THfcJ bilE: OMAHA, THURSDAY, MARCH 14, 1918.
HAMPTON ROADS
HERO WAS BORN
100 YEARS AGO
Commander Worden of Historic
Monitor Defeated Confederate
Ironclad Merrimac and Revo
lutionized Naval Warfare.
Washington, March 13. (Special.)
-One hundred years ago today, in
Westchester s county, New York, was
born .Rear Admiral John L. Worden,
whose name will ever live in the an
nals of the United States navy as the
commander of the Monitor in its
famous battle with the Merrimac.
The success of the Monitor in that
historic engagement not only went
a long way toward turning the tide
of the war iti favor of the North, but
it revolutionized naval architecture by
the introduction of the principle of
the revolving turret.
The exact year of Admiral Wor
iden's birth has always been a matter
of dispute. A few of the historians
and biographers of the civil war pe
riod put down the date of March 12,
1817, but the most reliable authori
ties of the present day give 1818 as
the year.
Merrimac Worried North.
Comparatively little is known of
the ancestry and boyhood of the cele
brated commander. The records show
that he was appointed a midshipman
in the navy in 1835, attended the naval
academy in 1840 and was commis
sioned a. lieutenant in 1846.
At the hpcinninc of the civil war
Worden reported at Washington for
active sea service. He was sent over
land with dispatches for the com
mander of the federal fleet off Pensa
cola, and on his return to the North
was' captured by the confederates
near Montgomery, Ala. A few months
later he was paroled and in January,
1862, he again reported at Washing
ton for duty.
TnVin K.riron Viad iust comoleted
his Monitor and the queer little craft
had been given an othciai trial Dy tne
government. When it was decided to
nt the "chtme. box on a raft" into
real service, the Navy department se-
. . ... , 1 . 1 i . . A
lecteo woroen 10 De us cdiuumiiuci
The young officer lost no time in get
;nr intn tti thick of. affairs.
For months the famous ironclad
Merrimac, in the hands of the con
federates, had been playing havoc
along the coasts of Virginia and the
Carolinas and had threatened to wipe
out a large part of the federal navy
unless means were found to effective
ly check its operations.
Goes After Enemy.
When Worden was given command
of the Monitor word had just been
received of a new and successful raid
by the Merrimac. Without taking
tim to drill the crew at the (runs or
to become (familiar with the working
of the turret, he put to sea ana pro
ceeded straight to Hampton Roads.
The Monitor arrived at Hampton
Roads just in time to witness the de
struction of several federal vessels
by the Merrimac. The confederate
gunboat had almost totally demol
ished the Cumberland and the Con
gress and was setting about destroy
ing the other federal warships, when,
on the morning .of March 9, the un
pretentious little Monitor slipped into
the field and, making straight for the
Mrrimap. nnenH fire.
The pilot house from which Wor
den commanded his boat was a square
iron structure, so small as to accom
modate only three men, the command
er, pilot and quartermaster. Worden
fought at close quarters, handled his
boat skillfully and availed himself of
all the advantages possessed by his
little craft. The Monitor was enabled,
by iti small size, to fire and turn
quickly, and its peculiar construction
enabled it to approach within a short
distance of the enemy without suffer
ing from any return fire.
Confederate Terror Defeated.
The Merrimac was completely dis
abled and the ability of the Monitor
to cope with it prevented it prose
cuting the campaign that had been
planned. The victory of the" Monitor
not only saved the remainder of the
federal fleet from destruction, but it
prevented the European interference,
which probably would have resulted
bad the Merrimac proved victorious.
Near the close of the engagement
Worden met with an accident which
for a time threatened him with the
loss of his sight A large shell strik
ing the pilot house and exploding,
blinded him. It was many months
before he wholly recovered.
Worden was received inWashing
ton as a popular hero. On two occa
sions he was given a vote of thanks
by congress and was promoted suc
cessively to the rank of commander
and captain.
WIDOWOFFORMER
PRESIDENT DIES
IN CALIFORNIA
: Loj Angeles, Cal., March 13. Mrs.
Locretia Rudolph Garfield, widow of
James A. Garfield, 20th president of
the United States, died at her winter
home in South Pasadena early today.
Mrs. Garfield would have been 86
years old April 19. f She had been ill
recently. Pneumonia developed Sun
day night and she died at 4:30 o'clock
Ibis morning.
