TnR OMAHA DAILY PEE: BUN DAY, FEBRUARY 7, 1004. 15 ROVID SC FOOD FOR ARM! Commiwiry Defartmtnt a Gompftnlivtl; Ucd-ra Institution. STANDARD RATIONS FOR A SOLDIER American FUhtlna Men the Best Fed and Mont Liberally I'rovlded for la the World Today. Very little data Ik handed down from the e.trly warlike ages antedating the Chris tian era, that gives murh Information re garding the provisioning of armies. In the very nature of things they must have had commissariats In order that some system should be observed In the distribution of food supplies to the varloua military divi sions. Military campaigns were carried over extensive arena of deaert countries, and food supplies must have been carried from the fertile food producing countries arross these desert reaches. These ' Sup plies were only Intended to last from the point of departure to the destination of the Invading armies. Wars In those days were (or conquest and plunder and pillage, and as the soldiers were made partners with their officers In the division of the loot evefy possible passion wss stirred and cul tivated to stimulate the soldiery to under take the conquests Into the lands flowing with milk and honey, and myrrh and frankincense. It waa this promise to the famished hosts of Moses from the narrow food-Impoverished valley of 'the Kile that lured them Into the food-fattened land of Canaan. It was the promise of ravaging the vineyards, fields and flocks of Greece that Invited Xerxes and his famishing hordes of sol diers and camp followers, approximating? 'ver i.OOO.OflO of people, to nndertake that Invaslofi. The devastation wrought by that march Impoverished Tersla and Asia Minor for more than a century afterward. Ajnd It was to prevent the certain Infliction of famine throughout Oreece that wrought the Greeks to that marvelous cour age that thwarted the Persian In vasion and drove the Xerxlan multitude bck across the deserts they had made, here more of them perished from famine I- ... ,i ,i A. A v. h. HUH . n IIWM llinil uiniMi.i - tj j courage of Sparta and the heroism of the ureeics. Greeks Were Great Hostlers. It waa the fertile valleys of the Eu phrates that lured the Greek legions under Xenophon to become mercenaries of Cyrus the younger that they might fatten off the produce an established Greek colo nies at the gates of Nineveh and Babylon from which food supplies might be trans ported back to Greece, In order to complete the conquest of the world. The Grecian rmy consisted of scarcely more than 13,000 tnen. and when the battle of Cunaxa (Sep tember 3, 01 B. C.) waa fought, and al though the Persians and Greeks were vic torious, the most complete disorganisation prevailed because of the death of Cyrus In that battle, that tha Grecian army was Compelled to retreat because of the lack of food arrangements, ' and being surfeited With the plunder of the camp of their ene mies, Xenophoa had to "slaughter tha bul locks and asnes which had drawn their wagons and. with them made their break fast." They left the Tigris on their hrtme ward march and thus began the "retreat of the 10,000," of which less than 1,000 eventu ally reached the seacoast. And here we have the first historical, record of mule (neat as an army diet. The same promise of milk and honey and plunder bedkoned nearly a century later Alexander of Macedonia to the Tigris and Euphrates an) to the conquest of Babylon, and wherever pre-Christian' armies marched It waa for food as the prise rather than the plunder of palaces. Neither had the Greeks of still later years a commissariat. Their Incursions Into Asia were largely for food, and after ah army had once departed upon an expe dition for conquest or plunder no concern was ever given It by the Xlreeks at home, an Its departure only left more food for those that remained. The army Was to provide for Itself and open out larger fields of sustenance fpr the kingdoms. The Greeks, subsisted largely upon fish, olives, dates and tropical fruits. The vocation of agriculture waa held In such contempt by them that cattle and sheep were too scarce and valuable to permit them to become ar ticles of common food or for tha army. The bulla and cows were made objects of re ligious veneration, In order to discourage their slaughter except for the elect. Roam Ueod Providers. The Romans were the first to recognise the fact that a full stomach makea a fine I soaker, -and they were the first to organise it 'quartermaster and commissary system. ' food of the soldier was specified and every sacrifice waa made to keep the army well fed. Granarlea were established at Home for