Image provided by: University of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries, Lincoln, NE
About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (July 2, 1905)
-i : : : : . f , ) i ,jp Boston Engineer Makes 'wi Finds That Buildings ppr;- :j : Elaborate Experiments to J,0J Seldom Are Strained If fqfcj, I';.; 'V;;, j: J Estimate Weightof Large si Jjto the Maximum Capa- 2 -n ,f 1 J' JJ -j iN'l Gatherings of People. W . sdty They Can Stistain. &' 0 jp.V fgjVfj i,Mn ' nwiuiiaMNwAH J ,f,u """'h ,,",'S " 'rowd 'oi? ullRt i:. . ,.-..iiJ o Mr. JohndDii utnlerlook to show concluslvuly the possllilll- I ' , A '-V' i H ' f ! , . . TJf .utifr.BHle -v.-lKht .f Hie peorle of m Rrrat clt ? tie. of weights. FIG. 7. 130.4 LBS. PER SQ.FT. ij J I , i J L, XS " A ' - i I 9 H..w mu.'h ilocs th.. crowd thnt Is shorpltiK on j..- - 47 9 LBS PER SO FT i2 men. ivtrgln lOfl.7 lbi. t V -! 8 ' - -5 V- i-V , f ' ' I t,r 1 .la.nl MO 6rl r. JL A u nunxlilny afternoon wpIkI.? How much dops rlo K VI. r- " il V5 "r '-f! 3 V' "1 ' ?1 '? jj FIG. 1. 41.8 LBS.. PER.. SQ. Fl. w,,--f,r ,lt. P.,pi.,uon .f ti.t- t-artta woin? 1 m.n, .ver..ln 13.6lb...on36 q.ft.) Astonished by Frsf Results. , , w. 1 , I. , ; tlO men. averaging I30. lb., on 38 tq. fi. HlfiA Tin se ure a fiw of the tiueftiuiis that I.wis In upeakln of lila e(MTliiH-ntii he say. "The next tp ! i i!. 4 .. " ,t l' ' ; j - , -, . , , KrfRgllll J. Johnson of the rtoMtnn 8m:Jpty f Olvll Kngl- was to sre what could be reached l.y fucliiK the mi-n ail one 1 . i: Z.i 1 , iHf 'j f i 1 Vl tti StT'f"""' ' 1 in 1 ra can anawii. after experiments that huve way. ecla11y as they would be likely to he so arranged In W'"" maJm" T"l l 'fs! V'y " 'T' ' 'f ' VJf ' I j j.i. fy.'l 11 lastwl over years of experiment inir, and in nriinul Inveutiga- a constriction In a street caused by a drawbridge or In aland- j si i I ft I t! '-V T 'I t r If 'k'- !YJ7i ' X f tlon as to the weight wliijh bridges and other structures may .. .gy. . ing In a ci ow (led meet Ing. At the same time some oare was t ". i it K -; J '-" 7 I it C' ' v! f -w ' 1 i-V-,, , ! R '1.7 f0 -"rry. tot taken ,0 .elect tall men. with a view to finding out what a ' f V " " "aUV . ,y 'IJ if O ' fV KX'' VI t t ' W' A 1 ,.f ' 4 i" t'S .-8 He has crowded men together until they w Ighed over 181 Air.. lX'-"; crowd actually might weigh. The result, to my great aston- V'-.kV, vJ .1 4 'I f - V; . V' . i r f J " 1 ' 4 '. u . " ' ' pounds to the square foot, and made in w Mt,.mlaids for cngl- A'f j, , ishmeiit. was on the first trial of tills process 17U.4 pounds iVj J- ?! '." 1 1 " . v"" 1 J y.t ;.;',"1 'M J 1 is by his experiments, producing indisputable proof, with l"Vt v'v tYi -f v per square foot, due to forty men In a space six feet siiuare. vAr ' , t 'vl I 4 ( t i " li K'V-V ?";'.';, ' Mff", ' ,, photographs, to show that the old standards of calculation f&V'' jL' 'Ti'-5' A repe I i I inn of it fur the sake of a better photograph and bet- , -J,W.' ..' '(vf -" 40' I I ' i -J i 1 ' '1 ' 'j ' as to Hie weights of crowds were wrong. His experiments. Iv'-V tVN " ' ' ter selection of nun was made. The result was ISI.H pouinls -.4 t t.'k- "CI'J '? ' 1 I - .ClJf vJk I i - I J a j ,"t , maij, with his own students nod niih .sp.e'al apparatus. ri- W jjjfr. AV"' '"l- per wpmre foot, due to foity men. iiverngiiitr HW mam.ls t h. I " -iVi" "'"'jf A' "H K ' ;" sV" -Jltof , .: ' X,?-" S , f "2 ''' f4 F ' ' -f j '1 ated a sensation wh.-n pmdt 1 tefore a meeting- of the Hos- JM? " ',; in a space six feet square. Tills result is. of course, an eX- J f'nf'" " Hr '' I f t V" 5 14 ' Jh - ' ' I ' , ? t ,i"-iiy'. "i '-i , KugiueeriliK society, and showed the old figures used as fcfo V ' ireine The great Increase seems to be di'i larg. ly to the Q ,V fi T J j? . S . .