TIIE BEE: OMAHA, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 3, 1915. THE OMAHA DAILY BEE FOUNDED RY EDWARD ROSKWATER. VICTOR ROSEWATER, EDITOR. The Dee Publishing Company. Proprietor. BEE BUILDING. FAP.NAM AND FKVF.NTEKNTH. Entered at Oinih poatofflce aa eeeond-class matter. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. By carrier By moll per month. per r. Pally and Sunday So 16 n raily without Piinrtay....' 4 4 on ?venin anil Punday sir g no Kventng without Sunday To 4.00 Sunday Bra only r j.on 8end notice of rhn of aridreee or complaints of Irregularity in delivery to Omaha Be, Circulation Department. REMITTANCR. Remit by draft, express or postal order. Ontv t wo re tit stamps received In payment of ama'll ac counts Personal checks, except on Omaha and eai.tern exchange, not accepted. OFFTCE8. Omaha The Bee Building. Fouih Omaha iBU N atreet. Council Fluffs-14 North Main street. Lincoln 2 Little- Bulldlnir. CMracn arri Harst Hulrllng New Tork Room linn, jx Fifth s venue. Pt Louts-VB New Bank of Commerce. Wsshlngton 73 Fourteenth St., N. W. ' CORRESPONDENCES. Aodrees communications relating to new a and edl tcrtal matter to Omaha Uee. Editorial Department. " NflVKMHKK CIKOILATIOX. 53,716 State of Vehraska, County of Potiglna, a: J.!;'f Williams, circulation manager of The Bee J'ubllshing company, telng duly aworn, aaya that the average circulation for the month of November, 11J, was S3. 7I. mVHUiT WILLIAMS, Circulation Manager. Uw,"rrJ!21 ,n n"r Presence and aworn to before me. thia 2d day of December IklB. ROBERT IIL'NTKR, Notary Public. Subscribers leaving the city temporarily . should hare The liee mailed to thorn. Ad dreee will be changed aa often aa requested. Decent Thought for the Day SUetd iy Minnit M. Niekmm Uo far that UUlt eandh IA rotes hi$ bum; Ho tHntt m giod detd in a naughty uorld. Shaktitpetrt. A year ago It was the Chrlstmae ahlp this year It la the peace ahlp but the war atill goes on. Now la the time for the peace prophet to cet busy again. One of them may guesa right J some of these days. J Take it from us, that when It cornea to re j writing the laws of war on land' or aea, no one nation la going to have the whole aay. If Henry Ford does not win the next Nobel peace prise the neutral world will have reason to question Sweden's appreciation of boundless teal. According to Secretary McAdoo, Panama canal will soon be a producer Inatead of a con samer of money. It remains for Culebra to ratify the secretary's optimism. . Prudent wheat growers and grain dealera will be careful not to ahlp to Canadian porta when they can avoid the risk so easily by patronising home railroads and elevators. We protest that to require all the profes sional farmers to tell exactly where they farm and what they farm la an unreasonable and un warranted use of the publicity searchlight. The apectacle of a railroad hobbling on financial crutches speeding up and beating stal wart trunk linea to the business trough lends irony and gayety to life In the transportation world. Viewing the results by and Urge, fifteen months after the start, the outstanding achieve ment of the war consists of 10,00,000 casual ties, nearly equally divided between dead and wounded. ' . When Speaker Clark says be expects con gress to be in session until the dog daya, be must be trying to lay the foundation for the revival of hta favorite song. "You'll Have to ( Stop Kicking My Dawg Aroun' ." The aenator'a personal newspaper organ In- j aists he ia urging hla embargo on munitions ex ports not becauae of pro-Germanism, but out of pure Americanism. That must explain why all the pro-Germane are so strong for the proposi tion. The democrats insist on a pot of money for their campaign fund from the city favored with the national convention location. If that la the object, why not put It up at auction and knock it don to the highest bidder without pretense cr deception? Wireless developments continue at an amax ing rate. The fact that the station at Honolulu caught waves of news sent out from Germany, 9,000 miles away, tndicatea that eventually the wirelesa system will belt the world more effec tively than the telegrap'a and ocean tablea. iJtf.. WJ Arrengemente have been made for the appearance of the three (rcateat bllllardlsts, Srhaefer, Sloeaon anj Yiynaux, in the opera house, when they will five aa exhibition of cue and balls. J. A. Munroe of Kansas City ia la Omaha. . Omaha Is discuaalna the question of experimenting villi electric lighting. Mr. and Mra. Henry W. Tatea returned from their ead pilsrtraage tward to reclaim the body of their ao.i, who was drowned In Long laland Bound. The plat of Parkalow Place, a new addition of West Omaha, maa filed with the clerk. Clarence Whlatler, the (rest wrestler. Is dead, te the ereat grief of Omaha sporting men, who were einung Ma admirers. Whlatler was