i
TIIE OMAHA DAILY BEE: SUNDAY,
5, 1904.
19
EARLY BANKS IN NEBRASKA
Inundation of ths Qrat Financial n!
wark of hi Eta;.
ONCE A CRIME TO LNGAGI IN BANKING
Virt Legtslatare Made tha Business
Illegal aad Tbra Provided m
Wf for Evasion ol
the Law.
Few people know that at one time bank
ing was a crime in Nebraska, and nos
punishable under the laws of the territory,
as the following; extract from the criminal
code, passed by the legislature at its nrst
session In 1866, will show:
If any person shall subscribe to or be
come a member of, or be In any way In
terested ln any association or company
formed for thn riirr..aa ,f luantnir n ma
ting Into circulation any bill, check, ticket,
certificate, promissory note, or other piper
of any bank to circulate as money In this
territory, he shall ! punished iy imprison
ment In the county Jail not exceeding one
f ear, or by a tine or not less than ona
housand dollars.
Tha history of early banking In Ne
braska bristles with many tales of disaster,
but soma financial institutions were
founded at an early day which are still
In existence, although in all chs ths
namea have been changed, and In many
cases changes In name have occurred sev
era! times. ,
Henry W. Tatea, president of the Ne
braska National bank. In a history of early
banking In Nebraska speaks of the condi
tions which caused banks to spring up In
what was then very near a wilderness.
He says i
"Tha organisation and settlement of new
states and territories supplied an excep
tional opportunity for tha Increase of bank
Bote currency. Not only was capital In de
mana in ineae new sections to un extent
which Invited the Issue of credit money
but another favorable feature was added.
xna mora Inaccessible the place from
which the notes were Issued, the more de
sirable became that place for the estab
lishment of a bank, and In this manner
the names of places, which In fact had
scarcely any existence, became familiar
throughout the country by reason of their
bank notes.
"Nebraska opened up a magnificent field
for this kind of business. There were no
railroads within hundreds of miles, and
travel by way of the Missouri river was
too uncertain and consumed too much time
to give the note Issuers much concern or
anxiety. To tha ourrency attraction was
also added that of speculation In town
lota, and the two often went hand In
hand."
Ehradlnar the Strlaareat Law.
Notwithstanding tha passage of the anti
banking act by tha first legislature, bank
ing thrived from that time forward In an
uncertain sort of way. Other sections of
tha same act prohibited cltlaena in any
manner from Issuing notes undor penal
ties, and declared void all such notes and
obligations given to such companies con
trary to the preceding sections. In the
face of all these safeguards thrown about
the people, however, several charters were
granted at the same session, which, while
purporting to be for Insurance business,
were really Intended to cover banking.
The first ona granted was that Issued to
tha Western Exchange Fire and Marine
Insurance company of Omaha. Later this
Institution occupied a very prominent posi
tion among the currency banks and became
tha official depository of the territorial
government The only words In Its charter
which could possibly have authorised bank
ing were, "to receive deposits and Issue j
certificates therefor." Consequently all Its
bank notes were Issued In the form of cer-
For Skin Tortured
n f id
i
ties and m
forlireilloita
In Warm Bath's with
i i mi ti linn ti ia
fir
And gentle anointings
with CUTICURA
Ointment, the great Skin
Cure, and purest and
sweetest of emollients.
It means instant relief and
refreshing sleep for tor
tured, disfigured, itching,
and burning babies, and
rest for tired, fretted
mothers, when all else
fails.
ft. 14 unulwl Ou wU. CMtew SMS. ate., DM.
. .. 1 Am I. I'.la . Sa. )Sf 1
At. Nwi tiru. a Ckna. Ck) . ftui. "'lil.
tlfleates of deposit payable to bearer.
Several other corporations similar In
character were chartered at the same ses
sion of tha legislature, but it Is not of
record that any of them engaged In the
banking buslnera
pedal Banking Charters.
The session of 1S0 was prolific of bank
charters. As banking wss made unlawful
under the criminal code, special charters
were required from the state by concerns
which contemplated entering the field of
banking. At this session the following
banks came Into exkrtence: Bank of Ne
braska, at Omaha: Platte Valley bank, at
Nebraska City; Bank of Florence; Nemaha
Valley bank, at Brownvllle; Fontfnella
bank, at 3ellevue. At the session of lx"7
the following were added to the list: Bank
of Tekamah and Bank of De Sola. These
were all the specially chartered banks doing
business In Nebraska at this time. The
last two banks named were chartered
over the governor's veto, but six applica
tions were made for charters which did not
fare so luckily, as the bills chartering them
were killed by the power of the veto of the
chief executive of the state.