-. f, " ?. I . ' "X . H 'i . I ," V L'f y'l f'l'5 a basis by almost all engineers to lie greatly tinder the limit ' jf' economy of room from facing the men all una way and partly . . Nl;Htj H A j W;.iuiiikiwttMrt JWW V J ! n-V- ii - frV; 01 ,li"i",",al , , , , l'"- - n' iif ;ho ,l'ox ibi,1,, hui" , ",rk "n wl,h & lX'lt A t U m.-ftw- r.L V I ; i J Following the results or his experiment It has been cal- f! - ' . " . A f lil tie w ante room, hot h of which are conditions fa voi ing con- aIW jf f t, .'' :'-v ..y-fwl,f 3 . . v . , s ; f A j f ; f . '. i . . ' -4r elated that the population of Chicago weighs over two E.C'A!V vt. i V gesll.ui to be mH In practice. I.V ' Lt j ; t i J,$. , . fj I rt v .... Iiiais to the square foot, and the crowd on the east side , ' 't9 "Tliougli 181 pounds per square foot must ha conceded i.a.'AiasM ' ' f '' " j' f FIG. 2. SAME MEN AS IN FIG 1. of Slate street from Van Huicii to Randolph on a good shop- I ')'. JF. ' j, ' , be an extreme, It Is believed that something close to that jfe ;r i f ?-. 'r A "a s " h. " ' "t DifTcrantly spaced. I'1"' nay welghF a bout thirty-two pounds to the square foot. " "" """ l"""""r "" figure is reached over the whole drawbridge on the way from FIG. 8. 154.2 LBS. PER SQ.FT. 4! til '''. ' ' " ' -""'r , , while the crowd in the grand stand at a Imll game Is figured ...... F -n -T Bolditrs' thld to Harvard square after (Oie of the great foot- (37 men avcradina ISO I lb ?t !('rJ5 . vf s ' S5i- "r i( .'V r Tj-irrZSwKm ' iO,O0i iunds. riu. O. BJ.f LBS. rctt, W. ri,,, ji.m,N Moreover if forty men averaging KM pounds ' .'-1 I4 l; ' I ? r; ' -f -S- ' h U' ' V ";--.': I I i 120 mm. averalng 150.7 Iba.l each, can stand in no serious discomfort in thirty-six square (( , tullirKl r( b t, o small i ,) , - 1." . . v'r- f , , f T W4 .r ft k I . . . . . .. feet, It Is clear that forty men of the ordinary size of I.Ml mm-.,!,, ,,f Kftv ,.Ven ,,nv In ft t '-y:H' X-gt & t t - ' i I f iYA-J- irFV ' if ' 1 Re$uf of Experiments Revolutionary. pounds each ,-nuid e.ny do th. result u.,-., would i.e 7.' i,ue f' ' ' l'f ' ' V. VJ 1 ivS '1 I fY'C' I The revolutionary result of 1'rof. Johnsons experiments KW1.7 pounds per square foot. ' v';'a,,. ? , V" ' '" ! ' '3 M ' a f rj I f4 $ may be calculated when it is known that before he made bis , , . i..r -lf ' ' ' 1 ' ' tluS I Al I I X 1! original researches, several authorities claimed that the limit c ,, u.fc., iBlieil,i JbfJk v'j ? VfcfcMfci... . 'l31i.icas'it.?f " lif' t f I i for crowds should be i.H. pounds to the square foot, whue fTC-'''""" CnormoM IVeigis Nof tflusua. Weioht of Football Plaver t ' f' i I I 1 5 others, equally great, calculated from experiments that 130 7i 'i " The conclusion seems Irresistible that loads of IKo pounds VI rOVIV,, ruytl. FJG, Q, 181.3 POUNDS PER SQUARE FOOT. 1 P7?t f- j f pounds was near the limit of weight per square foot when men I 'JL, ? Mitf per square foot may actually occur in excepti.pnal cases; that It may be interesting add , n 1 Q O IU . o f4. I "H I ( ? A are wedged together as dosely as possible; yet, taking th I A . .V KW pounds must frequently occur; thut H s.unds must be that what may be called the XXlQlX, 2iX lOO.tS IDS. SVCrflgC, OF1 JD 5q. It. 1 ff J V .lj statements of these authorities and by actual weight and VI f'' A common on station platforms, In corridors, and many other asymptotic value of the wtlght I '"f t'"- a, pi f measurement, I'rof. Johnson has attained as high as 181 C" V 'V places frequented by throngs of people; that eighty pounds of a crowd of men must be about Weiaht Of 6 A f?j Crowd I IV ft il i.i I isjunds per square foot, or thirty-one pounds over what the yj V' per square f.wt must be eomb, on ut social gatherings In prl- 818 pounds per square foot (pt- ' ' I j i ih M law iixes as the extreme limit for any building and twice & J vate houses. The eoneltislon Is equ.