Mrs. Garfield was the mother of
Pr. Harry Garfield, coal administrator
of the United States, and James A.
Garfield, prominent member of the
progressive party.
Urge Married Women
Be Hired as Teachers
Washington, March 13. Suspension
fcf laws or ordinances prohibiting
married women from teaching school
fs advocated by Federal Commissioner
of Education Claxton today as the
best means of replacing the large
number of teachers who have quit to
nter war work.
In a letter to city, county and state
Bchool authorities Commissioner
Claxton points out that many sec
tions are facing a shortage of teach
ers because higher wages paid in com
anercial and industrial occupations are
attracting manv young women from
the schools.',
MAN'S SUPREMACY OF THE AIR
FORETOLD BY LATE PIONEER
I
Fritz Pries, late pioneer Ne
braskan, 50 years ago foretold
man's supremacy of the air.
Prophecied aerial warfare, traffic
and travel
Said to be the first man in the
west to build a flying machine.
Lived alone in a seven-story,
seven-room house, supposed to be
haunted, on the banks of pictures
que Preis lake, near Florence.
His own drawing of his own ma
chine was displayed 30 years ago.
By MARY DUFFY.
About the wooded banks of Pries
lake, near Florence, thousands of song
birds spread their wings in flight.
More than SO years ago, a young
man watched intently the1 movements
of those inhabitants of the air. One
day he had a vision. To him it was
a great glimpse into a wonderful fu
ture. To his neighbors, it was mad
ness. He died, seven years ago, just be
fore his dream came true.
WAR IN AIR.
This man was Fritz Pries, whose
marvelous prophecy of man's con
quest of the air has been astonishing,
ly fulfilled in the present war.
He foresaw war in the air, the es
tablishment of air lanes for com
merce, air speed laws, damage suits,
aerial mail service and pleasure travel
in the air.
He believed every man would own
his own flying machine. Just as to
day Henry Ford wants every man to
own a Ford.
BUILT IN 1881.
In 1881, he put this individual ma
chine theory into, practice. He is be
lieved to have been the first man in
the west to build a flying machine.
He drew an accurate sketch of his
work. The idea was so novel that the
drawing was shown in Max Meyers'
jewelry store in Sixteenth and Far
nam streets.
If the skeptical passersby could
'have seen beyond that little window
onto the battle fields of France to
day, they would have called Fritz
Pries a hero The fundamental prin
ciple of his crude air craft is exactly
the same as that on which the army
planes are constructed it is the same
"heavier - than - air - theory" patterned
after the flight of a bird.
But Pries was known only as
an eccentric old man, who lived alone
in what folks said was a haunted
house "his flying machine was no
good, he never succeeded in flying, he
gave his money and finally his life to
his silly notion," but the dreamer
died believing in his dream.
Pries and his brother, Adolph,
left Uland, Denmark, in 1866. They
came to Nebraska and setled on 80
acres of government land near Flor
ence. Their only neighbors were a
few Omaha Indians. Fritz made a dam
in the old river bed and built a pic
turesque lake, named after him.
Was Ardent Student.
Fritz brought a lot of schooling
with him from the old country. He
knew mathematics, forestry and me
chanics and he kept on studying all
the time when he wasn't shooting deer
of catching fish for the meals.
He knew best every angle of the
problem of artificial flight. William
Nelson, a former Florence neighbor,
who came back from Denmark with
Preis, tells that the latter used to
talk by the hour about flying.
He would relate the legends of clas
cical mythology concerning winged
gods who traveled through the air,
explain the sketches found in Leonar
di da Vinci's notebook of wings to be
used on the feet and arms, of Francis
Bacon's theory of the navigation of
the bird and often read the tale of the
English monk Elmerus, who in 1648,
was said to have flown from a Span
ish city for a distance of more than a
furlong.
"He was a very well posted man,"
Mr. Nelson says, "but to tell you the
truth, we all thought him kind of
queef."
After much experiment with robins
and sparrows, Preis decided that it
ought to be four times easier for
man to fly than for the birds, because
the muscles in the former's arms are
four times as strong as those in the
latter's wings, according to the re
spective weights. He finished the
problem just as Darius Green rea
soned out his famous flying machine
when he said: i
The birds can fly.