formerly cmpluyej here In the Colon Pacific ahopa. The Weatera Union has at last agreed to eiltnd lie line to the stock yards. A vag at the police court had the audacity to demand a Jury t-lal. and he got it with threo months throan In. The Jury that brought in the verdict was composed or W. J. Muuut, fc. VI cK 'lure. Morris Mor jlaou and Jma II. Wlnpear. fierldenta of near lisnacom park ar complaining to the city council that there la toe much ahovtlng gulng vu in the park tiunday luurninga. mtmmt a rmftM su The Government and Pacific Koads. Prosecution In the federal courtg of a suit to divorce the Central and Southern Pacific lines renews Interest In the past attitude of the government to this problem. When the Harri man system was being "unscrambled," the Union Pacific undertook to purchase the Central Pa cific, but was prevented by Attorney General McReynolds, who Insisted that It would be dan gerous to have a continuous line under the same management from Omaha to San Francisco. The stupidity of that position was at that time pointed out by The Bee and conditions then fore casted have developed. The present suit turns on a condition eatab Hshed by the McReynolds ultimstum, which merely continued the Southern Pacific control, against which for years all the transcontinental shippers have protested. The Central Pacific as an Independent line haa no statua. It must have a close working connection with an east ern outlet. In order to serve the traffic it is de signed to accommodate. The perfect transcontinental system of rail roads, well demonstrated by experience, waa the old plan for an Overland route, which should never have been deviated from. The govern ment has effectually muddled the situation, has not aided the rivals of the Union or Southern Pacific, has given no relief to shippers, and It remains yet to clear the track to the right so lution. The Philippines. The flash and clash between Secretary of War Garrison and ex-Pfesldent Taft over the Philippines have drawn attention to the un happy and steadily deteriorating condition of those Islands since the democrats started ex perimenting with them, and the best claim by the democratic mouthpiece is that, despite the admitted loss in efficiency by the backward step, the ground may be regained when the policy of aelf-government la worked out. In a word, the excuse Is made that the democrats, having been committed to a wrong policy, prefer to persist In It with such resulting demorallxa tlon Vr there, rather than to acknowledge their mistake and go back to the tried and proved republican policy. But 'the fact ia that the democratic treat ment of the Philippines doe not conform even with democratic platform professions. It will be remembered that Colonel Bryan threw up hla military commission and left his troopa in Cuba to rush back to Washington and help force ratification of the treaty of Paris, for the ex press purpose of making "militarism" an issue In his 1800 campaign. The democratic plat form on that point, therefore, outlined the dem ocratic policy (omitting denunciation of the re publicans) by saying: W favor an Immediate declaration of the na tion's purpose to give the Filipinos, first, a stable form of government; second, Indwpendence, and third, protection from outside Interference. The position of the republicans at that time was stated in this reference to the people of our newly acquired Insular possessions: The largest measure of self-government con sistent with our welfare and our duty shall n secured to them by law. The democrats reiterated their declaration in 1904 and 10S, and again la 1913, when It took on thla' language: We favor an Immediate declaration of the ra tion's purpoae to recognise the independence of the Philippine Islands as soon as a atable government ran bs estshllahed, such Independence to be guar anteed by us until the neutralisation of the Islands ran be secured by treaty with other powers. But fifteen yeara, three of them under dem ocratic rule, apparently, hag not sufficed to produce a stable government which would war rant the "Immediate" Independence of the Fil ipinos which the democrats promised thera way back in the year 1900. The democrats have failed to carry out even the express terms of their 1912 platform pledge, and all they have accomplished so far, according to tbe consensus of competent opinion, Is the undoing of a large part of what the republican administrations had accomplished and making It necessary to do It over again with increased difficulty. It would be far better for the Filipinos, as well aa for the people of thla country, If the democrats would recognise the fact that it la "a condition and not a theory which confronts them" In dealing with the Philippines. . The Farmen and Their Congress. The determination of the farmers to restrict membership In their state congress