The banking business was finally made
legal In the state by a repeal of the cr in
itial code In Its entirety. Later an amend
ment was passed excepting banking, thus
restoring the law which made the business
a criminal offense, but In the meantime a
number of banks had been established and
were transacting business.
A very Interesting collection of bank cur
rency Issued by these Institutions may be
seen In the Byron Reed collection In the
publio library.
Example of Early Failures.
The officers of the first banking Institu
tion organized In the state, namely, the
Western Exchange Fire and Marine Insur
ance company, were: Thomas II. Benton,
president; Leroy Tuttle, cashier; A. U.
Wyman, assistant cashier. The two latter
officers of the Institution afterward become
assistant treasurers of the 'United States,
and Mr. Wyman was later United States
treasurer. For many "years he was presi
dent of the Omaha Loan and Trust com
pany in this city, which concern but re
cently retired from business. The bank
with which Mr. Wyman was first connected
failed In 1857. At the time of Its failure It
hold assets amounting to $288,083, the prin
cipal part of which was In "notes and bills
receivable." The cash on hand amounted
to 1191.03 In specie and $121 In bill n,' in
solvent banks. It Is said that nothing was
ever realised for the creditors of the Insti
tution out of the notes and bills receivable.
David H Moffat, now a millionaire
banker and railroad man of Denver, was
closely Identified with the second bank
launched upon the financial sea In this
vicinity. He was teller of the concern
The name of the second venture was the
Bank of Nebraska. It collapsed In 1869.
It Is said (hat It paid all of Its Uabtll
ties, and that all of Its notes, bearing
the name of B. F. Allen, Its president
were redeemed by his Omaha agents In
full. He was a wealthy Des Moines
banker, who afterward moved, to Chloago
and lost his fortune In the' failure of
the Cook County National bank of that
city. - Allen and his associates transferred
their Interests In the Bank of Nebraska
to other parties, who attempted to con
tinue the business,, but It proved a failure
In the end.
Deposit banking had the beginning of Its
history In the year 1867. Seven banks
commenced business prior to 1800, and It
la a remarkable faot that they are all in
existence today, although they are now
running under different names than they
possessed at their Inception. They were:
Lusbaugh A Carson, Brownvllle; Kountze
Brothers, Omaha; Cheever, Smith A Co.,
Nebraska City; Barrows, Millard A Co.,
Omaha; McCann & Metcalfe, Nebraska
City; J. A. Ware. Nebraska City: Tootle
A Hanna. Plattsm'outh. The names are
given In the oMer In which they started
business.
i
rehard &' Wilheim arpet o.
Furniture
$4.50 Rattan
Rocker, like
cut, heavy roll
arms and back
and roll rattan
peat,' etrormly
gPECIAL SALE of manufacturers' surplus stocks
drop patterns and sample lines. A splendid
opportunity is now placed before you. Extraordi
nary offerings in reliable housefurnlshings. Relia
ble tellings of facts and genine price reductions.
Dresser
KoantiM, Millard a and Others.
Kountze Brothers A Co. organized the
First National Bank of Omaha In August,
18G3. This was one of the first national
banks organized under the then recently
adopted national currency act The private
bank of the firm which was organized
at an earlier date was continued as an
independent Institution . until 186E, whea It
was merged with the v national bank
Branches were established by the First
National In Denver and Central City, Colo.,
In 1863. During the construction of the
Union Paolflc the Kountse Brothers also
opened a bank In Cheyenne, but this bank
retired from business In a short time.
In 1868, ona of the brothers, Luther
Kountze, opened a bank in his own name
at 62 Wall street. New Tork. Later ha
was Joined In the New Tork business
by his brothers under the name of Kountse
Brothers.
The name of the banking house of Bar
rows, Millard A Co. .was early changed
to Millard. Caldwell A Co. In U65 the
two Millard brothers withdrew from the
firm and established tha Omaha National
bank, and the private banking house
adopted the name of Caldwell, Hamilton
Co., and continued under this name
until 1883. when tha United States Na
tional bank waa organised, and the private
concern waa merged with that Institution
Eire Millard withdrew from the Omaha
National bank In 1884 and organized the
Commercial National bank, of which he
remained president until his death In 1886.
