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About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (May 19, 1907)
V THE OMAHA SUNDAY BEE: MAY 1?. 1907. i What the French Are Doing to Open Up the Greatest of Deserts ft I . aU "Sv ; f AXs- T 1 ( -IT-' :T: ; - - .MJil .... - f-- ' - - :- - FREIGHT TRAIN OF THE CENTRAL SAHARA. pa;er arranged that one-half of each receipt can be pva to the passer rer and the other doubled up and tied with a string; to the baieae. Most of the natives ca,rry their belongings In bags not unlike coffee sack and much of the checked Imesaie is of that natjrc. At th- depots the poorer Arai threw these baits over tr.elr shoulders and march off with them. First and s'ml-clw passengers take Kuiner.ue! valines and bundles into the car?. I am now traveling with nine packages and they all go into the car. At every stop and tart the porters take all my fluff in and out for me and the rates are ro low that the cost if handling !s little. Four cents Is a bis enough fe for one man and one food, lusty Arab can carry my baggage. TUNISIAN BRAKEMAJf AT WORK. fpyr1ght I A I 117. hy BISKRA, hara. Mai Frank O. Carpenter.) in the Desert of 15. i Special Corre- spondenoe of The Bee.) The rail- re ad Is bound, to revolutionise the Afriran oontoient. AlreadT the Iron l.orv. who breath is smoke sad wnose Ve is fire, is beginning- to Ugh? up the darker spots of these blackest regions on the globe. The work is rapidly go'ng on In tern Africa, where they are building a line from the" Cape of Good Hope to Cairn. . This has been extended from the Mediter I nanean southward for a distance as treat I a from the Atlantic to far beyond the V Mississippi, and the extension from Cape Town to the north Is greater still. The Rhodesia rallwry system reached the Zam besi river tn lsr& Turin the last year It as extended beyond that point at the rst "f almost one mile per day. and It la now at the Broken Hill mines, within less than miles of Lake Tanganyika. I expect to TO alor,- the (rreater part of this rmite be foru I leave Africa, and will be able to de scribe the va-Kus s!aes. Jprnm the coasts of both eaat and west -f rtra railroad are being built Into the Ar.'rrtoT. which will give access to the cen K 'A tral and southern parts of the continent, jr Here In the north the French colonies hare I an extensive railway system; Egypt la J grtdlroned wl'h tracks and trunk lines ars being; surveyed In the Soudan and la tha Congo valley. trains do not make more than fifteen or twenty miles an hour and the railroad cii cks at the stations are purposely kept five minutes behind every other time In or der that passengers may not get left. The methods of ticket selling and baggage checking are such that one should be at the train at least a quarter of an hour bei. re starting, and he will then have to wait his turn with a crowd of Arab soldiers and others, each of whom consumes at least two minutes at the ticket office and twice that time with the baga master. If the ticket Is a return the agent figures out a reduction of S3 per cent off the re.jilar fars and makes a memorandum of the amount on a ledger as we'l as on the ticket itself. The ordinary tickets are somewhat like ours, but the "returns" srd excursion certificates are of the siie of a legal docu ment and quite as Imposing. Bastwasje Arrssgesieatf. Only about seventy pounds of baggage are allowed free and everything must be weighed. Thers Is a tax of I cents for checking baggage and the agent registers the weight whether It is below seventy pounds or not. The checks are not road of cardboard or brass, as In our country. They ars merely receipts on a thin, tousta la the Cars. The first and second-cass compartments are comfortable. I am traveling first class, and sometimes I have a compart ment for myself sod son. The cars are divided Into little box -like rooms by par titions, which run across from one side to the other. They are usually entered from the. id-s and It is not possible to go throug'n a whole train, aa in our country. The s-ats are well cushioned, and aa the sides are wai.ed with w'ndows the oppor tunity for seeing are good. The second and third-class cars are divided up In the fame way and the second class is almost as ffond ns the ftrt- The third-class sats are bare board benches and they are usually filled with Arahs. Moors and K by!es. with a sprin kling of private soldiers. Th latter re ceive wngrs of only about 1 cent per day and hence cannot travel In luxury. F.atlna Arrinjrmriili. Within the past year or so dining cars rave been put on some cf these Algerian tmina Others stop at the stations for luncheon and dinner, and at every sta tion there Is a lunch room, called, a bu rette. The urual rate for dinner Is about 40 cents and for that sura one gc,ts