal the case.
Miss Henderson is one of the pro
gressive young women of our group.
NEGRO BUSINESS LEAGUE
DELEGATES GIVEN PROOF
Tuskogee Institute, Alabama, Aug.
14.—Dr. R. R. Moton, President of the
National Negro Business League and
Bryant A. Hammond, Transportation
Agent for the League, are urging del
egates who plan to attend the meeting
of the League in Tulsa, to request
Certificates when purchasing tickets,
in order that the return trip may be
purchased at one-half fare. 260 Certi
ficates are necessary to insure the one
half rate. Tickets may be purchased
any time after August 16th and the
return date is extended to August
26th, in order to accomodate the plans
of the Muskogee people who have ar
ranged a side trip to Muskogee on
Saturday, August 22. Delegates are
also urged to write Professor J. E.
Johnson, 102 North Grenewood Street,
Tulsa, Oklahoma, and make reserva
tions for their rooms.