An' why can't IT
Does the little chatterln' sassy wren,
No blgger'n my thumb, know more than
men?"
Nebraska Darius Green.
So the Darius Green of Nebraska
built himself a man-power craft. In
KAISER'S ENVIOUS
1 EYESjON SIBERIA
London Paper Urges Speedy
Action in Far East; Japan
a Trusted and Honor
able Ally.
London, March 13,-Concerning
doubts expressed in some quarters
on the subject of Japanese interven
tion in Siberia, the Daily Telegraph
says that Japan is a British ally of
12 years' standing and during all that
time it has, apart from the services
tendered to the allied cause in the
centers of the war, shown itself an
honorable and trustworthy associate.
The paper continues:
"The overwhelmingly strong inter
est of Japan in this part of the world
is, of course, apparent from a glance
at the map. Japan is a highly or
ganized trading nation and is directly
interested in the maintenance' of gen
eral peace and order in the lands
where its economic relations are close
and which are supremely important
to its welfare. That was fully rec
ognized by Great Britain in the treaty
of 1905.
"Whatever the Siberian republic
may turn out to be when we know
anything of it, we may at least be
sure that Germany reckons upon dom
inating it as it reckons upon dominat
ing all other fragments of the shat
tered Russian empire.
"If tne triumph of our enemy's
influence is to be guarded against in
the region where Japanese and other
allied interests are especially strong
the sooner the business is undertaken,
Nebraska Darius Green's Own Drawing
of His One-Man -Power "Flivver" of the Air
his drawing of himself he is seen with
the wings attached to his arms and
pulleys fastened to his feet.
He raised the wings with his arms
and lowered them by pushing forward
with his feet. The result was a flap
ping motion which fanned the air just
as a bird does.
Adolph's leg was broken and the
flying machine badly wrecked. The
only time Fritz tried to fly he fell off
the bank into his lake.
Accidentally Shot Brother.
Shortly after that a great tragedy
darkened his life. While cleaning a
rusty shot gun the inventor accident
ally shot and killed his brother. His
neighbors say that his mind was un
balanced from that time.
Adolph was buried on the Preis
land. Several years later when his
sister died, Preis gained much noto
riety by digging up the bones of his
brother and burying the sister in the
vacant grave. v
Down in a small boat house he
built his wooden bird with its metal
joints. When it was finished he called
brother Adolph to help make the big
trial flight. The brothers took the
machiae into a tree. The inventor
got Acolph ty take the chance and
pushed him off into the air. The ma
chine flew, not up but down, and
again just like Darius:
"Heeli over head and head over heeli
Dlxxtly down the abyss he wheels
So felt Darius, upon his crown
la the midst of the barnyard ha came
down."
The late Thor Jorgensen bought a
large part of Pries' land from him. His
son, Victor Jorgenson, was Pries'
pupil. The inventor hoped that Vic
tor would perfect the teacher's work.
Young Jorgenson tells of anpther
invention of Preis. This plan was to
equip a man with a pair of rubber
tired wheels a foot in diameter. At
taching these to his feet, giving a
backward step and a push of, one
could travel at a speed of 80 miles an
hour. The owner of Pries ' lake
couldn't have planned such high speed
travel on the road to his home, nor
yet on Omaha streets, for sticky Ne
braska mud was equally distributed in
those days. The same kind bf mud
is still making rough travel to Preis
lake.
Machine Was Stolen.
Mrs. Thor Jorgensen still owns a
good part of what was the Preis es
tate. On Pries' death bed, it was
to her that he left his most precious
treasure, his flying machine and the
crayon drawing of it. The machine
was kept at Mrs. Jorgenson's country
place on the former Preis estate until
a few years ago, when it was stolen
from her.
For a number of years' Mrs. Jorgen
sen lived as neighbor to the eccentric
old man. She describes his house as
characteristic of the owner. It was
built on a hill side over the lake. It
was a seven story, seven-room dwell
ing, one room on top of the other
each connected by a few steps.
When Mrs. Jorgensen asked why he
built his house in this unusual man
ner, he replied:
"Its too cold to go outside for exer
cise, so I have mine in here going up
and down the stairs."
the better. There is no sense or jus
tice in permitting chaos and helpless
ness in Russia to be also turned to the
advantage of the enemy if it can be
prevented. If such action as was taken
in Manchuria should ultimately be
the means of re-establishing a national
authority of constitutional character
in Russia, and if it should supply a
rallying point for the forces of sanity
and order, then a priceless benefit
would be conferred on the Russian
people.