an ex cellent meal with a quart bottle "of white or red wine thrown in- Luncheons are off-n put up and brought to tne urs at a cost of about W i nis each. For that one gets two slices of roa.t b f or a hilf chicken, several boiled eg 5s and a so cheese, sweet oak s and fruit. There is always a q-:.irt buttle of wire p-;t in. The wine is good and the food is excellent. Itailrnad Kmployea. I have not the railroad wages at hand, but they mirt tv exceedingly low. Every station has a large n'imber of officers and soldiers. A orR-road-" '!ep t whi h In our country would hardly be thought worthy of an apent requires a half dozen guard- and the large ststions rrcpon'.on ately mor. There is alwnys a chf der"t manager, a bassano master, a telegraph operator, a ticket seller and a r.um!'r of porters. It takes a half rtmen tr.-n to stnrt a train. The engineer whistles, one of the guards rings a bell ar.d others run from car to car and shut the dnrs while they cry "Get on. gentlemen, if you please." On the cars themselves there are mny employs. There are engineers. flrmen and hrnkemen ga'ore. Every train hss Its mail clerk and its btgjnige man and often sn express messenger as well. TtelTronds for Vorth fr!ci. The railroads of Algeria and Tunis'a st present have a length of almost 3.-w miles. The new lire projected numbr many thousand miles mor. anl in the near fu ture the railroad system of this part of the world will probably be several times what It Is now. One of the most remarkable of the new schemes Is fathered by the young khedive of Egypt. His majesty is rich and he has trouble In investir.r his surplus. H proposes to build a rsfiroa from Egypt to Tripoli which may be extended cn around the Gulf of Gabes and thu eorect with the railway system of Tu-:ia. Another scheme is to build a line through the Atlas mountains of Morocco to Tan gier, the two projects completing a great trunk line from the Nile to the Atlantic. The Morocco scheme cannot be attempted In the present condition of that country, and It Is doubtful whether the travel and freight cf the region between Tripoli an 1 the Nile wn.ild ever make that part of ths riad pay. The lerg-a of th:s trunk line, all toil!, would be aout as lor.g as from New Tork to Salt Lake City, and f illy two thirds of It remains t be built. 'Here In Alr'ria and Tjniia there are roads run n:r;r east ard wft ?.lou .is tar as front Ne-v Y-rk to Cl.!e,5-. at:d in Krrypt the l:)iiil;ve lias a 1 real:.- bum methlng like -i.-v or seventy miles from the Nile we3t wrd. On the Libyan Deserts. A part of this route p-.es along the Med iterranean through the Libyan desert. Tna khenive has traveled on horaehaok over this section ar.d was surprised to find that the country has rich s--l and that it once sup ported a hang.- pop ;!a:jon. Everywhere ha e8t he .aw the rc-rams of the Romans. There were ruined twns atid villages and enough stones in them to build a hundred new settlements. Hre and there he rr sil rich o;is"s. and Be has advanced the opinion that his road will pay. The part already built is now doing so. and he has widened the gauge to accommodate the traffic. If it should ever be completed to Tunisia, and the Morocco extension made, it would bring Africa wltl in four hours of Europe hy way of the Strait of Gibral tar, and there will be a probable connec tion with Asia by a rad which might be built from Cairo t conr.ect with ti e lines now coing south through Damascus and Jerusalem. Mnrprpd'i FalTtvny PoilH Itles. As to Morocco, thst country will eventu ally form a live field for railroad engineers It is now in such an unsettled state that the powers will have to take hold of It within a sh rt time. Both life and prop erty are unsafe, end It is Impossible for foreigners to tmvel through lt- Mirocco is one of the richest countries cf Africa and one of the worst governed and most backward- It ha ten or more mil lion population and It la said to be far richer than either Algeria or Tunisia. Ex cepting the French regions of the Desert of Sahara. M"rocce Is almott as large as those two countries put together, and it i I L A1' vi, J?' ' ' 111 i1 1 1 11' hi mhssues... j - . ...n 1 . , 11. ni.