H. Millard succeeded his retiring brother
as president of the Omaha National, and
still continues In that position.
A branch bank of one organised In Ne
braska City was opened In Omaha In 1866
under the name of J. A. Ware A Com
pany. Ware's bank In Nebraska City
failed In 1872. but In 1870 the Omaha branch
had been purchased by ex-Governor Saun
ders, Frank Murphy, B. B. Wood and
others, and organized Into the State Bank
of Nebraska, which later became tha Mer
chants National bank of Omaha.
Dealera la Qold Dust.
In the very early days when mining In
the west was causing a rush of gold seek
ers business In ths mining campa waa
tranaacted almost entirely with gold dust.
B.inkers became experta In the art of
valuing this dust and the principal feature
of the business In this city waa tha trafflo
In "dust." A great many incidents used
to be In circulation regarding the traffic
In dust, which was carried on by the banks.
It was the cuatom to give New Tork ex
change In trade for the dust, but some
times the owner refused .to accept any
thing but currency, and in such Instances
the last remaining dollar In the till of
tha bank was paid out for tha yellow
metal. When a check was presented the I
bearer was forced to wait until enough
money was collected to meet It, or to
deposit the check. This state of affairs
did not seem to create any talk among
patrons of tha bank at thla time. The
ituatlon waa understood and accepted aa
matter of courae. At ttmea, when the
till was drained to its last dollar, and
still there was dust to buy, some officer
of the bank engaged the owner In con
versation until another officer or employe
of the concern could get out around town
nd skirmish for sufficient funds to pay
for the gold.
.7.50
3.50
13.50
.5.00
.8.75
:. 9.00
6.75
5.75
2.85
2.00
.1.85
Cola Matchers ta Jail.
Bam Johnson and L. Casey, the men
cherp-xd with swindling W. W. Meach out
or in a coin maicmng game, nave
been sentenced In police court to twenty-
rive and thirty aaya, respectively. Meach
will return to Stirling. Colo., at once. In
stead of proceeding to St. Lou la. aa was
hla Intuition when he got off the train In
Oniiiha last Thursday tor- a few hours
fre.h air. The young man from Colorado
met ' Johnson and Casey, and during the I
sy'a feetlvlllea a coin matching game was I
Uysd la e aaloou tvl Teuttt audDauglaa I
u-etila, -
braced,
with scroll work under
the arms in this IflC
special sale each J J
16.00 imitation mahogany Arm
Parlor Itielcer, A J C
special J
17.50 mahogany finish l.upe
Arm Rocker C ((
special aJ.UU
$10.00 Golden Oak Arm Chair, finely finished and
carved special
$0.00 Golden Oak Arm Chair, highly polished, neatly
carved special
$20.00 solid mahogany Arm Chair, inlaid back
special
$11.50 mahogany finished Parlor Rocker
special f
$10.00 mahogany finished Rocker, inluid back
special ,
$11.50 mahogany upholstered seat Rocker
special
$8.00 mahogany upholstered seat Rocker
special ' ,
0.W mahogany finished Rocker, mahogany panel back Z fP
special JJD
$7.00 golden oak Ann Chair, high back
special '
$3.25 solid oak Arm Rocker, high back
special
$2.73 Arm Rocker, wood seat, embossed bnck
special
$2.50 Arm Rocker wood seat, embossed back
special
Special SaJe on
High Grade Iron Beds
$34.0o heavy design Iron Bed, ivory finish n-lth yH CA
gold trimmed chills, heavy brass work special. .. . I JU
$23.00 four-post Iron Bed, In the Ivory finish with gold trim
med chills, protected brass work 1 ft 7 C
special IO. D
$50.00 Iron Bed, very heavy, massive design, fine Ivory finish
with gold trimmings and richly ornamented with At J C
brass work special ." nfiiD
$28.50 Iron Bed,' massive design, richly orna
mented with brass trimmings H HA
special .... , l.UU
$43.00 Iron Bed, massive design, porcelain, light blue and gold
trimmed, richly ornamented with brass scroll TP Art
work special : JD33
' $45.00 Brass and Iron Bed, with heavy claw feet, mnssive de
sign, in blue and gold with brass ornamenta- TO AA
tlons special aO.UU
$32.00 Iron Bed. witE"tlie square upright filling of brnss, iron
work finished In blue and white n flA
special Z.UU
Porch H Lwiy Furniture
Special showing of Porch tfnd Lawn Furniture, displayed
on our main floor.