"The question at present is one of
legal and necessary protection of
threatened national interests. Tn a
situation without parallel and in which
the ordinary formula of international
action are meaningless, the principal
care of allied statesmanship, as a
whole, will be, while allowing itself to
be guided by the logic of events as
they arise, to divest whatever is done
of any color of aggressive or annexa
tionist intentions.
German Suspect Held in
Atchison for Investigation
Atchison, Kan., March 13. Prof. J.
P. Loesberg, said to have been for
merly a member of the Board of
Education in New York City, was ar
rested here today and will be held
in jail pending an investigation by
federal authorities of names of al
leged German-born persons of Kan
sas and Oklahoma towns which he
had in his possession.
Loesberg claimed to be a solicitor
for the agricultural and industrial
labor relief fund in New York.
In Loesberg'a bag were found hun
dreds of sealed envelopes, each
labeled with the name of a Kansas or
Oklahoma town and containing the
names of what the police said were
German-born persons. He claims to
be a naturalized American.
Among the tales of Fritz Tries' use
of his learning is the incident told by
Mrs. Jorgenson of the day on which
the Pries cat fell in the cistern. The
cistern was dug in the kitchen. The
owner figured out mathematically the
way to rescue his pet from his drink
ing water. He dug a tunnel into the
well from the outside. He extracted
Tabby, but at the same time let out
the water and his well went dry.
Alex Waage, Omaha letter carrier,
went to Denmark several years ago
with his friend. Pries. He found that
it was impossible to interest Pries in
any of the great wonders they saw.
Would Rather Read.
One day while the two tourists were
in their native land, a beautiful water
sport took place, at which the king
was present. Waage sought his friend
Pries to show him the wonderful water
regalia. He found Pries in the attic
of his sister's house reading a book
of Esparanto. He told him to come
at once to see the aquatic festival.
Pries refused. "I won't go to see
anything beautiful. I can shut my
eyes and see more beauties than you
or any one can show me," he replied.
Waage also tells a stofy of the time
Fritz Pries, Dreamer, and
His Place Near Florence
jfpsniim fw , ivfiiii i II
when the government was building
t 'it...
Fort Omaha. I he woricmen wmiyui
leave or license drove onto Pries
land and hauled away wagonloads of
sand. The owner objected. , He met
the intruders with a shotgun. -
Arguments failed to gain permis
sion to take the sand. Even the high
handed talk of a group of commis
sioned officers failed to bully Pries
into giving up his property. After
three months' maneuvering with gov
ernment red tape between Omaha and
STRIKES CAUSED BY
H. C L. SAYS REPORT
Board Investigating War Time
Industrial Conditions Declares
Employers Fail to Antici
pate Modern Influences.
Boston, March 13. Increased cost
of living and failure of employers in
many cases to anticipate this influ
ence has been one of the important
contributory causes of recent strikes,
according to ttfe report issued today
by the national industrial conference
board on strikes in American indus
tries in war time.
From April 6 to October 6, 1917,
there were strikes at 2,521 establish
ments, the existence of which was
definitely verified by the board. Each
establishment was asked to report
upon causes, but complete informa
tion was leceived from only 1,156.
These plants showed 283,402 men idle
and 6,285,519 days of production lost.
Opinions were asked also of labor
commissioners and mediators. Direct
conference appeared to have been the
most satisfactory method of settling
these disputes.
, Widespread Discontent.
The conclusions of the board as to
the causes of the unsettled conditions
of labor are that the following influ
ences were of primary importance:
"Increased cost of living and fail
ure of employers in many cases to
anticipate this influence.
"Widespread discontent due to a
Washington, the officers returned
armed with the necessary govern
inent papers to commandeer the sand
Aeain thev were met with a shotgun
Tries declared they could not have
the sand unless thev Paid him for it.
In surprise the officers asked him
how much he wanted for it. He
answered:
"Two cents a load."
"Why didn't you tell us that three
months ago," asked the indignant
army men.
"Because you didn't ask," Pries
said.
When the inventor died, he was
buried in the Danish cemetery near
Benson.