-i.ii. iiii-ii., 1 1,1 11, 1 a WATER PIPES WRAPPED WITH STRAW TO PREVENT EVAPORATION. has no roads nor any highways of com munication except bridle paths. It has some large cities. suh as Fes. Marakech and Mekinex. and eight or more coastal ports. The crtuntry is such that railroads eould be easily built through It. and I am told that the natural resources would even'ually make the roads pay. One of the Crt lints to be constructed in Morocco will be from Tangier, the port opposite Gibraltar, to Fez, the capital. The distance is 175 miles and at present all the fre.ght between the two cities !s carried on crime's, donkeys and mules. Traveler? usitally go upon horses and ther must always be accompanied by soldiers or pay a tribute to the tribes along ths way. Another scheme Is to extend the West ern. Algerian road, which now goes tr Tlemcen. on to Fex. This wfuld connect the chief capital of ths sultan with th French colonial railway system and give. Morocco access to almost three thousand miles of railroad communication. Still another road proposed 1s that from Mogador to Marakech and Fex. This would furnish Fes with a short route to the Atlantic ocean. This was the line favored by SI Mehdl el Menebbl. the ex- A fries Versa the Werla. Tn fact, railroad building Is now going cn tn Africa about as fast as In any other part of the world. The continent la increasing- Its mileage at the rata of over Ss per cent per year, and while It has yet the fewest lines of any of the grand divi sions of the globe. Its means of communi cation ars rapidly growing. At rresent ths chief railroad continent ks North America. It has between 2V),0("l and 3o0.Cn miles of Iron tracks. Next comes Europe with less than 3Q0.OW miles; and after that Asia with something Uke 60.000. Australia has 1&."0 miles of railroad lines, and Africa a little, over 15.00ft. Of all the countries of the world the T'nlted States leads In Its iron highways. We have mors tracks than all Europe, and three times as many as all the continents outside ours. Hers tn Africa the principal railroads may be grouped Into three systema The first embraces the Tunlaland-Algerlan roads of the Atlas mountains, the second the EgTPtlao lines and the third the South African roads, which have a greater mlle ag than those, of ths other two systems combined. Rail reads f the Atlas. In this letter I shall deal only with ths railways cf northwestern Alaska, and of several which the French sre projecting across ths Sahara. During the past few months I have traversed nearly every mile of track In ths region of the Atlas, and have gone over the roads which are being pushed down Into ths desert. I am writing these notes at Biskra. In the Sahara, at the end of a railroad which takes one almost XM miles south of the Mediterranean ses, and I have alresdy mspected ,the military line which goes down Into the desert far below this point along the borders of ths Morocco It Is generally claimed that the French ars not good colonisers, and that they ars allowing their vast possessions, scattered here and thers over the world outstds France, to remain as they were when they obtained them. This Is not so as to Africa. The fertile parts of Algeria and Tunisia are covered with railroads. There Is a 11ns about ss lor.g as from Philadelphia to Chi cago with branch lines to the north and south, connecting ths ports with ail parts Of ths Tell. Algeria aloce has now mors than two thousand miles of railways, snd Its rail way receipts ars between and 17.000.000 a year. There Is a heavy freight traffic, and the second and third class pas senger cars sre always well filled. There ars sleeping coaches at high rates between Can and Algiers, snd one can go scross a gres part of north Africa by sleeper. Ia Tunis; a. which Is almost as btg ss ths -tats of Illinois, there are now something ka 000 miles of railroada They ars mainly confined to the northern part of the country, although there ars some lines running down ths ewt cosat and Inland to fertiliser deposits which Ue there. These roads sre a'l French and the Tunisian gov ernment has recer.t'y authorized Urge -proprlatiwns for their ex-enston. A part ot ths Algerian system belongs to the government, snd snnther part Is In the hands of soma of ths Frenrh railroad com panies. This Is so of the road from Orin tt Algiers: It belongs to the Parla Lyons and Idedlterranesa corporation, and Its chief sAcas ars la FYs nee. The eVahara lines ars largely military. "d they could hardly si 1st without roverr.meist support. Railway travel in a on hers Africa ts far Clffsreat from that of ths faited State. In comparison srl'b as thees ptnpls are stiil a century or so behind ths (ssasa. Express Warm Friend of R America in Days of Revolution JCHESTER, N. T.. May IS. One slstance and he lesrned the English Ian of the men who did most for the guage and American doctrines from no less development of northern New a teacher than Franklin. For months Tork was James D. Le Ray, a Frenchman, who, like his father. the Count de Chaumont. was one of the best friends of the American esuse during the revolution. The aid which these two gave to this country at that time has been com pared with that of Lafayette, but little has been written about them and It re mained for Dr. Charles W. Col. ins. histor ian of ths Franklin County society, to search out their deeds snd give them credit for their