$1.50 Porch or Lawn Seat, 42 Inches long
special 2.00 Porch or Lawn Sent, In red or green, 4-foot
,' special
$2.40 Porch or Lawn Seat, In red or green, 5-foot
special ..;
$2.80 Porch or Lawn Seat, In red or green, 6-foot
special
$8.00 Lawn Swing, four-passenger, special in this
sale each
Other special values In Porch Chairs and Rockers, In double
reed and cane seat, maple frames $2.25, $2.00, IOC
$1.75, $1.50 and .,D
Stock Reduction
Sale of Draperies
Upholstery goods for curtains and recovering furniture comes In
for Its share In the Stock Reduction Sale.
79c
::i.35
1.95
2.95
3.50
600 yards of Upholstery and Curtain Tapestry Goods
usually sold for 11.50 and $2.00 per yard Stock Reduc
tion Sale price
French Tapestry all 60 Inches wide choice colorings
deslens, lengths from 2 to yards regular price up
to $2.50 per yard special per yard
Wall Tnrmstry. Upholstering Goods, Portiere Goods
new styles Boma our own Importation worth $3.60
special per aid
Silk Goblin Tapestries very serviceable for upholster
ingstylish for wall covering and portieres worth
$4.26 special per yard
Wool Tapestry French Crochet weaves good styl
worth up to $6.75 per yard special ,
per yard
Remnants 24x24 inches square special at 19o and 60o each for pil
low tops and chair seats.
Odd Laco Curtains two lots 6o and 50o each.
25o Extension Rods special each 10c.
Carpets
$1.30 Velvet Carpet beautiful patterns In the new spring
designs and latest color combinations with or without
border in this special close-out saie per yara.
871c
Like cut, made of
select quarter
sawed oak, highly
hand polished, has
large oval French
berel mirror a very spe
cial dresser at a special Q A A
price each J33
Chiffonier
To match above dresser, with top measusing 20 inches deep, by
30 inches long, has pretty French bevel oval mirror, i C A
made of quarter-sawed oak, hand polished, peoial... -rU
i
Other very special dresser n this sale In curly birch, bird's
eye maple, oaic or mahogany. ,
Curly birch dresser with swell front, very large French bevel
plate mirror. A sample dresser that in the regular TC CA
way would sell for 148.00, our special price JJd U
Mahogany dresser, serpentine front, standard, neatly orna
mented with carving, very choice design, pattern French plate
a sample aresHer, in me reffuiar way j fifi
w m
mirror.
would sell for 140.00, special sale price
Bird's-eye maple dresser, full swell front, Tpry pretty pattern
mirror, a sample piece and special, 50
.1.20
.1.50
1.75
2.00
6.75
Axminster Carpets All this season's drop patterns In Axmlnster Car-
petnhlgh grade goods In Saxony Axminster choice g- gr
patterns and colors regular $1.30 goods special in this OC
sale per yard
Crex Grass Matting the regular price of which Is 50n " f
per yard In this sale we offer all of our Crex Grass C
Matting special per yard
Japanese Cotton Rugs greatly reduced in price for Quick selling
$8.00 4x7-foot Rug reduced to $3 00
$18.50 6x9-foot Rug reduced to $6-60
$20.00 7-6xl0-6-foot Rug reduced to $10.00
$33.00 9x13 Rug reduced to $10.00
Special Sale Stock Rugs
We are selling out a lot of Rugs we have made up from remnants
of carpets-prices extremely low. Bee sixes and prices. Bring
measurements of your rooms.
Wilton Velvet-10-xl3-8 2TO0
Wilton Velvet 10-8x13-2. 127.00
Brussels 10-6x12-8 2100
Wilton Velvet 10-6x11-9 E4.00
Axminster 10-8x13-6 - w o9
Brussels-10-6xl3-0 W8 00
Axminster 10-6x12-0 265
Brussels 10-xl2- - 50
Brussels 10-6x10-6 34.00
Axminster 10-6x10-$ 22.00
Velvet 9-9x9-3 18-60
Velvet-10-6x9-2 f W-00
Axminster lO-SxlD-6
Brussels-e-Oxll-0 ' . I16- I
Brussels 9x1? "
Brussels 9x10-4 . r 14'60
Brussels 9x13 , $
Velvet 8-3x7-6 ..$15.00
Chiffoniers in oak, bird's-eye maple and mahogany in this
special sale.