-illy clei.r that the margin sibly nnue Ham this rather 111..., less with men of In the discussion among the Boston engineers, re- I I '! r I what Is ligured on for the greatest permissible weight on U.'t' 'VL. " f4 of safety in many exist i.,g act nres designed for eighty to varying height). suiting front the dartllng figures presented by frof . fl l ..: .1 il t: bildgis 'i'" C UK) pounds per square foot must be much I ss than has been "This figure was reached upon examination of Johnson, it was estimated that the great crowd that ' S fv' ! ' 1 The experiments began by permitting the men to be 'f . -'J - . V-it'J supposed. 1'robably the correct inference is that the experl- data furnished by Dr. Sargent, director of the Har- gathered In Boston common during the last l. A. It. weighed to arrange themselves nuturally within a given space T ,,' - 4V ence of many years in m my lands has demonstrated that the vard gymnasium. It was obtained by dividing the reunion most have weight d ul least K. pounds f. Tw ji i yiJ'"', T , A and the result was surprising, even to the experimenter, ac- t iJitV v3 margin has been stifnclent, nevertheless. Kven if that be true, weight of a man tl feet H Inches tall, a former football the .quare foot for the entire tract of land. j ; Et I , . f cording to his own confession. He learned that congregations H'ilf-'lf it Is no reason why we should remain In the dark about how captain, by his omximum horizontal cross section as Other cstimaK-s of the weight of crowds show that W . m,Hi,Ji of humanity weigh far more than he or Ilia predecessors In . J -. ''U much a crowd of people actually does weigh. It is only with obtained by a planlmrter. This maximum section the weight during ordinary public exhibitions and ., r .1. V-'ur-wr that line of Investigation ever supposed. Prof. Kernot of Fit-mrr""" L.LT.1 the correct knowledge of the maximum that engineers can was, of course, tir.-nugh the chest, including the arms. private gatherings Is between sixty and Ijo pmitd i ! Melbourne reported Hit 1 pounds as his maximum; Theodore Intelligently decide for what load any par of uny structure The weight of lids man was 177 pounds, and mal- a square foot, with a possibility of reaching as Inch 7i FIG. 3. 41.8 LBS. PER SQ. FT. Cooper illustrated the rarity of loads above forty pounds a FIG. 6. 100 LBS. PER. SQ. FT. may properly be proportioned. In thus deciding It will not be mum cross sectl in 1 17 square Indies, both quantities as atO-desplte the legal limitation of K,o pounds and. jjl (5 men. averaging 133.8 lb., on 18 q. ft.) square foot, and other authorities followe-t the same lines, (S men. averaging 150 lb forgotten that a crowd of people is the last load which should exclusive of clothing." In some states, of 100 pounds. I CSS5S5SSS5SS55SSC55SS5CS55S555C5555C555CI53S5C55Sb SS$SS5SSS5S5SSS55 1 i I,,. , ,, ..m . il I I I i5 ti" fi" ii ijsiisaiiNiiniMi i.iiwiry..Ll..t.wiiiiiis.iiiicF R j Fromci Near amid Jc a,r. J ! ! NORWEGIAN CHURCH. LEPER. OWL'S EVE. STAGE. HOW WAR PHOTOGRAPHS ARE TAKEN. - - v ' -. 