the special sustenance of tha army, thread, or a crude form of cake, easily port able, was made in the Roman camps for - the long marches, and this, with wine and fruits, was the chief food of the iiomao armies. When campaigns were carried on pear the aeacoasts flsh. dried and aalt, be erne a part of the ration. Very little neat was Issued the Roman soldier, though alt waa an important ingredient of the Iloman army ration. They had to rely wholly upon the invaded territory for meat, and at times on short marches cattle were driven along, with the armies, but where (Treat numbers of live stock were a part of the plunder, these were sent back Into the f i IF you Are Invited To come to Vmr groat half price Bale Monday morn ing at 8:30. . We have determined to dispose of every sample piece of furniture that has been on our floor beyond a certain time, 17,640.00 worth, including dining room, parlor, bed room and library furniture. Jot one piece but that will be gold for lews than cost and many at half cost. These goods hare all been on show for inspection Friday and Saturday, and go on sale Monday morning at 8:30. An opportunity you cannot afford to let go by if you are in need of furniture. All sale goods on main floor. Doors Open at 8:30 Monday. I Orchard & Willi elm Carpet 2o. empire to replenish the stock herds nearer the cities. 8timr, coffee and tea were un known to the Roman soldier. Thus down to modern times there was very little change from the Roman atiethod of feeding armies. In the northern armies, the Ituns, Baxons, British, Norwegians and Swedes, meat wus the principal feature of the army ration. It was a fancy among many of thym to eat their meat nearly raw, as they conceived that It made them more savage and flerre. A Muck, coarse brend and a sort of beer comprised the re mainder of the ration. Impoverished Frnnre In the revolutionary period, was niggardly with everything else but her army. Its sustenance was essen tial, and while the rations furnished the soldiers of Napoleon were not materially different from those that nourished the legions of Caesnr and Charlemagne, they were at least abundant for a time. Wine became the eseentlal beverage of the French army, as It Is today. Meat was scarce, and about the only way It could be obtained was by armed forays into adjacent coun tries. Germany, Austria and Spain con tributed almost wholly to the meat ration of the French. It was the gilded promise of "Beyond the Alps lies Italy" that lured the tired Napoleonlo hosts across the glaclered Alps to the plains of Lombardy, and It was the stimulus of plunder and sur feited appetites of his soldiers that started that meteoric career of the Little Corporal across the world's firmament, and It was the hunger and weakness of his troops, emaciated and worn from the flight from the Icy plains of Russia, that caused the setting of his aun at Waterloo. Amerleaa Army's Experience. In the Continental army at tha beginning of the American Revolution there waa no commissariat Each state furnished Its own contingent of troops with their food. When Washington took command of the army at Boston he organized the tint com missary system. The food for the troops was furnished by the contracting or pur chasing commissary and Issued to them by the "Issuing" commissary. The ration con sisted of fresh and salt meats, flour or cornmeal, beans, salt, dried fruit, candles, soap, vinegar and "cider." Sugar, tea and coffee did not constitute a part of the ra tion. It would have been rank treason to drink tea, and coffee and sugar were too expensive and wholly unobtainable. The soldiers made their own bread and hard bread, salted their own meat and made their own .soap and candles. The Conti nental army waa In the main well fed. During the entire eight years of the Revo lution there waa no general shortage of foodstuffs for the army. There were inci dental exceptions, as at Valley Forge, but the fault lay not with the supply of food In the country, but the Inadequate facili ties for transporting it as the emergencies of tha service required, and then the pro vision trains were Intercepted by the enemy, as waa the trouble at Valley Forge. The ration of the American army contin ued practically unchanged during tha war of 1812. In the Mexican war one or two minor additions were made, coffee and sugar being Included. Ratios of the Civil War. When the Civil war came on the ration adopted during the Mexican war waa In use throughout the army. During the first year of the Civil war the ration waa fixed as follows per man per day: Twelve ounces of pork or