Dining Tables
$30.00 Round Top Pining Table, mnde of select quarter-,
sawed oak. one of the new designs
special ,
$26.00 Round Top Dining Table, quarter sawed
oak, golden finish
special . L
$12.00 quartersn wed Oak Top Dining Table,
8 feet, extension
epeclul
$17.00 quartersn wed Oak Top Dining Table,
fancy design-special
,24.75
.21.00
.8.75
13.75
$30.00 Pillar Dining Table, In weathered oak,
tpeclol
25.00
$38.00 Mission pattern Weathered oak Dining Table, ' y(J
golden oak.
Dining Chairs
$8.00 over-stuffed Leather Seat Dining Chair solid oak B
special O
;....2.85
2.55
1 45
...85c
$3.75 box frame Dining Chair,
cpcciai
tlCO box frame Dining Chair, weathered oak,
t pedal
$1.5 Dining Chair, cane seat,
special
$1.10 Dining Chair, wood seat,
special
Couches
Brussels 8-3x7-1 ...
Velvet 8-8x8-10 ....
Velvet--3x8-3
Axminster 8-3x8-9
Axminster 8-3x8-6 ,
Brussels 8-3x8-8 ...
Velvet 8-3x7-9
Axminster 8-3x8-1 ,
Brussels 9x10
....$11.50
...$16.50
...$14.00
...$16.00
...$15.00
...$13.60
...$13.60
... $14.00
...$15.00
Velvetr--9xl0- I21-0
SPECIAL SALE SAMPLE) LINE OF COUCHES.
$22.00 Velour Upholstered Couch, plain top, ' y en
special liiOU
$17.60 Couch with tufted top, A A 7R
special .....T... I't A. SJ
$18.50 Couch with claw feet, oak frame, 1 r T
special lUiiO
$13.75 Couch, oak frame, tufted or plain top, .11 85
$13.00 tufted top Couch, oak frame, claw feet. JQ
Other Couches In this special sale at $7.15, $8.00 and $9.25.
ENVY PROMPTS A MILD KICK
SBBBBSM
Vale Fsda gguei Eetuxg an Indictment
Agaiait Women Teach.
BOYS SHOULD BE TAUGHT BY MEN
i
Edsseatlon aad Saeeeas Linked ia
Flsrares Facts A beat the Rew Tork
Decision Permitting; Teachers
ta Marry and Teach.
A commlttes of the Mala Teachers' asso
ciation of New Tork City, appointed to In
vestigate the -effect of woman teachers on
boys, has just made publio Its report,
hlch Is classed as an education daisy
from premise to conclusion. The commit
tee discovered that 90 per cent of the
boy pupils leave the publio schools without
coming In contact with the personal Influ
ence of a male teacher. "The great pre
ponderance of women teachers," says the
report, "is tending to weaken the charac
ter of American boys," and the modest
recommendation that In all large cities
only male teachers be employed for boys
above the age of 10 years. The ohalrman
of the committee naively declares It to be
'the experience of every mala teacher that
when he takes hold of a class of boys who
have had nothing but women teachers he
finds them a group of little women," a
statement which most teachers In charge
of a group of typical young Americans
would find It difficult to corroborate. The
biased point of view Is strongly evident
In the unqualified declaration that the In
fluence of women teachers Is "detrimental
to the upbuilding of strong manhood."
"This oracular promulgation la Interest
lng," comments the Boston Transcript, "but
It lsthardly likely to upset the substantiated
fact that the Influenos of ths personality
of a refined, cultured woman of balanced
nature Is conducive to tha development of
the best qualities of manhood honesty,
chivalry, good manners, good fellowship
and high aspirations. That there are In
competent woman teachers a not to be
gainsaid. But tha history of the country,
as every tnougntiui, impartial person
knows, has yet to prove tha failure of the
American woman as a teacher of American
youth. Juvenile and sdoleeoent. And ths
question of sconomlcs will doubtless pre
clude thee arly substitution of high-salaried
men In places which women are filling
with devotion and ability at a nominal re
muneration, desirable aa it might be from
many points of view, to securs for educa
tional service, on equal plane, men aa well
as women of high personal attributes and
devotion to duty."
Education and nreeaa.
Tha last edition of "Who's Who" gives
the education record of 10,704 men of SO
and upward. Of these reputably successful
Americans 1,$86 had only common school
education, or were trained outside of or
ganised schools; 1.627 had also regular high
school training, snd 7,70 had also college
or other higher education.
