THE OMAHA SUNDAY-. DEK : AUOUST .2. 1H14.
Recent Excavations on Andean Plateau
: if- !-t
(Oopyrtirrited. 1914. hr Frank (J. Carpenter, f
A FAZ. Bnllvla Am W to I
LI give you the stnrr of some
I wonderful discoveries Just
maue in tne neart or the Rn
livlan Andes. You may have
read of the ruined city of
Machu richu, found by Dr. Hiram Bing
ham In the heart of the Jungle within four ,
or five day of Cuxco, the capital of the
Incas. That la alluated In Teru. On the
high plateau of Bolivia are the remains
of another ancient city not far from I.a
Tai that has been known for generation.
Ita origin lias never been settled, but now
out of the ground from under It are com
ing pottery, relics of gold and copper and
the Skeletons of human beings that lead
scientists hern to suppose that It was
In existence 2,'i yenrs or mor before the
first stones of the Pyramids were laid.
This ancient city Is known as Tiahua
tiacu. It Is twelve miles from iJike Tl
tlcaca, and soma of Its ruins are within
a stone's throw of the railway that goes
from Gusqul. the Bolivian port on the
lake, to I Fas. I stopped there on my
way across the. plateau.
raftered Over Wide Aren.
The ruins are scattered over an area
equal to about a dozen W-acre farms.
Thy consist of the remains of massive
walls, of terraced mounds, and of the
treat edifice sometimes called the Tem
ple. The latter building covers four acres
and tt was made of blocks of black stone
thirty Inches In thickness. The stones are
much like those of the ancient buildings 1
saw In Cuisco. They were fitted together
without mortar and that so closely that
I found It Imprsslble to Insert a knife
blade between them. ,The stones are cut
with absolute regularity, and we have
no modern buildings which are more
closely fitted together.
A a It Is now, most of the structures
of 'Tlahuanacu have been carried away,
and It la only the mighty pillars that are
scattered here ' and there and the cut
atones remaining from the old buildings
that Indicate the wonders of the past. The
temple Itself was In the shape of a
rectangle, 445 feet long by feet wide.
Ita outllnea are marked by massive blocks
of red sandstone, some of which are still
erect. They evidently formed the part of
a rough wall and they supported a plat
form of earth that rose eight feet
above the country surrounding. On the
eastern side of this platform was a lower
terrace, along the edge of which were
great stone pilasters ranging In height
from nine to fourteen feet and In width
from two to four foet. There were ten
of these. All except one stand there to
day. ' Some Weniirrfol Finds.
Near this platform Is what Bquler called
the palace. I refer to Bphrlam George
Squier, who went to Peru more than fifty
years ago at) a special commissioner from
the United States and described these ruins
In his book, entitled. "Incidents of Travel
In the Land of the Incas.". When I was
In Bolivia fifteen years ago I went over
Squier's discoveries with Prof. Adolfa
Bandolier, who was then working for the
New' York museum, and he told me that
Squier's deductions were In the main cor
rect Squier made some excavations un
der the temple. He heard from the In
diana that there were large vaults beneath
it and that an underground passage led
from ' there to Cuteo. He dug under the
foundations, but found no vault or pas
sage. The discoveries recently made are
the work of Dr. Otto Buchteln, the dl
rector of the National museum of La Pas.
Ha has made some wonderful finds In the
arth not far from the temple and in the
country about. The museum here is fun
of them and the work is still going on.
I shall describe his discoveries further on
In this letter, riving a talk with Dr.
Buchteln.
Lived Elarbt Thousand Years A arc
But first let me tell you what ia still
left of Tlahuanacu. The ruin are ac
cessible to all, and some may be seen
from the windows of the cars passing
, through on the way to La Pas. There
are remarkable ruins right at the railway
tatlon and in the town that surrounds
it. The town constats of mud huts, some
of which have doorways made of atone
brought from the ruins and set Into the
walls. ; I saw Aymara Indians sitting In
'these stone doorways and othera stooping
a.athey went in end out. The huto are
often plastered with mud, and upon the
thatched roof a are wooden crosses, ebow.
lng the religious nature of the people.
Thetown has a Catholic church that has
atones , of the ancient city in Ita walls,
and in front of the church la a cross on
a, pedestal made of auch stones. There
are carved idols on each side of the gate
way that leads Into the church. They all
came from Tlahuanacu, whose people.
lived 8,000 yeara ago and worshiped we
know not what. , .