bacon, or one pound and four ounces of fresh beef, or twenty-two ounces of salt beef; eighteen ounces of soft bread or flour, or sixteen ounces of hard bread. or one pound and four ouncea of cornmeal To every 100 rations fifteen pounds of beans or peaa or ten pounds of rice or hominy; ten pounds of green coffee. or eight pounds of roasted coffee, or two pounds of tea; one pound and eight ouncea of adamantine or star candles; four quarts of vinegar; fir teen pounds of sugar, four pounds of soap, four pounds of salt, four ounces of pepper. and to troopa In the field four pounds of yeast powder to the 100 rations of flour. This ration continued up to 1879, when fresh mutton waa authorised to be Issued at the same rate and In lieu of fresh beef. or fourteen ounces of dried fish, or eighteen ounces of fresh or pickled fish might be Issued In lieu of the meat components of the ration. Molasses or syrup could be is aued In lieu of sugar at the rate of two gallons to fifteen pounds of sugar. W'hea Vegetables Were Added. It waa not until 1890 that one pound of vegetables were added to and became curt of the ration. Prior to this time there had been issued during the closing years of the war a species of compressed vegetables and defalcated potatoes. This was one of the very first attempts on the part of the government toward an(IsHue of condensed food or an emergency ration. This' preparation never became popular with the army. The soldiera characterised tha compressed vegetables as "dried weeds" and the desslcatcd potatoes as "doctored sawdust.'" While not a part of the ration up to this time, potatoes and onions could be purchased from the commies ry depart ment. During the civil war the lack of vegetablea caused scurvy to prevail In many parts of the army and many died from Ita effects, . and others were perma nently invalided thereby. An Instance Is recalled of the eagerness of the troops for vegetables during the civil war. When General Hooker's rorpi waa transferred from the Potomao army to the western army by rail, . they passed through Columbus, O. Almost the entire city was at the depots to see tha troops pans through, and were provided with all aorts of luxuries In the way of food for the boys. One old farmer who had heard of the scarcity of vegetables In the army brought in a wagonload of onlona to give to the veterans. As soon as the soldiers learned of the existence of the nlona they threw away cakes and plea and fried thicken and the like and filled their haver sacks with onions and ate them ravenously. and, while grateful for the other dainties. gave their heartiest cheera for tha onion man. Freaeat Standard Ratio. It waa not until the Spanish-American war that any other significant addition waa mads to the ration of the American army. This waa the addition of two ouncea of dried fruits, and during field service an equivalent in fruit jams was furnished. The vinegar allowance, which waa always excessive, was reduced one-half, and plcklea substituted therefor. There was also a change In the sugar ration, which originally allowed but fifteen pounds for ten men for ten Jays, and thla waa in creased to twenty pounds. Canned toma toes were Included In the vegetable ration and could be substituted for tha potato or onion if desired. . In 1901 the standard of the army ration was again raised and la In effect at the present time. This ration Is known as the President McKlnley ration, as the "duty of prescribing the kinds and quantities of the component parts of the army ration lies directly with the president of the United States." This ration Is as follows: Fresh beef. 10 ounces; or fresh mutton, !0 ounces; or bacon. 12 ounres; or canned meat, when Impracticable to furnish fresh meat. 16 oi.nces: :r dried f)sh, 14 ounces; or pickled fish, IS ounce; or canned fish, 18 ounces. (In Alaska 16 ounces of bacon, or. when desired, 16 ouncea of salt pork or 22 ounres of s'llc beef ) Be.'wis. ? ounces; or peas. 2H ounces; or hard bread, to he ordered Issued only where It Is Impracticable to use flour or soft bread, 16 ounces; ,or cornmeal, 20 ounces. i Beans, 24 ounces; or pease, 24. ounces; or rice, 1H ounce. Potatoes, 16 ounces; or potatoes, 1SS ounces, and colons 3Vj minces; or potatoes, 12 ouncea, end canned tomatoes, 84 ounces; or potatoes, 11 Vfc ounces, and other fresh vegetables (not canned), 1 ounces, when they can be obtained In the vicinity or transported In a wholesome condition; or desslcated vegetables, when Impractic able to furnish fresh vegables, 24 ounces. Fruit, dried or evaporated (prunes, apples or peaches, SO per cent of the issue to be prunes, when practicable), 1 ounce. Coffee, gren, 1 ounce, or roasted and f round. 