The census of t0 showed In tha T'nlted
States 14.7!M,46 men cvf 3'. Of theai- the
aatlonal bureau of eduoatlon estimates that
LK7.023 AVe without education; l!.(X4,Ug hud
only common school education or were
trained eutalds of organised schools; 7,-l
432 had also high school training, and 825,813
had also college or other higher education.
Chancellor W. W. Smith of ths Randolph
Macon college has compared these two sets
of figures and deduced from them certain
facts beartng upon the influence of educa
tion with regard to sucoess In life. Ha
shows that:
From the 1,767,023 Americans without edu
cation no notable appears.
From tha 12,054,336 of common schooled
or Irregularly 1 schooled Americans came
L368 notables, or one for every 8,813.
From the 657,432 high schooled Americans
came 1,627 notables, or one for every 404.
From the 325,613 college trained Americans
came 7,709 r-otables, or one for every 42,
"It thus appears," remarks Dr. Smith,
"that the uneducated boy failed entirely
to become notable; that a boy with only
common school education had one chance
in about 9,000; that high achool training
increased this chance nearly twenty-two
times; that college education gave about
ten times ths chance of a high school training.
Harried Women Teachers.
The decision recently handed down by
the New Tork court of appeals In the case
of People ex rel. Murphy against Max
well, holding Invalid the provision in the
bylaws of the Board of Education, adopted
by the school board of the borough of
Brooklyn, which provides that a female
teacher In the public schools by marrying
thereby loses her position, has been much
discussed in school circles.
The action arose on a peremptory writ
of mandamus. Issued by tha supreme court
on behalf of tha relator to William H.
Maxwell, city superintendent of schools of
the city of New Tork, to compel the re
spondent to recognize 'the relator as a I
teacher In the public schools. The oity
superintendent appealed from . this order
to the appellate division, whloh reversed
the order of the court below. From ths
order of reversal the teacher in turn ap
pealed to the court of appeals, which has
reversed the order of the appellate division
and afirmed that of tha supreme court at
special term,
Ths bylaw In question, which aroused
much Indignation among female tochers,
provides as follows:
"Should a female principal, bead of de
partment, or teacher, marry, her place
shall thereupon become vacant, but her
marriage shall not operate aa a bar to her
reappointment, should It be deemed to tha
best Interests of tha school to retain bar
services."
On January tl, 1902, the relator, who at
that time was employed as a teacher, mar
ried. She Immediately applied for a re
appointment, and nobody being appointed
In her place, she continued to discharge
tha dutlea of her position as teacher. .Upon
tha refusal of tha city superintendent to
recognise her as a teacher and to certify
her name to the auditor, so that she
might receive her salary, she applied to ths
special term for a peremptory writ of man
damus compelling the city superintendent
to afford her such recognition.
Tha court of appeals based Its decision
upon ths ground that tha bylaw In quae
tlon la In direct conflict with the Oreatar
New Tork charter (Lawa of 18T7, ohnpler
878. sections J. 114, 1,117; re-enaeted In Laws
11, chapter 4ti6. sections 1,0W, 1.101), which
provides In substance that teachers In pub
lic schools shall hold their positions, sub
ject only to the limitations of the act, and
la reassignment sr removal on charges of
gross misconduct, Insubordination, neglect
of duty, or general Inefficiency. The court
of appeals held that these provisions ara
exclusive, and that a teacher can be re
moved only in tha manner ( therein pre
scribed, citing Stelnson against Board of
Education, 166 N. T., 431.
Hevolatlon la School Work.
Batavla, N. T., without intending It, has
worked a revolution in achool methods,
according to the Journal of Pedagogy.
There was complaint of overcrowded
schools there, and the board asked for
extra teachers temporarily to relieve tha
situation. Tha request being granted, tha
superintendent concluded to use them in a
new way. He set them not to hearing
recitations like the regular teachers, but
to giving Individual Instruction to pupils
that were behind In the course and were
a drag on the whole school. The expert'
ment was, to- quote the report of ths state
superintendent, a startling and Instant
neous success. Discouragement, which- Is
tha bane of school .life, disappeared from
all faces and tears from all eyes. Ths
backward children soon became forward,
so to speak, and In many cases pressed
the bright lights and leading pupils of tha
claaa room so that these had all they could
do to keep up their old standing.