Pries lake was for many years
popular as a picnic resort. A number
of summer homes of prominent
Omahans are now built on this prop
erty. Among them i is the home of
E. P. Kirkendall. called "Kirkwood."
This house stands where the curious
old Prie house used to be.
Myron Learned's country place,
"Waldon Wood;" Mrs. Theodore
Ringwalt's home, Dr. Harold Gifford's
big farm are other country estates on
the original Tries estate.
VH
belief that undue profits had been
made by employers out of war busi
ness. "Increased independence of the
worker, due in part to a labor short
age and in part to a feeling that the
situation constituted labor's oppor
tunity for forcing union recognition
nr flnoori cVinn r nn firms.
"Inequality between wages paid in
plants engaged on private work and
government or private plants engaged
on war work. ,
'The unsettling influence of the
'cost-plus-profit' feature of many war
contracts.
"The federal administration s vir
tual endorsement of the eight-hour
workday."
The report concludes: "Indications
of improvement in the labor situation
in recent months are apparent, but
needs only a cursory reading of the
daily press to see that the war in
dustries of this country are still heav
ily handicapped by labor disputes.
Co-operation in efforts for the estab
lishment of some workable program
which shall minimize these disturb
ances, at least for the duration of
the war, L the patriotic duty of both
employers and employes."
Great Shortage of
Coal Workers in East
Philadelphia, March 13. Shipments
of coal from the anthracite mines of
Pennsylvania during February
amounted to 5,812,087 long tons, an
increase of 633,650 tons or 12 per
cent over the corresponding month
of 1917.
This information is made public by
the anthracite bureau of information,
which reports that the supply of la
bor in the anthracite fields is 25,000
men, or nearly 15 per cent, below nor
maL .
" M'TB, rill
11? msm m
it ifllk
This ia essentially an office of Dental Specialists. My
experience aj the chair, and my association with a score
or more other dentists during the past ten years, has
shown me conclusively that the man who is a "pretty
good all-around dentist" is seldom if ever a VERY GOOD
DENTIST IN ANY PARTICULAR BRANCH OF DEN
TISTRY. No one disputes the skill and ability of the famous
"Ty Cobb" nor the equally famous "Eddie Collins" as
base ball players yet if their names were given out as
the "battery" for the team, even the lukewarm fan would
instantly know there was something wrong they were
in the wrong place.
It is just as true in dentistry that the man skilled
in some particular branch falls down miserably when
he undertakes other branches. . ,
It has been my idea from the first to give Omaha a
Dental Office second to none and to do this I have sur
rounded myself with Dental Specialists and assigned
them to the particular work in which they are most skilled
and experienced.
This idea is carried into my laboratory. Here expert
gold workers and mechanical dentists make crowns,
bridges and plates under the supervision of myself and
the operating dentist who has each particular case in
charge.
The idea is not exactly new to Omaha but CARRY
ING IT OUT has been my privilege and pleasure.
Contrary to general opinion, this does NOT mean
higher prices for denial service but quite the reverse, at
my modest fees attest.
The last man to get acquainted with my system is the
man who loses most.
PAINLESS WITHERS, Dentist
423-428 Securities Bldg.- 16th and Farnam Streets.
OMAHA, NEB.
Office Hours: 8:30 A. M. to 8 P. M. Sunday, 9 to 1,
New and Curious
That Never Falls to Give
i Immediate Results
hat is ft saie ana y wcwuu , -- -- ,j r h
surorises chronic sufferers because of the immediate and pleasing
rE There is no waiting for results. Just to cite an instance, take th
experience Toi ! 3"h. Ehlr, Lexington, Neb., who writes: "Dear Sam Kftti: I
experience oj. A.t ,h tn two Hiivi mv catarrh was BOM. I
received your cbvu " -
BIThe Sam Ka'tx method which this gentle
man and thousands of others have used, is
different from anytning you "i
known of. There is nothing to smoke, spray
or inject: no salves, creams, vibration or
massage. Everything about it is natural
&nTh.hS5Ilflll eombltmtlon of thli mthei U
..ont known onljr to mjriflt nd mr "'t";
although I will iy thli mueh: it ii baitd on th
modern fdtntifle diicovtry th.t thi m,
auiln catarrh mutt bo deotroyod and dlilodiod
from th infoctod tlMuo ill ordor to Meet radical
and permanent cur.