17-25 ounce; or tea, black or green, 2fi ounce. Sugar, t ounces. Vinegar, 8-25 gill; or vinegar, 4-25 gill, and cucumber pickles, 4-26 gill. Salt, 10-25 ounce. Black pepper, 1-25 ounce. Soap, 16-25 ounce. Candles, when Illumination Is not fur nished by the quartermaster department, 6-25 ounce. In Alaska the allowance for fresh vege tables will be 24 ounces. Instead of 16 ounces; desslcated vegetables, i ounces; candles, 8-26 ounce. Field Ration Alio Fixed. There Is a slight difference In the field ration from the garrison ration. The dif ference Is hardly perceptible, except that jams are issued In lieu of dried fruits In the proportion of 1 ounces to the ration. Dried or compressed yeast or hops' for bread making la furnished where ovena are practicable. Then there Is the travel ration, which Is as follows (the proportions ara given per the 100 rations): Soft bread, 112V4 pounds; or hard bread, 10A pounds. Canned cornbeef, or cornbeef hash, 75 pounds. Baked beans. 25 pounds. Canned tomatoes. 50 pounds. Coffee, roasted and ground, 8 pounds. Sugar, 15 pohnda. Since the order for the McKlnley ration has been promulgated there has been added aa a substitute for either of the above meat rations cornbeef hash or beef stew, In about equivalent proportlona to those above given. The bacon ration Is now much Improved and It cornea In pieces of ten to twenty pounds each, and the old fat bacon and salt pork Is eliminated entirely. Salt pork can still be bought of the commissary' de partment when desired.. The rice ration Is being more extensively used In the Philippines now than formerly, the roldlers preferring It to tha excessive' u&e of meats. . Pansy Food Mar Be Had. Every article of standard and fancy gro ceries, and many articles of dry goods, can be purchased from the commissary depart ment of the army by the soldiers. To enum erate these articles would be simply going over a list of about every conceivable food product. These are furnished to the army at the lowest cost rate with tha rata of transportation added. The American army Is the best and most liberally fed army of the world. The Eng lish army Is gradually emulating the Amer ican commissariat. A peculiar system prevails In the English army. The ration .-.a Issued la really In sufficient for the sustenance of the soldier, but he la paid for the deficiency and la at liberty to buy food to make up tha de ficiency. This plan Is adopted on the prin ciple that it Instills Into the soldier the habit of providing himself with food off the resources of the country In which he happens to be, and thus prepares him for the emergency of living off the country by foraging when In the enemy's country. The same general rule applies In the German, Russian and French armies. The emergency ration has aa yet failed of practical accomplishment. Tha American soldier does not take to patent foods. In the preparation of food for troopa In garrison, everything ' Is ' provided on the most elaborate and complete scale. The kitchens of the garrisons contain every modern device for the convenience of cook ing, and the mess table of the private soldier In garrison will compare very- fa vorably with any ordinary hotel, while the food Is certainly superior to the average hotel or boarding house, In Its purity, wholesomenesa and cleanliness. This condition has been brought about by the enthusiastic seal of tha commissary general of the United States army, Briga dier General John F. Weston. He hag been assisted In the work by tha various de partment commissaries, and none of these have been more conscientious and devoted to thla work than Major W. H. Bean, chief commissary of the Department of the Mis souri at Omaha, and his able assistant, Captain Frank A. Cook. Major Bean and Captain Cook have made a close study of the susbslstenca 'question, of the army and the results of their Intelligent and faithful labors ara manifest In the growing Improve ment of this most Important department of tha military service. HEXiGiora. A monument to Hoses Ttallou, the founder of lnlvf rsallnm In America, has recently been dedicated at hia birth place, Richmond, K. II. The endowment fund of Square Presbyterian church, which Dr. Wrkhurst is amounts to 1204.434. the Madison New York, of pasttr, now The Presbyterians, whe have tS churches with 6.3V1 communicants and .'"W Sunda y acnoot pupils In C'orea, are watchl great Interest the course of event Hermit nation. Ing with s In the The late Cardinal Vaughan's ecclesiastical