7". In im the stage of theater, in London was hfW r ' ff T7tn llj 1- " 1 f. i 2 'V V - . OCTT J f - - - O bull, ,, this .imp., manner. ' ' 1 i JU Ififa fct'' "" '5 :' fcsBBBSJSsassBjBMSB,'aaaaM,aaaBs""" jgassBBWSsjgBjSBsBBSBBBBBBMBisjsfjBjBjBBS ssBMSasjsjBssjssssssjsjsBjasjss 0& ' Lv-' "( kfi , . '"-.V : The eye of the common burn owl. showing cX'i'ir j n ) v c t-c V I "4e f, . H jtrfCi ; t... l! A beggar woman in Russia's leper colony the remarkable feather, about the eye which JAA JJUAEZX photographers with the armies In Alum ho. ia ha ve bullet proof shield cameras so , I, ,, j li . " I " Andlj!"1 Jn lull"''tai- act a. reflector.. , i n . ihey might get aa near infighting line a. poaaible. The two pictures show tin- hack and If t !tl k " ' 1 5 'Zj?l'f"T - tliji'i1 SNAPSHOT AS HE FELL TO DEA TH. rTV front of the shield. Silts were cut In It for the lens. wi...t....til tni.v wiSn ort.s.feafciSttaNwM mIi"H'IVtsi" lrswj j"t, ' 1 fS. Sk. An .xampltf of the " wixMleit church architecture " seen most frequently in Norway. - i ' :' ' A A 1RRIGA llOX. NEGRO'S HEAP. The chief qualifications ure that the most important structural point, should be carefully , ' . ' f Jt'SmV'. A .Sl sfs. j protected from damp, which accounts for the steep roofs. . - y Cl '' -,-. . r j.j-m ' " " It "'' J) RL'I!lli:H. STA.YDl.Vli STRAIGHT. Jfoftlf .SS v! PV, (TO V'"-' U .'f?A U''T rJ 11 1 ,Jl U,, v VIU' Ail. . V-i- - .,. Their feature. !o, l,y ti...r ' I! , I l . I J J VL 11 -jfa. .- -.t-.T ' -S- - .'"V' . - T jjStJsSil--- am-ont enemies, an weir i.vor-t. ubj.e. ' '. ' M ! '(II V IW -' .,si' f ..'-': , .. ' ? ;-",' -, . Wl,li the egyptlans, who p.it.t.d li.ui ..n , , Hj, tM i ' I I ' -'"i. v : ; , ns the sols of sandal and on th. seriptuial Vj R 1 It V mmmm mtm MMsasawsaaMwaMaMMaMtaMLJai This ancient machine, found in the An.-- supports Of thrones, cJ.air-. ji.d vas- ) ' f M Mi I 1 Th nhiii,urrt,hr n(.j no. mo , , , ,, j, , . ,, . What are picture hats and tiaras compared trian Tyrol, is on t I.e oid. r of the Ken is ; si' p M'j The photographer expected tins man to fall. He did and wu. killed. to this headgear of the nmlmraj.i.i or prfn- wheel. The current put the wheel t.. ,o.io 1 ' fj 1 I i I JAMAICA CART. er of Sikkim in India? It i coinpo,, d of fand the Jars on the margin w. re successively C ..I.I:. ! f 3 l i ' i i. K I CRINOLINE. pearls and gem of all kinds. Immersed and Itlled with wai.r. which waf I UK- " J J I , I r "Mil"' yi'ii ! y. The pendants are of I urquoiae brought aent Into a.trough for Irrigation purpose. 1 ATrATT'STiFTnT C , . l'.f', f V ,NlV XVO 1 ,-k from the mountains of T.bet, a. tone of im- ,.,.,,,.. UUUUUCUQ ) "ll W' f V f 1 1 1'ljfi'ii-rf fi' s l O mena, popularity among the Hindoo.. PALISADES 1 1 1 Le-J 1 J 1 1 1 r , mm 2S 2S M$m $$S ftil ifeSH MMsoocmJ- ( , , V J fc --- of th vital organ, that d the body's work. " iVJ - f '. 1 V 1 1 ' 'i i L?C T91' . F J A J ?! hi", tmW. ffiK,- . I'lac. four pennies and four nickels abrr- . . -.IF ,'" i All these organ, need space in which to do ,'t' . Ui f r"?-'-" V' I I 1 1 1 AT at JT J A J 1 VB''lWuif ' : ' lately in a mw. The puxsle (. in four moves. , their full duty. And in the large trunk (see ' ' v t 'Ur-ta, - W- A aMw2 I' ' and moving two side by aide coins at u tin... '' " "" " ' ' "" "" " " figure A) they get it In the cellnp. d and . ' "vv.,. " V li fW l v2r-'"w to place the nlckela together and g.e ei.ni.-i ' hrui.k. n trunk shown in tig ure B each on. LmhmwmwwmhhmmmmJ - - f ft1' J&ff together' The solution Is ahown in the du- j riece of dry bark from rubber vine, show- is crowding and pressing upon the others To guard iu.tii.st attack the .irly Spanish gram Klrst move 'j and H to!) arid pi. then Ing Hie inum-nsc number of rubber fiber in and all are thrust downwards out of their t'arts drawn by donkeys three abreast are A caricaturist's Idea of a family outing in Front view of the Incisors ur.d canine teeth cxplon i of Ann ne i built p.di- ol. .- hk. this ." and l to '.' and .'!, mil s ;n,,l n ,, ,-, 1U1, u the iumr bark. proper place a familiar sight on the streets of Jamaica. the davs of crinoline. In a year old dog around t l.cir vill.ig. s. finally 1 and 2 to !i and Pi and there you ate! i 4 I If f