There ara seven of these teachers now
employed In the -Batavla schools; In some
oases many teachers go from room to
room In their work. They are not assist
ants or subordinates, but rank with ths
regular teachers and reoelva tha same pay.
They do not in any sense do tha pupil's
work, but show him how to do It for him
self; and thus tha great achievement of
learning how to study, how ta concentrate
the mind, often unlearned until college la
reached, here Is taught at the very begin
ning of school life. Tha Journal of Peda
gogy unreservedly approves the plan thus:
"A rather, wide observation of publio
school conditions Justifies us In saying that
there may be seen In Batavla a healthier,
happier, more Industrious body of teachers
and pupils than are to bo found In any
other publio school system In America.
Tha first Impression ona gets Is that of an
abounding physical and Intellectual Ufa. .
Although tha teachers and pupils work as
hard In tha . Batavla schools as slsewhere,
there Is no complaint about overwork and
nervousness, and there Is trustworthy evi
dence that tha health of pupils entering
school In a physical condition below ths
normal has shown a decided change for the
better."
aaked what aha had learned. '
"Well," said Elolse, "they caught a man
I forget his name and hung Htm, and
I am glad they did, too." .
"Why, Elolse! How shocking!"
"I don't care, I am," persisted Elolse
" 'cause If they hadn't, not a sinner would
hava been saved."
Johnny's papa Is what Johnny terms
"railroad magnet" which may account for
the fact that the Infant's Idea of heaven
Is that of a celestial railroad terminal.
subject to the usual terrestrial delays.
The other evening papa and mamma
overheard tha following conversation In
the nursery:
Mabelle (who had been In a brown study
for some minutes) Johnny, didn't grandma
go to heaven before ws were bornT
Johnny (noncommittally) She started.
Mabelle Then how Is It we didn't mast
hart '
Johnny (assuming the paternal manner)
She hadn't arrived when wa left Maybe
shs didn't make connections.
George Is 4 years old and has just ar
rived at ths dignity of Ms first knicker
bockers with suspenders. Just like papa
wear's. They were the pride of his heart.
and at night be would take them off his
trousers and clasp them tight In 'his arms
when he want to bad. His mother found
them there tha other night, and as they
seemed to be making tha little chap un
comfortable shs took them away and laid
them on a chair by his bed.
Tha next morning ho had a long Inter
view with his mother.
"Dldp't you ten ma, mamma," he a!d.
"that angels watched erery thing I didT"
"Tes, George."
"Ara they watching ma when I sleep r'
"Yea, my son, thsy watch over you al
ways, whatever you are doing."
"Do they come right In my room at
night r '
"Tea, dear, tha good angels ara every
where, always."
"Then," said Georgle. medltstlvely, "I
bet they've been monkeyln' with my I
'spenders." Portland Oregnnlan.
dressed a note to tha Village Improvement
society of South Orange, N. J., which runs
about like this: "The honorable of the
South Oranges are asked In what way do
they rid themselves of him the much
troublesome mosquito? How do they ap
proach him in hla house among ths reeds
and marshes, so as to remove him effec
tually from the dangers that he doea to
people of good minds whose skin he much
puncture T All this I would like so much
to know."
An onion saved the lives of Rev. W. S
O' Me Ara, a Roman Catholic priest, and A
E. Doyle, who have Just returned to theii
home at bloux Falls from a fishing till
to Lake Kampeeka. The two were stand.
lug In a doorway of a cottage durlni
aevere electrical storm. Mr.
up he onion, took a bite and.
poisoned, stepped outside to spit It out.
Father O'Meara following him. A few
seconds later a bolt of lightning atruck
the cottage, almoat destroying It, and shat
tering to splinters the door frame in which
they nad been standing.
age during i
Doyle picked
d, thinking ll
LABOR ADD INDUSTRT.
Extended experiments In Paris. Franca,
show that In a given period of labor tha
total quantity produced la Increased by In
tervals of rest, especially whan short rest
ing Intervals ara multiplied. Heat acts
ns a stimulant.
Tha exodus of ths Lancashire. EnglanU,
cotton workers who have started for Can
ada la likely to ruin thousands, and he
the greatest sines the cotton lamina, cauaed
by tha civil war of Numbers or emi-
rants are taking capital of from $225 to
60.
The Vanderbllt group of railroads have
PHATTWS OV THE YOUNGSTER.
"What do you Ilka moat about going to
Sunday school, my little manT" aaked tha
benevolsnt stranger. "Coming home,"
promptly replied tha little man.