part In the early history of the country and ths state. The result of Dr. Collins work appears in a little maga zine called Forest Leaves which Is pub lished In connection with the work done for cumsumpttves at Sanatorium Gabriels tn the Adirondacks. "Among- ths great men associated with the early history of Franklin county," he ays. Le Ray de Chaumont Is surely the must interesting personage. As courtly as William Constable and nearly as learned aa Richard Hanson, be had ths qualities possessed. by neither; and his life touched the great events of his time, both in Europe and America." The man who was known as Jame D. Le Ray In America was James Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont son of the Count de Chaumor.t. He . was born at Chaumont, on the Lorte near Blois, France, on Novem ber li 1T0. was educated st the celebratet college Juilly and at 17 became a courtier of Louis XVI sod Marie Antoinette. He was rich, handsome, of distinguished manner and noble birth, and soon become a court favorite. No Frenchman had better prospects of social and political advance ment when- the arrival in France of Ben jamin Franklin changed the entire caurss of his lifs and eventually led him to ths wilderness of northern New Tork. His father, the count, believed In the doctrne of Roussesu, snd when the revolu tion started he became sn advocate of American liberty. He received in his palace In Passy the American commissioners when they reached Pans, snd Franklin remained a guest of his household during ths eight years of his sojourn In France. Louis XVI could not receive the com missioners without danger of precipitating a war with England. The Count de Chtu mont as sn afflcer of the government was tn the same fix. so ha restgned his post, although hs was shout to Join ths French ministry, and as a private citizen took op ths nearotjartona bet wean the king and FTaaklm which Anally resulted la ths 'French recognition of American mde pendenca. Ia a letter to Washington la W Franklin ui4 that Chaumont was "the first In Fraaea who gavs uu credit and before the court showed us sny countenance trusted us with X0K barrels of gunpowder snd from time to time afterward exerted hm self to furnish ths cor grees with suppli-s of various kinds." . Ths v art us supplies mentioned Included food, clothing, muskets, cannon, ships of wag ana money. In part these were ab suluts gifts sad more than a bait sf Chiu-n-.snt's great fortune was used la sdvances to ths American cause. Some of ths ad vances were pi-ovaslonel loans, but nothing was expected la return until the colonies achieved Independence and the rew nation became abundantly able to discharge Us obligations. To all of his father's work tbs son, James V La Ray, cava his most ssthusiasda as- ynung Le Ray was engaged In providing clothing and equipment " for Lafayette's army and he was his father's first lieu tenant when Paul Jones' famous fleet was purchased and equipped. Dr. Collins considers the . work of the Chaumonts quite as Important as that of Lafayette and he remarks upon the fact that these noble Frenchmen are almost un known In America, while the name cf La fayette Is a household wrrd. He finds a paxeliel In he case of Robert Morris, the great financier of the revolution, who died In poverty, neglected, and of whrni not even a bicgraphy was written for more than a century. But recent historians ars giving to Morris a Juster measure of fame, he say a and it rosy not be a far cry when the American people will put Count de Chaumont and his son In the first rsnk among the men who made the re public. The American loans caused financial diffi culties for the count, and two years after the end cf the utr he sent til son ta this country to try to arrange a settlemenL Wellington. Morris and Franklin urged the cliilm, but an indifferent congress al lowed five years to pass before voting an adequate appropriation. During this deiay the young Frenchman formed intimate friendships with eminent and progressive Americans, so his time was not lost. Among th' Se men were Gou vemeur Morris and William Constable. Le Ray renounced his title of nobility and allejl'ince to France, became an American citizen and married an American g-.rl. Miss Grace Coxe of New Jerey. The American citizenship later proved extremely valuable to him. When he re turned to France to rut his father's aSoirs in order he escaped arrest during, the French revolution because he was an Amer ican, and was also able to keep the family estate from confiscation. In 17S4 Le Ray was special envoy of the United States to Algiers, and asain his citizenship proved useful. The Count de Chaumont was arrested as a royalist and would have been guillotined but for the Intervention of his son. The American envoy's threats were too