I The main mine of Tlahuanacu lie on a
broad and level plain, situated about a
.half. "hill south of the railroad. They
are acattered over the plain, some of
I'them half burled and others lying well
up out of the tufts of grass and other
low plants that cover It. The region Is
'. the picture of desolation. The Andes are
i in plain view, but outside them there la
nothing but the mud huts in the distance
; and the alpacas, llamas and sheep,
'watched by Aymara shepherds, spinning
jot knitting as they mind their flocks.
I Poiirni) of Solid Stone,
j One of the striking features of the ruins
la a great -doorway cut out of one solid
'block of stone. This it fitted into the
! watts of an old cemetery The block is
broken at one corner, but it oilglnally
I was a great stona slag eighteen inches
thick, and twice a tall as a man. The
.doorway that was cut through its center
;is four and a half feet high and almost
three feet in width. The stone above the
door Is beautifully carved with figures
'that seem to be Egyptian, and over the
Idoorvay is a central figure In high re
' lit-f. Some st the figures evidently repre
sent kings, tor each holds a scepter and
'.tome haw crowns on their heads. -They
.have human bodies, feet and hands.
' Other of the stones are enormous. I
fw' one thirty-six feet long and seven
feet thick,' and another which Is twenty
,ix feet long, sixteen feet wide and aix
fet in thickness. Some of the blocks are
of sandstone and others are trachyte,
dark in color and exceedingly hard. The
latter are beautifully carved and polished,
i Among tha most remarkable features of
the ruins are the stone idols, dug out
'since Squier's time and made to stand
upright. Some of these Idols are of gi
gantic size. Their bodies are as big
around as a flour barrel, and they are
mora than eight feet in height. The
faces have thick lips, and the heada are
ao cut that they would be a delight to
the eublats of today. They are all aa-
glee, oven to the eyes, nosea and llpe.
i Soma of tha amaller idols have been
brought to I Psi. There la one In tha
center of the National museum here. It
Is about three feet In height, and ia ar
tistically carved. I took a picture of my
alf standing beside R, and also of Dr.
C, jf
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Id
No Progress with
Mohamcdans Unless
Women Are Educated
iT. rKTr.RPBVnn. Aug. l.-Th Mo
hammedsn womsn In the lluht of today
was dlacussed at the Mohammedan con
gress which has been In seslon here, and
her couse applouded when Akmud Kuram
shln, a member pf the first Duma, de
clared that without the education of j
women It would be quite lmpreIMe to j
effect progress among Mohammedans. I
"If certain old mullahs continue to pro
claim from In the ninsques that women
have no need of education." he said, ''they
simply apeak Ignorance "
The Akmud went so far as tr say every
woman over 21 yearn of age should hava
a vote on questions affecting the com
munlty at large. In regard to matrimony
he contended that both parties should be
asked before the marriage ceremony
'vhether they were voluntarily entering
Into the contract. This, he aald, would
eventually put a stop to the idea that
Mohammedan women were so many chat-tla.
forty delegates from Kuropean and I
Asiatic Rusnla. and has been sitting In t
St. Petersburg- with the authorlratlon of
the minister of the interior. The meet
ings have reflected a strong determination
rmong the Moslem subjects of Emreror
Nicholas to uphold their religious, social
and educational rights. The establish
ment In Ft. Petersburg of a centralised
authority which should look after the In
terests of the Mohammedan religion
throughout the Russian empire was re
garded by many speakers as an urgent
need.
-ARE YOU INTERESTED.
In Seeing Unquestionably the Best
Piai iarMi
PLEISTOCENE FOSSILS
FOUND UNDER LONDON
w h.m. vuot JL yarmj wonn iSOO ymAJtrj o
Buchtein, the director of the museum,
who has been making the excavations.
Collection Is Large.
It wns in company with Dr. Buchten
that I went through the museum and
examined the objects he lias just dug
from the ground. ' The collection is large',
covering many tables and filling several
rooms. It consists of pottery of all sizes,
from vases of three or four gallons down
to the little cups the size of half an egg
shell. Some of the objects are almost
Etruscan In their decoration. Other
pieces have hieroglyphics that make one
think of Chinese or Japanese characters.
Much of the terra cotta is as fine as por
celain, and, when tapped upon, it gives
forth the same sound. The bowla are of
the color, of terra cotta, and there are
beautifully shaped cups, each of which
would hold one or two quarts. The col
lection altogether numbers thousands of
pieces, and it has all been excavated In
the last two or three months.
Dr. Buchteln believes that the pottery
of his latest excavatluns dates back to
8,iX) yeara ago, or to more than 6,000 years
before Christ. If lie . is correct, he has
found the oldest records of civilization
now in existence. He tells me he does
not think that Tlahuanacu was the work
of the red race, and that he believes that
It dates far back of that time to a white
race who Inhabited this part of the
Andes. In this belief .he is not alone.
