December 30, 1000. Conditions of Life THE ILLUSTRATED 11EE. Altered b y Machinery This Imb been a most materialistic cen tury, an ago of mechanism. Wo have pro gressed wonderfully In our capacity for lux uiy, extravaganco, comfort. Otio hundred years ago our forebears wore content to live by hand, as It were. Now wo llvo chiefly by complicated machinery. A cen tury of progress has created demands which forced the dormant Inventive skill of tho world to put forth Its best efforts. Tho world tins made more progress in material things In tho last 100 years than It did In all tho centuries preceding. Civilized man's mode of exlstcneo has been totally uttered by his Inventions. Tho world has gono patent mod. In tho United States ulone thero were 61:3,533 pat ents granted In tho sixty-two years from 1837 to lS'JS. During Us existence the pat ent olllco has received moro than $ 10,000, 000 In fees. On currlagcs and wagons moro than 20,000 pntents have been granted; on stoes and furnaces, 18,000; on lamps, ga fittings, harvesters, boots and shoes and receptacles for storing, 10,000 each. The total of patents for tho civilized world Is easily twlco that of tho United States. Thanks to theso hundreds of thousands of contrivances, what wero luxuries to our forebears of 1800 aro commonplace of ex lstcneo to all classes, rich and poor, In 1900. With tho Invention of tho steam cnglno tho world shrunk at a bound to a twentieth of Its former size. Us vast distances ceased to bo formidable. Where tho lumbering stagocoach or tho plodding caravan took weeks tho Hying express covers tho dis tance In a few hours. The trip across this continent used to bo a matter of life and death. Now it Is a matter of $100 and take your caso as you go. Without tho railroad a close-knit nation, thousands of miles bread, such as this country, would h&ve been an Impossibility. In 1825 tho first steam railroad was opened between Stock ton and Darlington, England. A year later a similar experiment was tried at Qulncy, Mass., whero tho engine hauled stone for a distance of four miles. Tho first possen gor road In this country was tho Baltimore & Ohio, opened in 1830 with a mlleago of fourteen miles. Today thero aro 210,906 miles of railroad in this country, 163,216 In Europe, 20,834 in South America, 31,102 in Asia, 9,978 in Africa and 14,384 in Aus tralia. Early llinlory of HallroiiilliiK. Early In tho history of railroading f.volvo miles an hour was considered recklessly fast. In January, 1899, a train on tho Bur lington route, in a run from Siding to Arlon, 2.4 mlleB, did tho dlstanco In one minute and twenty seconds, or at tho rate of 108 miles an hour. Tho Emplro Stato Express made a record of 112 miles an hour In May, 1893. Marino travel did not make so wonderful an advanco in speed through tho agency of steam as did land travel, but tho progress In comfort and safety was greater. In 1790 John Fitch constructed a steamboat and was considered a raving luuatlc. This opin ion was confirmed when bis experiment proved a failure. Soventcen years later ilobert Fulton, anothor so-called visionary, backed by Joel Barlow and Robert T. Liv ingston, built tho steamboat Clermont. Sho was soon dubbed "Fulton's Folly," and when sho started for Albany on August 11, 1807, all Now York was out to witness her failure. Sho went to Albany In the as tonishing tlmo of thirty-two hours, return lng in two hours less. Now, when a gigan tic ocean liner, with lifeboats as largo as tho Clermont, crosses the Atlantic In less than six days, wo read tho news In a bored sort of a way, displeased that steam ers should bo so slow. Fulton's experiment led, years later, to tho building of the Sa vannah, which actually crossed tho Atlan tic, to tho great astonishment of tho entlro world. Communication botween man and man was ns expensive as It was slow In the old dnys. It cost a shilling to get a letter anywhuro when the century began and a shilling In those days represented far moro than It now does. Now 2 cents will carry a letter to tho Philippines or around tho corner. Then tho mall matter handled was too insignificant for statistics; now thoro nro 75,000 postofllces In this country handling postal matter of all kinds per annum of 6,570,310,000 pieces. As for "hurry messages" or "rush" lot tors, they woro unknown. Prior to tho experiments of Samuel F. D. Morao, In ventor of tho tolcgrnph, signaling was done by means of fires on mountain tops, or by waving flags. Morao revolutionized