Banish Your Catarrh
Restore Your Health
and Organic Vitality
Catarrh, at you know, gradually worki
downward from the noio, throat and bud,
through the entire iMtem, doing damage
everywhere. Headachcf, dlnlnm. dafnei,
head no , confuted tnougnta, impairment , ..,,..
of the memory, weakened vblon. .ore ey... boll.. "r"'A "njJu1" 3"H-rtJSS
lame back, neuralgia, .tom.ch. liver, kidney, bladder di.ordew, weakne.ea of tfta vital
organ, and many other maladie. and HI. may. any or all. be due to the ?tl!
di.eaie we eall catarrh. Once c ean.e yonr .y.tem of the deadly catarrh germ. ta.K Wat
my method i. purpo.ed to accompll.h. and your entire organi.m rejoondi. givtaf FJJ
new .n.e of vital vigor and renewed health. A. Nancy A. Davi. of Wayneoboro, Mil...
write, mil 'Since taking the Sam K.t. method I feel like a new woman. I think your
catarrh treatment la worth ite weight in gold."
. Full Box Sent On Trial
Don't .end any money, not even a .tamp, but .imply your name and addreM en a.
po.tal or in a letter, and I will arrange to forward to you. pn.tpaid. a trial box of the Ham
Kate Catarrh Material., the ame that I have ent to ten. of thouiand. all over tho world.
There will be enough of the Material for a fifteen day." te.t, after which yoo may g
with the full Couree if you .0 decide. ...
The Sam Kata Catarrh Material, are alway. put out In the.e trial package., no matter
how far from Chicago the .ufferer may live, including Canada and foreign lande. Bo 4a ot
hedtate or delay. Write at once. I want you to try thi. my.teriou. remedy without rt.klng
a penny of your money. I will gladly take all the chance.. Pleaie addre..,
SAM KATZ, Dept. H.C.-UO, 2909 Indian Avenue, Chicago, UlinoU.
OH! THAT AWFUL BACKACHE
1
An unhealthy body, and the unh.ppinea.
and mi.ery which follow, may be prevented
by ordinary judgment and care. Keep your
stomach and kidney, in .hape and you will
have good health. The kidney.' work i. to
throw off the pol.onou. matter, which enter
the body. If they perform thla work regular
ly and automatically the other organ, will
take care of them.elve.
Di.ea.ed condition, of the bladder or kid
nay, are indicated by nervou.ne... .leeples.
ne... that tired, womout feeling di.iine...
nau.ea, backache, lumbago, rheumatism, pain
in the lower abdomen, many so-ealled "fe
male trouble.," aevere pain and discomfort
Established 1894.
RUPTURE
h.. tk tit trntmant In existence today. 1 do not inject paraiflse) ot wax.
aa it i. dangeroua. The advantage, of my treatment arei No iosa of time. No.detentton
from business. No danger from chloroform, shock and blood poison, and Se laying a
in hospital. Call or write. Dr. Wray, 80S Bee Bldg, Omaha. ,
BEE WANT-ADS
The
Right
Man
In
The
Right
Place
Remedial Discovery
-
Your body alfoetod with eatarrh ia Ilka
a jar ot molded fruit. Yon caa't
rid of the eeum by eeraptaf J wff. The
cause muat bo removed.
IT'S YOUR KIDNEYS
when urinating, bloody, cloudy and Stringy
urine, too frequent or aupprea.ed passages.
All these are nature'a .Ignal. to warn yet.
of di.ea.ed kidney, or bladder, which may
lead to fatal Bright's disease. ;
Don't wait until the danger la upon you.
Go to your druggist at once. Get a trial beg
of GOLD MEDAL Haarlem Oil Capsule.
They are made of the pure, original, imported
Haarlem Oil, the kind your great-grandfather
used. About two capsules each day will keep -yon
toned op and feeling fine. Money re
funded if they do not help yon. But re
member to ask for the Imported GOLD
Mien AT. hrsnrf. In sealed packagea. Adv.
llHbaessVB
1 have a auoces.tul treatment for Baptwre with
out resorting to a painful and uncertala aargteal
operation. I am the only reputable pby.toiaa who
will take such ease, upon a guarantee to give)
satisfactory results. I hate devoted more than SS
vear. to the exclu.lve treatment of Raptara. attd
PRODUCE RESULTS