"Tea," said Farmer Haycraft, "that
there hen la 14 years old, but she lays an
sgg every day."
"Well, that's pretty good, for her, Isn't
It, uncle?" ventured bis little niece from
tha city, timidly. "When she waa younger,
of course, she laid two or three eggs
every day,"
Elolse Is a little Canadian girl who not
long ago made her first appearance at
Sunday school. When she returned home
aha said nothing of bar visit, so she was
OUT OV THE OBDIJAKY.
A rare case of longevity Is cited In the
lives of Mrs. Hanna C. Baker, Henry N.
Spencer John R. Spencer and Mrs. Fanny
F. Fowler, brothers and sisters, all living
In Noank, In the town of Groton, Conn.,
whose ages sggregate 329 years.
Dealers In Paris are aald to be putting
up Imitation snails by filling the sheila
with cat meat. But a man who Is fond of
snails wouldn't likely be injured by a doaa
of tender cat.
Frank Rockefeller, the millionaire, made
a special trip to Kansas City and purchased
several dosen of the hardiest "alley" cats
ha could find. He haa shipped them to
his Kanaaa ranch to kill gophers.
Psrt of the bones or a hug mastodon
have been found near Shawneetown, III.,
by workman who were cutting a ditch
through a swamp. The tusk waa over
eight feet long and eight Inches In dlam
et.r. It was rotten, and when exposed to
the air fell to pieces. Some of the teeth
were found, but all parts not covered with
enamel fell to pieces.
Five $1,000 treasury notes have been found
In an old, moth-eaten coat purchased by
timer Eckerson of Bogota, N. J , at an
auction sale of unclaimed railway baggage.
Neither tha trunk nor the coat It cont. lined
bora any marks of Identification, tk-ki-rson
was about to throw the garment awny
when he discovered the treasure carefully
wrapped In oiled silk. Tha lucky buyer is
ti veara old and will at once take a va
cation In Europe.
1L Kobarashi of Toklo, Japan, hag al-
employea that will be the most complete
of any railroad or Industrial corporation
in the oountrv. The nlan will effect about
260,000 railroad men who are employed on
the twelve Unas oi me system.
Co-ODeration has Droved a decided suc
cess In the farming communities of Den
mark. Co-operative dairying Is directly
responsible for an Increase in the value
of Danish butter exports from $5,0)0,000 in
1X82, the data or the inoeption or the co
operative movement, to over $.$,000,000 in '
1ft.
While central trades union organisations
In all sections of the country are planning .
Labor day parades for tne nrst Mouaay
In September, the Chicago Federation of
Labor la contemplating a new departure
to take the form of a great outdoor plcnlo
and demonstration, where th holiday can
ba enjoyed aa a noiiaay.
Tha New Tork Central haa effected tha
largest reduction of men In Its shops and
repair works that it has ever made, thir
teen per cent of Its working force havo
teun laid off. Thla la in addition to tha
reduction of 10 per cent made last fall,
There are 2,600 masters and pilots, 4 000
lake seamen, 6,000 lumber ahovsrs, 9. 'MM
vessel unloaders and 2,500 marine cooks
who are either directly Involved or In
terested In the settlement of tha differences
between tha Lake Carriers' association and
tha men. '
Changes in lbs rates of wages In England .
during April affected Cl.Ouv persons, of
whom l.tiuo received advance and 69.100
sustained reductions. The net result was
a decrease In wages of nearly 2, (KM per
week. The principal changea were de
creases In the wages of 10.U0O blast-f urnace
men , and 37,000 Iron aad steel workers.
Changea affecting 2fl,000 persona were ef
fected by conciliation boards, a ltd 27,000
under sliding scales. The remainder were
effected by tha parti us themselves or by
representatives.
Johrs Mitchell tha president of the
United Mine workers, was talking one
day about poor men and their troubles.
"I remember," he said, "hearing two
breaker boys ones discuss socialism, re
form and kindred topics. Tha smaller boy
auld: 'What la tha thing that they call
"division of labor?" do you know?' 'oh,
yes, 1 know, all right said tha other boy.
'Well, what la It?' aald the first. Di
vision of labor,' said the big boy, 'Is I ke
this. You are workln' hard with th
aledgehainmer. I cunt and say we'll have
division of labor. You say you agree to
that. Then, afterwurd, you keep bangtn'
away with the sledgehammer the same as
before, only I go "ugh" for yeii now at i
each siroksv