this In 1837, when ho announced tho success of his oxporlmonts. Tho first telegraph line In this country was opened In 1844. In 1S99 thero wero 904,633 miles of wlro in uso in this country; 71,393,137 messages were sent that year. Now wo aro on tho thresh old of nn era when oven wires will no longer ho nccossnry and when wo will bo nblo to talk or to telegraph to Boston or New Orleans or perhaps even London with out any vlalhlo connection botween the re ceiving and tho sending Instruments. Tho year 1800 know no telephone. A hun dred years Inter sees 772,989 miles of tolo phono wlro In uso, connected with 465,180 stations and answering 1,231,000,000 calls a year. When tho century was new It took six weoks to get news from Europe Today It takes six seconds. Today thero aro 170, 950 miles of submarlno cables all laid plnco tho first cnhlo. Field's great achieve ment wns laid in 1857. Eloctrtclty has como to tho aid of stoam In trafflc. Edison must bo credited with tho construction of tho first successful elec tric road, that which ho operated In 1880 at his home at Metilo Park, N. J. Slnco then electric traction has developed to iuch an extent thnt now thero aro moro than 1,000 such street enr lines In operation In tho United States, with a capitalization of $1,700,000,000. Tho samo cloetrlc power, only dimly known beforo tho wonderful century, now lights our cities. In the United States thoro aro 500,000 arc lights and nbout 20,000,000 Incnndeiiccnt lights tho latter being equivalent In llght-glvlng capacity of 320,000,000 candle tips such as they used In 1S00. While tho railroads have served to diffuse the population from ono end of tho land to the other another Invention has served to ccntrallzo It tho elevator. Bccauso of It tho huge skyscrapers, the Immense flat houses and tho great factories bavo been mndo feasible. Formerly when Shanks, his mare, was fashionable, peoplo had to climb stairs. This tended to low buildings and tho consequent Bpread of population. Tho elevator has changed all that. Huge cara vansaries teeming with human bolngs, ac commodate as many ns formerly could bo crowdod Into respectable towns. The clo BRITISH ARMORED TRACTION TRAIN READY TO START FOR THE FRONT. mndo and hand-sot, leaned either all one way or In nny direction most comfortable. It mny have been supoflntlvu work for tboso days, but nowadays new typo Is enst 'I ehelle,' In tho slang of the circus, i don't know where tho word comes from, but In doing tho turn tlio gymnast sw us far ns ho can on ouu trapeze, IctB go, Senator Mark Manna, pretty little Miss Ruth, will go back and forth between the snlons of Cleveland anil Washington. Nellie Ornnt SartorlH' eldest daughter, vator makes practical tho centralization of while being set; pnper comes In rolls from throws a somersault and catches tho other, vlvn rccaB "pretty Miss Nelllo" nu she which Is tho basis two or four miles long; presses run off 80,- 000 complete nowspapcrs an hour. The press, which is tlio most poworrul agent of progress, 1b In Itself typical of tho ad vance of tho century. commercial Interests, of our great cities. Arc tif Steel In Herts Tho science of applied mechanics has reached n stugo where further Improve ments seem Impossible, yet every day now Inventions and Improvements on old, aro A.rillOrCll Tl'tlCtiOll Xl'tllllS recorded at tho patent office. In other times they built houses of wood and brick. Armored traction trains have been found Now they construct them of steel and useful by tho British forces In South Africa Iron. And so carefully are tho plans de- to sufficient extent to establish them as a v eloped that tho architect can say how fixturo In wnrfaro. They run on nny ren mnny bolts will bo required In tho con- aonnbly smooth roadway, and, though they sirucuon oi a SKy-scraper, now mucn cacn travel slowly, they can carry great loads tho danger depending on the dlstanco ho travels through tho ulr. The Englishman was n slow-spoken, rather stupid llttlo fellow, who had been brought up In i. ring and wan as nearly destttuto of emotion is anybody 1 ever saw. His habits were excellent, like those of most professional athletes, and he did his work with u uu ehaulcal precision that almost excluded the possibility of n mishap. Ono night his helper got drunk and 1 went with lilm to must have looked when (ieneral (Irant and, Indeed, a whole nation of admirers used to cnll her "Llttlo Sunshine." Vivian Sartorls has wavy brown hair that peoplo