robe have been presented by his executors to 8t. Kdmund's college and have been placed In a case near those of Cardinal Vauning and Cardinal Wiseman. Rev. Dr. E. p. lngeraoli. secretary of the American Bible society, has been appointed by the organisation to represent It at the comniemoratite exertisea of the British and Foreign society in London In March. It la stated on good authority that during the lust seventeen years, below Fourteenth street. New York, seventeen Protestant churches have moved out and XSfi.OvO people have moved in. The statue of the late Rev. John Jasper, the colored preacher of "the aun do move" fame, was recently unveiled In the church at Richmond, Va., over which he waa pas tor. The exercises in connection with the unveiling lasted nine day a Bishop Charles B. Galloway of tae Meth odist Episcopal chun-h, south, of Jackson, Mlxa., has accepted the invitation of Prin cipal Bouker T. Washington to p.'each the Commencement sermon at the Tuakagae In stitute, May St. - . , ' A fw day ago tie pope leek a j U bills The entire stock of CANNED GOODS dam aged by the Allen Bros. fire. These goods were damaged by smoke' and water, and not by heat all in good condition will be placed on sale AT 1315 043 dozen cans Teas, at, per dozen 1205 dozen cans Corn, at, per dozen 874 dozen cans String Beans, at, per dozen '. 1132 dozen cans Van Camp Whole Corn Hominy, at, per dozen 1321 dozen cans Tomatoes, at, per dozen ' 1284 dozen cans California Apricots, Reaches, Plums and Cherries, doz . 138 dozen . gallon cans California Apricots. and Blackberries,1 at, per dozen No can goods sold in less than 2 dozen lots. Sale begins promptly at 9 o'clock Tuesday morning, February 9th, at 131? Howard, . Be on and early if ypu want first choice of bargains. L. ftlcGREER, Agent. stylograhplo pen from a Protestant Jour nalist's hand and pronounced a benediction. He returned the pen, saying: "No one hHS a nobler mission than a Journalist In the world today. I blesa your symbol of offlce." It la estimated that during tha last twenty-one " years the . Congregational Church Building society ha helped to se cure at least Il7,000.ou0 worth of church property. .During the last year the so ciety paid appropriations amounting to tJSl.&W. The total income of tha year amounted to $222,173. Ban Miguel church, in Santa Fe, N. M., Is the oldest eooleslastlcal edifice existing in this country. It was erected In lB'-J and perhaps even earlier. In 1H0 Banta Fe waa burned and the roof of Ban Miguel waa consumed and the Interior badly damaged. In 1710 the church was put In thorough re pair. Under the care of the Christian Urothers the church is kept In eicellent condition. This adobe church In an adobe town la a unique memorial of one of the most stirring and romantio epochs of Amer ican history. The Russian Orthodox church In North America-is growing so fast that Itishop Tikhon Is to have a coadjutor, who will have his episcopal seat at Bltka, where It was In davs before the United Btatea purchase. This bishop of Alaska is Bishop Innocent, about So years old, who has done miHslonary work In this country and knows English. It Is probable that very soon the seat of Bishop Tikhon will be removed from San Francisco to New York City. Irgn movements of the Russian and Pollen Unlets from their connection with the Roman church Is really the determining factor In the division. UtBOR AND ISDl'STRT. The oldest match factory In the world la In Sweden The' average wage for labor In Spain la 48 centa a day. American fashion plates ara used In Ger man tai'.or shops. The great w!,lp making town of tha world Is WestAeld. UaM. In northern Italy there la a co-operative association for every l.OuO Inhabitants. Over 900,000 people In Massachusetts) are dependent upon the cotton mliia for their ; living. I Corean commerce amounts to about $15,-1 000,0(10 per annum, the imports being double the exports. A baker's oven In France, which la heated 1 by electricity, is said to be a uccea in , every particular. 1 One German city, Chemnlts, eo'.d in the 1 United States lat year M.1,0U worth ef ! stockings and $2,320,000 worth of gloves. Seamless welding of Iron and steel is now 1 done In Birmingham, Kngland. by the use of acetylene and oxygen and a blowpipe. j The Japanese cultivate chrysanthemums In ZH varieties and colors. Of thaa 87 are svnue, us yellow, xz purple, u pins, SO red, 12 ruaset and It mixed hues. The productions of lice in (ouislana and Texas has so Increased that It Is new be lieved that the home crop of thla year will fully equal the home demand. The English Co-Operatlve Wholesale so ciety has l.ifig.SW members and doea an an nual business of tx.fo.0Q0. The similar Bcvttlsh society does J9.