to persona engaged In or cloaely allied to farming ia on right lines. Hitherto, the affalra of the con gress have been considerably disturbed by the Interjection of matters that have little or no relation to the Industry of agriculture as such, and expressions thus obtained have been uaed to bolster up the political projects of pestifer ous agitators. The farmers are deeply con cerned in politics, and are not to be denied full activity in the governmental affairs of the atate, but their deliberations ought to be untrammeled, and their conclusions reached without undue in fluence from outsiders, whose interest ia not alwgya that of the farmer. Good will certainly come to the congress as a reault of the house cleaning commenced in Omaba. Politic! and the 8tate Univeriity. Tbe capital correspondent of our local demo cratic contemporary boasts of the services being rendered by the democrats on tbe Board of Re gents of the University of Nebraska, and praises them aa big business men giving their time and talent without reward to the institution. All that be gayg of these men may be true, and will not be .disputed, but what of the other mem bers of the board, who are not democrats, but who are also big business men and devoting their best abilities Just as freely to and effec tlvely to the university! Efforts to Involve the University of Nebraska In partisan politics ought to be rebuked at any time. The service of the school essentially depends on Its Indepen dence of and freedom from partisan Influence however remotely exerted. The long list of able men who have served as regenta without emolu ment is the best possible evidence of the re gard tbe people have for the university. The present attempt to gain a little partisan credit for the democrats at the expense of this great educational institution, cheapens even that party'a standing. And now cornea tbe Intimation that house hold furniture will cost ue more. Just another unreasonable remlcder of tbe democratic plat form promise to reduce the high coat of living. i Europe After the War Aleaaade Woyes la etifcaar'e. ANNOUNCINO In the German Reichstag at the close of August, the third great German war loan, the Imperial finance minister briefly re viewed some aaMent facts. The dally coat to all the powers Involved In the European war, he said, had risen to tTJ.000,000; the monthly cost to more than I2.onr,orx),onO; the yearly cost to something like ,26,000,. ono.ono. The spoech containing those estimates wss made before Bulgaria had entered the war and be fore the Balkan campaign had begun; therefore, the present outlay must be greater still. Germany alone, the ministerial spee-h proceeded, was now spending In a single month more by one-third than the total Coat of her Franco-Pruaaian war. To these rompariaona one may profitably add some others of equal Interest, affecting Great Britain's hill of costs. At Its present rate of war expenditure. England paya out In six months mora than the United States government spent for military and naval pur poses In all the four years of the American civil war. It Is commonly estimated that the war with France In the Napoleonic period, from 1799 to 1SIJ Inclusive, coat England In the ar (re sate S4.16O.O0O.OUO. But the chancellor of the exchequer recently declared to Par liament that England's expenditure during only the twelve-month period ending next March will ha.e amounted to $7,960,000,000; and the average dally rate of outlay Is progressively Increasing. These flgurea of the present waste of capital In war are so large that to moat minds they are merely bewildering. Some of the most experienced Interna tional bankers ventured the positive prediction at the beginning of this year, that the belligerent govern ments would not be able to continue raising the neces sary funds after 1915. This prediction, like so many others made since the war began, will have to get Its answer from the progress of eventa, and the answer may not be what waa expected. But It should still be poaslhle to ascertain exactly how the various bel ligerent governments sre raising the money for this prodigious expenditure; then to inquire what effect, temporary or permanent, the process ia exerting on their actual prraent financial situation, and from that to obtain at least some Idea of the economic condi tion In which the severs! belligerents wilt emerge from this ruinous conflict. It Is not always easy to determine whrt Imme diate present effect, financial or economic, the strain of war la exerting on a given belligerent stute. In dustrial activity Is usually keyed up to a high pltcn by the government's huge purchases of material. Profits from many manufactures rise because of the war requirements; wagea of labor Invariably rlae. But what also happens Is the rapidly increasing p'sralysls of normal business. In countries