frequently describe as black, because they see It In it room whero thero nro moro shadows than sunlight. Sho has, big, gray eyes, set In an ollvo skin and shaded by well-eurved brows. Shu Is English In coloring and health, but In everything else, especially slnco her mother nBked congress to restore her eltl- took his long swing, for tho purpose of fonshlp, sho Is American. Wash ngtonluus holding back tho bar while ho got ready n.iopicu ner as a eiui.i oi tno nnuon. sirucuon oi a SKy-scraper, now mucn cuun travel slowly, they can carry great loads. t0 nunci, himself nt0 space. As i initio miss nannn, mo youngest uuugnior beam can support, whero each piece of Iron Tho accompanying plcturo shows ono of busying myself with the ropes I heard him ot tno senator, Is never described nB a homo belongs. Wooden bridges liavo been sup- theso trains In Capotown. South Africa. planted by hugo steol structures. Even ready to start for tho front. Tho mova- stono towers are being abandoned for tho bio sides, which nro of sufficiently heavy lighter stoel. Tho ago of steel 1b hero. armor to resist rlflo or artillery Arc, havo Our vast factory systems, employing gUn ports through which tho defenders of thousands of v orkera and furnishing nec- tho train may return tho enemy's Are. Tho ossnrlcs and luxuries allko at prices that locomotive Is protected by extrn heavy would havo mado tho citizens of 1800 gasp armor. Tho train in tho plcturo hns two with amazement, havo grown out of the heavy field guns in tow. substitution of machinery for tho hand tho sewing machine, the steam loom, the ring framo and hundreds of other Inventions. Wo do not yet grow crops by machinery, but no sooner has tho fruit of tho earth reached maturity than it is In tho grasp of Btccl and steam, to be turned to human needs almost without tho touch ot human hands. Photography is a product of tho last hun dred years. To havo ono's plcturo "took" in yo olden times required considerable money and moro patience, for it took Bomo tlmo to paint the portrait. Daguerro's da guerreotypes, tho forerunner of the photo graph, hewed tho way for tho development in this lino of the last ten years. Photog raphy and color printing together havo been among tho mightiest educational in fluences tho world has ever known. Ap pealing to tho brain direct through the oyo they havo taught moro swiftly and moro gronn, and, booking nrouud, was thunder struck to seu lilm ns white iia a sheet and trembling llko n man with tho nguo. 'What's wrong, Fred?' I whispered. 'Oh, Lord I' ho said between his teeth, 'I'm Just In n funk, nn awful funk!' I was so as tonished I could hardly credit my senses, body. Sho Is nn outdoor girl In tho fullest sonso of tho term. Two years ago sho es tablished her fame as a Diana by chasing down a wildcat on her father's premises in Thomnsvlltu, On. Senator and Mrs. llanna happened to be entertaining a largo house party at the In a Blue Funk "Joo Stark, the iricK cyclist, who was killed doing a high dlvo In New York tho other day, traveled for a season with Davis' circus," said a young man to tin Now Orleans Times-Democrat. "I was with tho show at tho samo time, on tho business staff, and I got to know Joe very well. I see by tho papers that his death was duo to a miscalculation of over thirty feet in tho dive, and tho reporters nro wondering how In tho world ho could have mado such a blunder. To anyone acquainted with per formers of his class, however, tUo thing Is no mystery. They aro all subject to queer spells of panic that como without any particular reason and unfit them temporarily for business. It a man po" slsts In doing his net at such a tlmo tho consequences are altogether a matter nt but I realized that something would havo tlmo, among thorn tho president and Mrs. to bo done to prevent a fiasco that would McKlnley. ruin him In tho business. 