A scientific traveler who recently passed
through here. has brought forth the idea
that the . Bolivian plateau was once set-
wlthln ten feet of the surface of the
earth. The soil above where they were
found is sand and Dr. Buchteln says
this Indicates that the city of Tlahuanacu
was for a long time covered with water,
and that this wss the cause of the won
derul preservation of the articles.
Among the discoveries Is a large number
of skeletons of human beings. Tha
bones were scattered about, and the
jawbones were often a yard away from
the skulls to which they, belonged. While
In the museum I saw thirty or forty pel
feet skulls, which were practically tha
same as within a few years after the
death of their owners, now more than
S.O0O years ago. Those skulls are differ
ent from any now known. They are of
enormous size, and they Indicate a race
of giants. They slope back from the eyes
almost to the crown, . reminding one of
the flathead Indians of North America.
The jawbonea are heavy, and the teeth,
after their rest of eighty centuries, are
still almost perfect. It seemed strange
to look at the . grinning molars ' and to
peer into the eyeless sockets of thesa
men of 8,000 years ao.
Bnrled with Gold.
Dr. Buchteln says - that he found the
most of the pottery near the skeletons,
and that there were two pots beside each
skull of a man or woman, and one pot
only beside tha skull of a child. .
The skulls of the women had platea of
gold upon their foreheads. There are
many of the plates In the museum. They
are of pure gold, but ss thin as paper.
tied by tho ancient Phoenicians. This Each bears the Image of a man. show
ing that the weaker sex worshiped me
ktronger 8,000 years befora the advent of
the militant suffragettn. The features of
the Image are beautifully marked: they
look as though the gold leaf had been
pounded or pressed upon a die made for
the purpose. They were probably fas
tened to the skulls by strings.
In talking with Manuel Vicente Bolivian,
who is now collecting the exhibit this
country will have at the Ban Francisco
exposition,- I have learned that many of
these ancient objects . will be taken to
the United States and shown there. Dr.
Bolivian says that he is In correspondence
with the University of Yale aa to ita Bend
ing a aclentifie expedition here to Investi
gate the ancient civilization of Tlahua
nacu and certain other archaeological
wonders of the Bolovlan plateau. Dr.
Buchteln says thst many other parts of
Bolivia have evidences of prehistoric
races, and that the museum will gladly
welcome foreigners who wish to investi
gate them. He thinks, however, that what
is found should In whole or in part be
given to the National museum of I -a Pas.
Many Cnrloos Objects.
Tha museum has many objects outside
those I have described. It has huge atona
figures from Tlahuanacu. One head that
stands on the floor of tha court is mora
than a yard high, and its eyes are as big
around aa a dinner plate. The figure la
Assyrian in Its carving. The doctor thinks
It represents the head of a warrior.
Among the most Interesting featuregtof
the museum is a targe collection of
mummies, recently discovered not far
from the Una of the Arlca-La-Pai rail
road, which last year was first opened
to traffic. They come from near Cala
coto, a station about fifteen miles from
the road. They are supposed to be the
mummies of the Chulpas, who lived be
fore the time of tha Incas. Each mummy
Is inclosed in a bssket or bag of fiber,
with a window In Its ride, out of which
sticks the head of the mummy. Tha ma
terial of the bag appears to be a pine
apple fiber, and It Is firm and strong, not
withstanding Its great age. The threads
are evenly twisted, and each bag Is woven
to the exact size and shape of tho mummy
within.
la Itttaar Post are.
Tha mummies were buried in a sitting
posture, with their legs so doubled that
the heels kicked the thighs and tha knees
met the chirr. The arms were clasped
back of tha neck. I aaw scores of these
mummies, and upon my asking the doc
tor to be allowed tu make aome photo
graphs, hs aided me In carrying several
out Into tha court. The one that I moat
tenderly handled was that of a young
woman. bfl was at leaat 1,600 years old,
man claims that the gold of Ophir came
from tha Andes. He says the Bible states
that it took three years for the ships to
make the journey to themlnes; and this
Is borne out by I Kings, tenth chapter,
twenty-second verse. In the navigation
of those ancient times it would certainly
hava taken ss much as three years for
a ship to have passed out of the Mediter
ranean, through the Strait of Gibraltar
and across the Atlantic ocean to the
west coast of thla continent and back.
Tho verse referred to says they brought
back gold and alao almug trees, and
ivory, apes, and peacocks." .There is no
ivory in South America and. the peacock
comes from India. As to apes there are
plenty of monkeys In the lowlands of
this continent, but as to the almug trfe.
jl know it not.
l Some Ancient Implements.