much even for the half mad revolutionists, and the devo tien to the American cause which the old count ha J shown years before resulted in the saving of his life and fortune. At this time Cor.?ti.)le, Macomb snd M.Cormick had effected their great pur chase of northern New Tork lands and William Cor.stabie was In Paris negotiating for the sale of SVv'eti acres of wild land In what are now Lewis and Jefferson counties to Pierre Chaysanis. Le Ray's brether-in-l.aw. Cliassanls and his asso ciates planned to found cit! s in America where refugees fnm the reign of terror could find peaceful homes. They organized the company of New Tork. known Inttr as the fastnrland com pany, whose stcry-of high purpose and failure Is one of the most romantic in the state of New York. After tre futile at tempts of the Cha--anis syndicate to col onize. Governor Morris and Le Ray took charpe of the property and Le Ray eventu ally becajiie principal owner. He also purchafed of Constable vast tracts in the present counties of Jefferson, St. Lswrence and Franklm, and the great work r f his life bepan. He established his residence and offices in Jefferson county, where the homes of his agents, surveyor?, clerks and servants formed tie village of Le-ravville From this center the work of developing the country progressed rapidly. Explorations were made, roads wre built, mills erct -d nnd the region was prepared fjr a-ttle-iu nt. .y 7 4 -ifwmr i- sv t A,'-; . V. y' v I AA'r:A ..?;-:.':;.--l?i i7 "T-V Wh''-jr'Y$i CM TKA V Ch tJyv T JK LelS wS'rtli JBtei PvMi 1 mt m . . " Am s ti ss esJJtsm. W T- m . J 1 Then Le Ray returned to Europe for colon.sts and thousands were sent from France, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Great Bril-iln. Le Ray knew the needs of the new country and did not select the colonists by chance. As a result those who came were farmers, gardeners, laborers, mechanics, mill wrigits. tradesmen, priests, physicians and school teachers. Le Ray furnished them with the equipment cf civilization and the terri tory was soon dotted with schools and churches, erected largely at his exnense. For forty years he continued this state building, going to and from Europe, ascer taining the needs of the people and supply ing them. He also Induced other Euro pesns of wealth and Influence to purchase lands and promote the Interests of northern New Tork. In 17M and 171X M. Necker. the great French minister of finance, and his famous dnushter. Mme. de Stael, made large In vestments. A letter from the latter is In teresting as indicating the personality of Le Ray. "I regard you as a guide ' she wrote to him, "and since it is owing much more to your personal character than ta ail the calculations In the world th.at I conritie the fortune of my children to you " Later she wrote that she was sorry that she was unable U cross the ocean to sc-e her property and sa:d: "I understand 501 have managed your lands with great skill. I cannot imagine a mere nol le care.-r than yours." Aiuiher important sale ii to Joseph B napurte. kir.s of Spain and brother of Napoleon. Le Ray was in France just after Waterloo. He hud known Joseph Bona parte for mar.y years end hastened to lend him at s'.ntan .'e. The account of Bonaparte's purchase la thus related by Le Ray s son. "The prince, having Invited Mr. L. ty dinner, said suddenly t him: 'I remember you spoke to me formerly of your g-eat possessions in the 1'nited States. If you still have them I should like very much la have some in exchange f jr a part of that silver I Lave In those wagons and which may bs pillaged at any t n.e. Take Uii.tfjO or '. (, f;ancs and give me the equivalent In land.' "Mr. L. objected "that It was Impossible to make a bargain where one party alone knew what he wag about. 'Oh.' said ths prince, I knuw very well, and I rely mors on your w rd than un my own judgment.' " Le Ray tok the silver and Jewelry, valued at 4m,civ francs and after Bonaparte had vuiit-d America and had se-n ths tract he received 2-us for landu In Ji-Cfer-m snd Lewis counties. Of Jose pa Bona parte s life In northern New Yurk much has been written. In 1K14 Le Ray gae mjcH of his property to the management of his son. Vincent, and tn the .schedule accompanying the transfer is the information that 3-tS.liX acres of northern lands WTe then unsold. Their estimate value was HJ.j He continued to pronvots the Interests of the colonists until 1KX. when all of his American prop erty was turned over to his am and ha rttlred to France, whire he died in l4o. Franklin county finds epec;al intereet In the work of Le Ray on account of his having built the first comparatively good read In the county, the old St. Lawrence river turrpike from Malone westward to the Black river in Jefferson county. Ths road was opened in