like Francs or England It la the export trade which moat plainly tells this part of the story. The decrease in Great Britain's merchandise exports, during the first seven months of 1915, of $469,000,000, or 82i per cent, from the same months of 1014, and the simultaneous decrease In French exports by $430,009,000, or 6 per cent, were certainly In great part a result of the commandeering of capital for war loans, thereby stopping Improvement and exten sion of private business enterprises; of the enlistment of skilled workmen In alt the fighting states for the war, and of the turning of the machinery In almost every kind of factory to the making of ammunition. What has been the effect of the war on the legit imate home consuming market is less eaay to deter mine. But It la reasonable to suppose that the appeal for every hundred marks of private German savings to be Invested in the war loans and the tss of IT per cent and upward on English Incomes, must enor mously reduce the whole people's purchasing power. Just now all this is sccepted as an inevitable Inci dent of a war for the country's safety like the In flated paper currencies of the continent and tha de preciated foreign exchange on England. But what sort of condition does It foreshadow when the war Is over ' The first and most unmistakable conclusion la that , the people of what Is now belligerent Europe will be poor. This muM be so In England, not only because the furious activity In all trades contributing to the wsr will have stopped completely, but becausu the abnormally heavy taxes must continue. It must be so In Germsny becauae the "war orders" will have ceased, because the long embargo on foreign com merce will have exerted Its. cumulative Influence, and because the Imposition of much heavier taxes can then no lonser be deferred. Very few people of ex perience or judgment regsrd as anything but" a pre text or a dreant the Imperial finance minister's Idea of a wa'r Indemnity of ll.OX,000,000 or upward. Imposed by a victorious Germany on her enemies. With those enemies now In possession of Germany's colonies, with England controlling .he sea, and with the whole world outaide of Germany In agreement that reparation to Belgium is the sins qua non of the final reckoning, such a prediction falls not fsr short Of absurdity. But If the wsr lsats snother year, tha annual in terest alone, on the German war debt, and on that of other belligerents beside, will be almost or quite as large as the whole snr.ual public revenue from taxa tion before the war. The formidable question then arises, what the attitude of the people will be toward so crushing a burden of taxation at a time when political dissension has begun again, when appeal to patriotism and national safety haa lost Its force through return of peaes, and especially with nations whose people have been deluded Into thinking that the enemy would foot the entire bill. There Is left another question of post-bellum con ditions still more Important to our own material Interests. That Is the question whether Europe Its people impoverished by war, its manufacturers sud denly deprived of demands for war material, and. In Germany'! case. Its whole productive industry tn touch again with a foreign market lost since the war began will not Instantly pour Into the rich United States so Immense a mass of manufactured gooda. offered at very low prices fixed by the urgent needs of the European producer, as to cut off our own manufacturers front tha market. This picture seems on its face convincing; the result would sppesr to follow the logic of the situation. Our own government has already begun tentatively te discuss measures which might be necessary to avert or modify the dis organising effect on American Industry. Tet tha prospect, on examination. Is not altogether se clear as might be imagined. Home of our own most experienced manufacturing authorities hold today that these circumstances Insure an export trade from the United 6tates to Europe, sfter wsr Is ever, of ab normally Urge proportions. These are among the obscure, but not the lass formidable, problems which svea paaoe will bring-. Nobody oan answer them confidently. Predictions of tha moat disquieting sort are made regarding all ef them. Perhaps, however. It will be to some extent reassuring If we keep In mind the fsr mere disquieting predictions made a year and a half agw regarding the Inevitable and Immediate economic results of the war Itself, virtually none of which has been fulfilled. Twice Told Tales CktsiylsB Pe-salMlst, Thla one has the merit of being true, aay hew: The official peealmlat of a small western elty, a gentleman who had wrestled with eareaie dyspepsia fur leers, stood la front of the poeterfire as the Itoen whtatlee sounded. "Twelve o'clock, eh?' he said, half te himself and half to aa acquaintance. "Well, I'm going home to dinner. If dinner alnf ready I'm going to raise trouble; sad If It Is ready I ain't going te eat a bite." Saturday Bvealng- Poat Milul latere Blushing, she hid her faoe on her father's shoulder "He loves me." she breathed. "Waata to marry you. eh?" the eld mae grunted. "Yea. papa." "What la hla Incomer' he started. "I don't know," she murmured, "but the Coinci dence ia vry strange." "What colacideacer asked the father. 