The excavations of Dr. Buchteln In
clude many finds of Implements of stone
and also some of gold, copper and bronse.
The first belong to the stone age, and
the latter are aald to data before the
timesof the Incgs. As'to the pottery. I
saw much that seemed . to indicate an
Egyptian origin. Many of the eupa and
bowls have the shape ,of a rat. They
made me think of Bubastis. the famous
seat of the worship of the cat In the
daya of the Pharaohs. The ancient city
was situated In the land of Goshen, not
far from where Zagazlg now stands, and
right on the route the Egyptians took
when they came dewn Into Egypt for
corn. Bubastis had many cat goddesses
and Us chief goddess was a cat-headed
woman. It had a cat cemetery, situated
on the west side of the town. This was
crammed with cat mummies, many of
which had been Incased In cat-ahaped
rasea of wood and bronze. I photo
graphed some of the cat-bomls from Tla
huanacu, and their heada are lifelike.
Dr. Buchteln found skeletons of llamas
among these cat-pots. He thinks the an
cient citizens of Tlahuanacu may have
worshiped llanwts In connection with the
jaguar, which has a head Ilka a cat.
Some of the heads are aa big as my two
fists, tha vases being covered with spots
like those of a leopard or Jaguar . Other
vases show the heads of tho condor, tha
great vulture eagle of the high Andes..
ISMst of Terrs otta.
Among tha Implements are spoons of
terra cotta and of bone. There are knives
of bone, some of which are sharp; and
also narow paints of obsidian. There are
also bona rings, and bone needles of va
rious kinds. There are stone pipes drilled
out of a rock as hard as quartz. How
the people were able to drill the holes
without steel or other metal is unknown.
Ail of these finds have coma from
but, although she had lost her fleh,
her bones were sound and' her teeth were
as white as snow and In n far better
state than my own. I carried her out
of the daiknesa nnd sat her down gently
on the stpps beside nie. In the full light
of the sun. I then laid my hand caress
Ingly upon her head, and as the doctor
photographed lis I repeated the soliloquy
of the hero in Tcnnyfon'8 "Vision of
bin" as he dsnces the tango with his
skeleton partner:
You are bone, and what of that?
Every face, however full,
Tedded round with flesh and tat,
Is but modeled on a skull.
Death Is king, and Viva Rex!
Tread a in -a sure on the stonea.
Minium-If t know your eex.
From the fashion c.f your bones.
No, I cannot praise the flra
In your eye nor yet your lip;
All the more do I admire
Joints of cunning workmanship.
Older Than Inena.
' The Inhabitants about the region of
Tlahuanacu are Aymaras, the race that
includes most of the red men of Bolivia.
It Is different from tha Inca and is sup
posed to be much older. It la by no
meana certain, however, that tha Ayma
raa were the original Inhabitants of tha
country, and I am told that the rhapa of
their skulls proves that they were not so.
Tha Aymaras have their own stories as
to their origin. One of these Is that tha
first people upon earth became so wicked
that tha gods turned them Into stone, and
the Idols of Tlahuanacu were the result.
Acordlng to .their tradition of the
creation, the world was made by tha
great god Pachacamac, and at firat It
was beautiful to look , upon and filled
with comforts for man. It was ruled,
however, by one Khunu, who seema to
have been an angel of darkness rather
than of light. It was he who brought
drouths and cold and other troubles, in
creasing them from time to time until
man became little more than a beast.
Then Pachacamac fought the devil
Khunu. He sr)rrod rains over the earth,
causing the deserta to ; bloom; and ha
brought forth the sun. to warm It. There
upon the Khunu added to the rains and
the flood came, during which the earth
was covered with darkness. The fiaht
went on, but Pachacamac finally con-
quetcd, appearing a the aun god, and
covering the world with light. He created
another god to a'd him,, and thla god cut
down the mountains and made the pla
teaus. He wiped out the deserts and
caused springs to; flow forth from ' tha
rocks. It waa under these gods that man
got a. fresh start and eventually rose to
be the lords of creation.;
FRANK O. CARPENTER..
LONDON. Aug. 1 Authorities it the
South Kensington . Museum of Natural
History have determined that tho fossil
bonen of a lion's leg and of a mam
moth's hip which waa recently discovered
thirty-five feet below tha surface of Fleet
street belong to the Pleistocene period.
These prehistoric relics were found within
thirty yards of the apot where the skull
of a woolly rhinoceros, bones of tha rein
deer and of the extinct great ox and
horse were found several yeara ago.