'Protend you'vo Tho boundaries of the senator's pro sprained your arm,' I said, 'and leave tin? sorves, among the Auest In Oeorgln, aro rest to me. Now, lot's got down, quick.' Ho was so unnerved ho could hardly de scend tlio ropo ladder, and tho audlcnco begun to buzz with surprise I sent him to tho dressing tent nnd snld a few words to tho ringmaster, who mndo a llttlo speech explaining that 'Mr. had Injured his arm climbing to tho platform and w bo obliged to omit his usual finale.' Later on I found tho poor follow lying on hid costume trunk sobbing llko a child, but next morning ho wns nil right and I never know him to havo nnothcr seizure. guarded as carefully as may be, but o'j cnsslonally wildcats and other small ani mals from tho adjacent plno woods find their way In. Llttlo Miss Ruth becntnu awaro that a largo wildcat had been seen trespassing, and, nothing daunted, she planned n campuign against his life with a success that marks her a typical child of Senator Mark llanna. Sho and her cousin, Howard, accompanied by trained hounds, mado what may be called a daylight start. Through sandy fields nnd thick mud. tlio votinir woman "You may rest assured Joo Stnrk met his cnn8utl tho cat untll fl,my ho wnB run up death through Just such an uunccountnblo collapse. It probably took him ns ho stnrtcd to tnako his dlvo and prldo forbado lilm to hold back." a troo. Then sho fired tho shot thnt brought him to tho ground. An hour lator, whllu the family and tholr guests wero at breakfast, Miss Ruth walked in with her wildcat and established her wldoly than is posslblo to any other agency, chanco and tho majority of tho accidents TlU'CC WilSlliniltOll liUllS f(l,no 10 1,10 111,0 ot aL'0,'K'l'B Dlnnn. To sclenco their aid has been inestimable, within my recollection havo been attrlbut- Tno mBt ot thla trio of buds. Mi No man enn Judge ot tho lnfluenco of tho printing press, which did not reach any considerable development before 1800. Ia 1800 the principal dally papers were pub lished in Boston and Now York City. Thoy wero marvels of staid conservatism. They permitted no news younger than a week to crcop Into their columns. As for the paper on which they wero printed, respect for ago prevents a description. Tho type, hand- nblo to that cause. "Whtlo I was in tho show business I witnessed several striking Instances ot this mysterious loss of ncrvo, perhaps tho most remarkablo being that of a little English man who did a very sensational act on Tho blood of distinguished stntcsmon distinguished In curiously different wnys, It Is true Hows In tho veins of thrco of this year's beauties. Tho grauddnughtur of General Grant will tho flying trapeze. Ho had two bars bus- charm representatives and olllcinls in the Mary C. Washington Bond, tho grent-grandnloco of tho father ot his country, Is also a pro- nouncod brunette She Is pnlo, with n pal lor mndo striking by heavy masses of dark hair and wldo open black eyes, shaded with heavy lashes. Although Miss Bond hns been but llttlo pended at opposite sides of tho ring, about cnplthl city, tho great-graudnlecu of George seen In socloty, she Is nlrcady famous for forty feet from tho ground, nnd finished Washington will ninko l,er bow on thu his performance with tho feat that Is called Island of Manhattan, and tho daughter of ... , ... .... fmww. dStVSlSr. r - BIRD5EYE VIEW OF THE MAN-API CHICAN EXPOS I I IUN BUFFALO, MAY I, TO NOV I. 1901. GROUNDS HALF A MILE WIDE. MILE AND A QUAOTKU LOKlO - JO ACRES copynifiMT fooo uX THE pam-am i: hi cam cxpoamon co. her beauty. Peter Mario, In his "Col lection of Amorlcnn Beauties," Bolcetod nor for ono. Sho appears thero ns a lovely, smiling creature, holding a fleocy voll ot whlto over her dark locks. Sho has on an old-fashioned sntln gown, short-wnlfltod, low-nocked nnd short-sleeved, caught In front with a bunch of field flowers. A Brutal Picture-Taker Indianapolis Sun: Thu photographor had Just completed all arrangements for tho salo of his studio, when tho pretty young miss ot seventeen summers tripped In. "I wnnt my plcturo taken," oho sim pered. "Do you think iny face will break tho camorn?" "Not this camera," said tho photographor. Just as slmperlngly, "It Is provided with douhlo oxtra strong lenses." Of courso tho miss ot seventeen summors Immediately flounces out nnd goes to tho rival photogrnphor, who, whon sho springs the Joku about her faco and tho camera, Joins with her In n hearty laugh. Where Snow is a Rarity Somo years ago In tho month of Docom ber a Jowoler of Sydney, Now South Wales, Australia, paid a -man to collect a frolght car full of snow In tho moiiii'alns and de liver as much of It to lilm as ho could. On Chrlstmns day In tho Jowoler's window was a hugo snowball, resting on a deep iron tray, nnd whon tho news spread about tho city tralllo was blocked for several hours untll tho novol sight had molted. Mon who had not Boon snow for forty years, whon thoy emigrated from tho "old country," hobbled out among tho crowds nnd peoplo swarmed and struggled to got a gllmpso of whnt thoy looked on ns n sort ot eighth wonder of tho world.