'Vlarenc-e." she answered, "asked the very same question about your Income." Washlagtoe Star. Inpatient with Wllaoa. PUAINVIEW, Neb., pec. 1-To the Editor of The Bee: According to all paper reports. Mr. Wilson, our honorable president, could not join Mr. Henry Ford's peace propaganda. Why not? Simply becauae he can't figure out any peace proposition favorable to England and Its allies. Mr. Wilson, ss well ss his favorites, the elites, ' Hue- that thty are heaten and witness the struggle In desperation, wltnout sny hopes to win. Mr. Wilson sees his busom friend, John Bull, fall with deep emotion, but has one ooneol Uon. he sees his friend st home, the ammunition factory owners, making mil lions out of thla war. lie caree not for the millions killed In Europe, nor for the millions suffering In his own coun try on account of this wsr, sll he cares for Is to carry out hie own selfish plsns and to help England to maintain Us world pom er. He is not the same V llson he used to be a year ago. when he or dered a day for prayer, for the Ixrd to end this war at once; now I think he praya by himself for the continuance of this war to the benefit of our ammuni tion factories, aa well as for fcngland to get ready and get on the winning side. Old King Frederick the Great of Prus sia used to say: "The Uord always goes with the best army regardless of national ity." Thla seems to be the case in this present war. The alllea never were able to check the central powers In their offensive wsve; how can any eane man expect them to put them out of t lelr fortified positions If once In the defense. Mr. v lisun ought to know this and come to the conclusion that now Is the proper time to have peace for humanity sake. Furthermore, Mr. Wilson urges con gress to spend $600,000,000 for his favorite Idea, "preparedness." Whom Is he fear ing? Is It Germany? The Oerman gov ernment has shown that they will up hold their friendship towards the United fUates in spite of the Insults received from our jingo president, for they are con vinced of the fairness of the majority of tha people of the Dmtrd otaixs ana they know that his days as president of the United States are counted. 1 hope Mr. Wilson will be shown where he la at by the next congress and without any doubt the voters of the union will show him where he belongs next fall. AN OUU-TIMB DBMOCRAT. Fraternity and Harmony. OMAHA, Deo. t-To the Editor of The Bee: Tour edition of November 29 gave the Information that the Ancient Order of United Workmen band had paraded the downtown streets and that large banners were displayed which showed the nature of the parade to be a protest against the recent action of the city commlsilnners in deciding that only union bands would be hired to plsy at the parks next sum mer. The Musicians' union had supposed that sll fraternal lodges were founded on brotherhood embodied In the noble purpose of the care of the alck, the burial of the dead and the maintenance of the dear ones left behind. This latest Innovation of the Ancient Order of United Workmen band gives the impression that perhaps ths founder of the Ancient Order of United Workmen forgot to Include the TirAP chagrin end "Henry." principle of the "open shop." It may b possible, however, that the brother pro moters of this band yielded to the tempta tion to use the prestige of the order for speculative purposes and that maybe this recent parade protest against the hiring of union labor is not on a moral plane with the pronounced tenets of the order. For the sake of enlightenment on th'a point the Mueicians' union will be thank ful if some officer or members of the Ancient Order of United Workmen wtll snswer the following query, vis: "Haw csn the Ancient Order of United 'Work men justify its position In maintaining a band, giving said band the lodge name, equipping them and then place them, un der the caption of the lodge title, In com petition with musicians who do not happen to belong to the lodge, and In -roteet agalnat the employment of or ganised labor?" ' J. M. FINN, Secretary Omaha Musicians' Union. .' Loeatla last Tarfcer Dlaaer. RED OAK, Ia'., Pee. J -To the Editor of The Bee: I noticed a letter In your Letter Box by "Jack Dunn" wishing to know If that Thanksgiving dinner given to llauser could not have found a better resting place in some poor home. - Perhaps he means by that, that he would like te have had It Hauser ta Just the same