It . la common enough to find Roman
relics when excavating in the center, or
"city," of I-ondon, but fossils of the
Pleistocene ago are ao rare aa to be of
striking Interest to the geogollsts. F. E
Beddard, F. R. 8., answers the question
as to how these animals made their way
Into the British Isle.
"During Hie period of the earth's his
tory which saw these great beasts grat
ing on the plains of northern Europe and
Asia," 1 he said. "England waa not di
vorced from the continent, and the
Thames flowed on to Join the Rhine."
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rjj Telephone Doug. 2600
LONDON, August 1. There are mora
people engaged In domestlo service In
England, and Wales than In any other
industry or service In the two countries.
Domestic Indoor servants, according to
tha census returns, number 1,302,4m, of
whom 41 ,7 are men.- Kxclusiva 'Of
domestlo service, agriculture affords em
ployment to more persons than any other
r'ngle -Industry or service, there' being
1.2,6fi6 farm workers, of whom M.Ml are
women. In coal mining 971.S34 persons
are engaged. Including S7,1W women, who
nowadays are employed in . the lighter
work on -the surface, such as sorting.
Figures for other Industries are: build
ing 817.M2: cotton manufacturing 623,826,
of whom more than, half . are . women;
railway services H2.M9; engineering and
machlno ' making, iron-founding and
boilermaklng . 610,38, while there are
688.K51 persons engaged In local govern
ment service, Including the police. .
PIANO
London Has Only .
One Woman Cabby
i
IONrON Aug. 1. England, according
o census returns just published, haa but
one woman cab driver. She has held a
license for twenty-six years and can be
seen every day outside Bembridge sta
tion,' Isle of Wight. The -holder of this
license bears the truly British name of
Mrs. John Bull. Her uniform consists
ot a neat blue skirt and coat and a hard
bowler hat. For 'funerals and weddings
she assum.a the added dignity of a top
hat.
Mrs. Bull atarted with a pony and gig,
and from tha earnings of that provided
herself with a -horse-and smart landau.
It is her boast that aha grooms her own
horse and can harness him and be in at
tendance at any residence In tha parish
within ten minutes of receiving orders.
Mrs. Bull gained her knowledge of horaes
while in the service of Sir Donald l.'urrle
and afterwards on a ranch In Texas.
With the business of cab driver aha com-
blnea that of pig breeding and may fre
quently be seen taking stock to Newport
market. She attends market personally
and atrlkes her own bargains with the
dealers.
English Strikers
Returning to Work
IjONDON. Aug. l.-The big lockout of
builders, which haa held up, building oper
ations in London for months, Is slowly
crumbling without any definite settle
ment, and the army of Ironmorkers. ma
aons, carpentera and other men are re.
turning to their work.
Tna lookout arose from a number of
sectional atrlkes, tho men demanding bet
ter wages and shorter hours. Negotia
tions went on for week after week with
out any result, except for tha members
of the big and wealthy trade unions, who
secured better terms and have now re
turned to work, leaving tha amaller
unions, which refused all terms offered
by tha contractors, to shift for them
selves. As these smaller unions are
nearly bankrupt, the membera are ex
pected to follow the example of the mora
wealthy unlona '
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Caleb Powers Distinguished Congressman of Kentucky.
H. W. Sears Celebrated Humorist,
The Chicago Male Quartet High artistic value.
The Chicago Operatic Company Five Great Artists.
Thatcher Concert Cofpany Superb Chautauqua Attraction,.
The Sadlera and Miss WUlmer A .Whole Chautauqua.
For information and complete program address
8. 'T. NEVELN, Secretary, Storm Lake,' Iowa.
JUST AS PERFECT
AS WHEN PUT AWAY"
Venr woolen blankets and many articles of el o tiling will
be safe from moths, if kept in tha lower drawer of a Luger
"Cedar-Line" dresser or chiffonier. The cedar bottom has
a mild, pleasant cedar odor, which permeates the whole
dresser.
Luger "Cedar-Line"
Dressers and Chiffoniers
' Cot Toil nothing eitra for this feature. Yet
you save the cost of a cedar chest and the space
it takes up in your bedroom. When you see the
other Luger feature th attractive appearance
(a largo variety of woods and finishes ia stan
dard, colonial and our new straight line styles),
tne rarerui nnisn, toe rigid durable interlocking
construction, ins easy-working draw
ers, etc., you will never be satisfied
with any bat a Lugsr "Cedar-Line."
Your furniture dealer probably sells
the Luger "CedarLiae." If not.
write us.
V
Luger
Furniture
Company
Minneapolis,
Minn.
Sh Bili
T7 i' J'i'fcAlMiJ! IWlll