&00,000 of business. Not only la the British suoa made chiefly of A merit n leather and by American ma chinery, but even the hooka and eyeieta are E radically all Imported from tha United tales. There were 144 German domeetlo servants last year who were awarded the servanu' goliln crow, for having lived forty years with on family. Only one waa found In Berlin. Tha aggregate number of members of the various Oanuth co-oueratlve institution ceds eUO.Oun and the aggregate value of the annual exports of co-oueratlve butler, bacon ana eggs amounts to Hi.7tH.0uo. The French Canadians are overrunning the eastern part of the United Slates, but they have not attracted attention because they have taken no part In general poli tics. They have driven the Irish out of the mills. The largest shoe factory In France uaea only American machinery. Ita growth la phenomenal. Before the Parla expoaltlon of 1! this factory waa a very small one, employing only French machinery. It la now the largest In the republic. The work of changing the gauge of the Mexican National railroad has lieon com pleted at a coat of SM.uui.u00 gold, and the entire road, which was until a year ago the longest narrow gauge railroad in the world. Is now standard gauge from Laredo to the City of Mexico. A Ban Francisco Inventor claims to have perfected a simple method of extracting radium from ore. He alao claims to have invented a small battery, which, with one charge of a preparation of radium, will run a motor car (ur mllee. The sewing of buttons on shoes and on garments Is no lunger don by hand In modern factories. There is a machine that sews i.SU buttons on garments in nine hour or mora than eight axpert eewers could posatbly do la the eame time. This machine rexulraa no eJ(t apetataa. buy or girl ruua it LSI Mini HOWARD STREET, 2D 65c 65c 65c 65c 65c 80c Peaches, ,2.25 IE Another Week.... OF THE T1IERE are the names of a number of towns and cities both in the eastern and "western herai cpheresln the Want Ads in The Bee. Prizes will be awarded to the persons making the largest and most correct list according to the following conditions. Read the Conditions carefully. ' Msl iaSM 1ST v t 110 cases Laundry Soap, at, case v 23 dozen cans itoyal Baking at, per dozen i at m 1115 dozen cans Mustard Sardines' at, per dozen 1548 dozen cans Salmon, at, per dozen 1462 pounds Pearl Barley, in 25 pound lots, at, per pound 65 bundles Cotton Wrapping Twine, at, bundle 3j000 pounds Star and Horseshoe PlugO Est ft chewing tobacco, in 5-lb. lots, per lb Midden City Contest... ..CONDITIONS.. Take a sheet of paper write your name and address at tha top cut out the ad paste It on sheet underline the name of the town or dtj, and underneath the ad write the name of the state or country in which it Is located. If the name of the town or city appears more than once It Is only necessary to put It down once. Do this for one week beginning Monday, February 8th, and end Ins Sunday, February 14th. Do not mail your anawer until your liat la complete. Including the names that appear In tha want ads In the Issue of Sunday, February 14th, otherwise your answer won't be counted. If you use more than one sheet, write your name and address at the top of each sheet, mark the bomber of towns or cities found and underlined at the top of each sheet. The first prise will be given to the person making the largest most correct list the second to the uext largest, and so on. In cage of a "tie" the person sanding lu answer first as shown by postmark on the envelope will be given preference. All answers must be sent by mall, and no answer wlll.be con sidered which la mailed later than Monday, February 15th. ' No one connected with The Bee Publishing Co., will be allowed to compete for a prise. 1st CASH 2nd CASH Urd CASH tn CASH Bth Ona Year's Subscription to 6th One Tear's Subscription to 7th One Year's Subscription to 8th One Year'a Subscription to 9th One Year's Subscription to 10th New Books and Novels.. 11th New Books and Novels 12th New Books afcl Novels 13th New Books sud Novels 14th New Books and Novels 15th New Books and Novels Address All Replies yan Omaha Dee, mil FLOOR ....2.00 Powder, Pi Cp A. kj 30c 75c 3c 50c r , , . f 10.00 $2.50 f.x.23 $1.25 The Metropolitan Magazine. .I1.B0 The Metropolitan Magastne. .$1.60 The Metropolitan Magaslne. .$1.60 The Metropolitan Magaslne. .$1.60 Tha Metropolitan Magaslne. .$1.60 ..$1.2.1 ..$1.23 $1.23 $1.23 $1.2.1 $1.23 Ad" Department Omaha. 1