V10 and was for many years a very Important thoroughfare. war minister of the sultan. Both tha French and the Germans are now after railway concessions in Morocco. Rallroaas Across the Nhira. More Interesting than any of thesa schemes sre those which are p anned ti connect the rich regions of the Atlas mountains with the Soudan, that great fertile, healthy belt of north central Africa. The Soudan runs clear across the continent from the Nile to the Atlantic, snd it Is wonderfully rich In roonr-es and peorle. The barrier between the two regions Is the great Desert of Sahara, which Is as long as the Mediterranean and ss wide as from the Atlantic ocean to the) Rockies. It Is In this desert that I am now writing. I have ridden for many mile over its rocky wastes of stone and sand and have climbed the mountains and plateaus which aro found here and thera in many parts of It. The Sahara Itself Is neither level nor low. It has vast plains where the sand stretches out on every side to the horizon, but there are many places where the coun try is rolling. There are gorges along tha beds of dry rivers, there are mierhty bluffs of stone and no end of hills and moun tains. I am In sight of the chief rang of the Atlas at Biskra, and Its hills ars dryer than the Sahara. Itself. I rodo for several hundred miles along the rang which separates Algeria and Morocco. The sands of the desert go to the foothills and pile up there In great masses, while ths slopes above are absolutely bars of vege tation and altogether arid. The average level of the Sahara through out Is ss high as that of the Blue, Ridga mountains In Virginia. There are but few pieces where It drops to 5v feet above the sea, and only one or two In which it fails below sea level. Lake Chad itself Is sev eral hundred feet above the ocean. In the lower part of the central Sahara, on the upper edge of which I am now writ ing, there Is a plateau extending from northwest to southeast, which Is on the average more than iOnO feet hich. and upon It there Is a mountain range which rises in places to almost 10.W feet. The mountains sre so high that they ars crowned with snow In the winter. In the western Sahara the country Is almost equally rough, and there Is much rolling land In the Desert of Libya, at tha east. - Peer Faare for a Ha II war. In addition to Its rolling character tha desert offers many obstacles to railroad building One is the- long stretches over which the track must go without water, and another Is the enormous cost of haul ing the fuel. At Colomb P.echar. the ter minus of the road which the French are building southward toward Timbuktu, coal Is now worth Cu a ton: and. unless mines can be found along the line of the route, a cheaper fuel must be obtained or tha extension abandoned The stations at present are chiefly at the oases; but even there the pipes which supply the water tanks are wrapped with, straw to retard evaporation and every means is used to Increase the water surply. The Sahara itself can furnish but little, support for a rsilroad. It Is p'ppered wllh. oases, but the fertile spots are far apart, and It Is only In such regions aa ths Fex zan, Twat and Tafilet. a here there are a large nuraler cf oases together, that there will be many psssengers or much freight. Ths Sahara has. all told, about i'0 square miles of oases, but these are scattered over a region larger than E.;r pe snd many of them are Inaceespll le except to cun.s'a The freight of the desert is chiefly mad up of dates, grain and alii grasa Soma tobacco and cotton are raised in the south ern Sahara, bjt nm enough to form a freight iiem, and the salt nur.es. which now supply a part of the caravan loads, would not make a great, trafilc. Saadaa la DtsTereat. The Soudan, st the south of the Sahara, Is far different. It has an euormous popj lation of native blacks. No one knows how n.any there are, but the probability is that they nun.lr between fifty and one hun dred trillion souls. There are something like twenty-five millions In Nigeria alone, and thw French and German provinces con tain mar.y m.iiiors more. There are tig towns tr.'-re, such a KuUa ar.d Kano, which are now taravan ent-r. ar.d others, such as Timbuktu, which were cities once, and which would he great again if a rail road could t b'Ult to them. At present the caravan trade is falling off. The trains of L"' or more camels, guardei by soldiers, which used t' start across ths Sai-.ara with perhaps a half :n:!!mn dl.a-s-worth of goods, consisting of ivory, gold d'jst and slaves, have dwindle. 1 to tra-ns containing 1 camels or 1 . aod 'Jm - ara van trade d:nnn.r.es every year. It st:!l carries some European merchandise acrobS from Tripoli. Tceuiaia and Alger.a to tie Soudan, but most of ue gxids f.r thai (Continued on Page Four.)