te me as anybody else. 1 He Is human. Perhaps ha shot Smith; 64 and again, perhapa he dW not. I don't J know, and neither does Jack Dunn. . But whether he did or not. he is Just as hu man now as he was before, is he not? . That 0 Inner could wot have found a better resting place than It did- If Jack Dunn thinks It could, let htm try the same thing, under the same circum stances. J. BUIAJVAN. . etlaar fev teeheav PRAGUE. Neb., Dee. 1-To the Editor of The Omaha Bee: Joe'Steeher, the world's champion heavyweight wrestler, with his brother Anton, the middleweight American champion, gave a wrestling exhibition performance last Saturday je fere a large and appreciative audience. A good preliminary also had been staged. Joe secured both, falls In 14 minutes and U second and 1$ minutes and seconds, respectively. 4 wish to state only a few facts about this pride of Nebraska wonder athlete. At the tender and unheard of age of SI years he heldg a record unequalled In ths annals of the world's wrestling history. Then, too, Joe Is crowing and improving and Is fully over 10 per cent better today In tha ring than he was tha Fourth ef July last, whsn he wrestled the cham pionship from Cutler of Chicago. When asked whe bis next opponent for a big match was likely to be, Joe elmply smiled and stated, with full respect for all aspirants, "They all look alike to mei I am ready to wrestle anyone le the world. The first eome the first served." Joe has thrown them all as fast as they earns up; the bigger they are the harder they fall. Regarding the statements of Farmer Burna. as published, they merely sound as though somebody's axe. was mighty dull. The " Farmer" etatee that Joe w rest lee men out of condition. Even if It were true t which all followers of the game know It is not). It eartalaly would pot be Joes fault. If the r"ermer" really thinks ha eaa find a man to threw Joe. he should not experience aay trouble te get his $100,000 "proposed" bet covered et once. Just let the people know where the money Is. No trouble at all. The "Parmer" his always Keen treated squarely by the followers of tha wrestling game, sad the public should ramember that the "good book" seye "Do unto others ss theti wouldat have others -de unto you." DR. M. J. UCllCKA. LAUGHING OAS. st her slender lord snd master, "you are quite the style; your narrow, sloping shoulders are the correct thing." Then she added dreamily, "1 wonder. Henry dear. If bow-k-gs will ever corns In." Judge. BRIGHTNESS OF LIFE. "I certainly do pity any poor seam stress." "Why a seamstress especially?" "Because she's bound to see so much of the seamy side of life." Baltimore American. "There's one consolation about being In Jail, mum." "What Is it, my poor man?" "After I once go to bed nobody here makes me get tip and go down to be aure that the back door's locked." Detroit Free Press. 3. M. Lewis, In Houston Post. A thought that Is winged from frienl to friend. Doean't seem such a wonderful thlnff; Tet he carriea the prayer for a Joy with out end. And it throbs with a big. friendly ring. A mere word of cheer, in the shadow of night. When discouragement darkens the way. Will Illumine our hearts with the glorious light Of a hopeful and sun-brlghtrned day. When fsllure confronts us and darkens our goais. How we long for the clasp of a hand; It la then that wo cry from the depths of our souls. For a friend who can Just understand. A bright, cheery smile often gives us the strength That we lack In the vortex of strife. For it lltrhtena our load aa we travel thn length. Of tbe care-laden path we call Life. So we find, after all, that the things we thought small Tjoom eoloHsnl above all the host; That the best of Gods gifts are the friends we can call To our side when we need them most. T "t"A rtrri "r 3 KABARET MD k-nRlBRI F WHEN (S TWS RKrHYYl ME" lb ASK A I&S FATHER R Him eMW RrSHr mo? heS w 3v in rHO0k AND HASSONr? ETCKr "My doctor told m he completely re stored that matinee actor's digestion, which waa all Imagination, by a little sweetened wster.' "Then the patient Is a sugar-cured hsm." Washington Ptsr. Insurance. Is that enough?" she murmured, fondly gating TO Made from Cream of Tartar Absolutely Pure jjSjeaWSsaSetw limlmmmSt- I M DISTINCTIVE CHRISTMAS GIFTS gifts which are out of tu? ordinary-are always to befiund ct ' PEACOCK'S (If you do your Christmas shopping itx Chicago, you will, oj course. expect to choosa some things at Peacock's. But if you cannot come .send for our illustrated Shopping Guide Sft will enable you to se lect by mail the gifts you want CD.PEACOCK JEWELERS ESTABLISHED IS37 State CAdatrut Streets CHICAGO III 11 Persistence is the cardinal vir tue in advertising; no matter how good advertising may be in other respects, it must be run frequently and constant ly to be really succcessful. i ! i- H' ; : I fill; 1 I if n 1 1 t-itrs: mm mm